Extraterrestrial Creatures Research Articles

Extraterrestrial creatures existing and planets factors

In order to explore the outer space and find the future of human development, this article aims to analyze the property of the extraterrestrial lifes exist. Authors complete this investigation by talking about some different characteristics in and around the planets. First the authors will claim some characteristics (how this characteristic helps the extraterrestrial life survive), and then the authors will give some examples about some planets with these characteristics. Finally, the authors will analyze why these characteristics can be formed, the authors will analyze the conditions of the planets and set as examples. In fact, the authors will not just introduce the characteristics that helps extraterrestrial life survive, the authors will also discuss what environment in the universe can form planets with these properties. The authors discuss the liquid water, temperature and geographic elements in the first body paragraph, the authors discuss the atmosphere, satellites and the distance between fixed star and planet in the second body paragraph. In the third paragraph, the authors discuss the distinct that appropriate for planets to develop situation for creatures to survive.

Life as We Don't Know It: Scientists are abandoning conventional thinking to search for extraterrestrial creatures that bear little resemblance to Earthlings.

Life as We Don't Know It: Scientists are abandoning conventional thinking to search for extraterrestrial creatures that bear little resemblance to Earthlings.

Deep grace in deep space? How to become an astrotheologian

AbstractIf God's grace is already present to outer space, then Christian doctrines such as creation and redemption become as public as outer space is public. The public Christian theologian should engage in astrotheology as well as astroethics. This article tenders seven steps toward becoming an astrotheologian and astroethicist. (1) Become sensitive to the Beyond and the Intimate when talking about the true God. (2) Think cosmically. (3) Do not be bullied by the Cosmological Principle or the Copernican Principle. (4) Explore deep incarnation in deep space. (5) Add eschatology to deep incarnation. (6) By using a Theology of Culture, demarcate science, scientism, and pseudoscience. (7) Celebrate the 60th Anniversary of Astroethics. These steps presuppose a comprehensive hypothesis: the historical incarnation of the divine Logos in Jesus of Nazareth on Earth is constituted by the exchange of divine and creaturely attributes, the communicatio idiomatum; and, when communicatio idiomatum is combined with an eschatological vision of God's promised new creation, we can accompany the entire material history of all galaxies and all extraterrestrial creatures into the eternal perichoresis of God as Trinity.

Meet the sentinels

In the movie “Arrival,” one of the latest films to depict extraterrestrial creatures visiting Earth, a team of scientists takes along a canary in a cage when visiting an alien spaceship. The purpose of the canary is never disclosed, but one assumes it serves as a sentinel—as the bird once did in coal mines—to alert the team if environmental conditions in the spaceship turn unfavorable. Canaries are the most familiar example of a sentinel species, which are animals and plants that serve as harbingers of danger to human health and the environment. In the case of canaries, if odorless carbon monoxide were present in a high enough concentration in a coal mine, the small bird would die first and give miners time to escape. Cats, too, have been sentinels. In the 1950s, people in the town of Minamata, Japan, began to notice that local cats were acting strangely: The cats

A Study on 6th Grade Students’ Epistemological Beliefs

The purpose of the present study is to determine the elementary school 6th grades students’ epistemological beliefs. In the present study was employed qualitative research method. The sampling of the study consists of 155, 6th grade students. As a tool data collection open-ended question form developed by the researchers was used. The data were analyzed through descriptive and content analysis techniques. As a result of research; they stated that they decide whether a piece of information is scientific or not, and they make this decision based on the resources, its compliance with the stages of scientific research, and whether it is justified or not. They stated that they have access to scientific information by means of internet, encyclopedia and journal by using the stages of scientific research. They think that information elicited by scholars may not be necessarily correct. They stated that scientific information can be elicited not only by scholars but also by anyone. They stated that any information written in books may not be correct because some information is open to be discredited. Those who believe the correctness of information believe so as they think it correctness has been proved. They believe that the mysteries of the universe have not been solved thoroughly because the universe is infinite and the mysteries of extraterrestrial creatures and x particle have not been solved. They stated that the science cannot question everything because the one who knows everything is God; hence, something cannot be questioned by the science.

Evidence evaluation: Measure Z corresponds to human utility judgments better than measure L and optimal-experimental-design models.

Evidence evaluation is a crucial process in many human activities, spanning from medical diagnosis to impression formation. The present experiments investigated which, if any, normative model best conforms to people's intuition about the value of the obtained evidence. Psychologists, epistemologists, and philosophers of science have proposed several models to account for people's intuition about the utility of the obtained evidence with respect either to a focal hypothesis or to a constellation of hypotheses. We pitted against each other the so-called optimal-experimental-design models (i.e., Bayesian diagnosticity, log₁₀ diagnosticity, information gain, Kullback-Leibler distance, probability gain, and impact) and measures L and Z to compare their ability to describe humans' intuition about the value of the obtained evidence. Participants received words-and-numbers scenarios concerning 2 hypotheses and binary features. They were asked to evaluate the utility of "yes" and "no" answers to questions about some features possessed in different proportions (i.e., the likelihoods) by 2 types of extraterrestrial creatures (corresponding to 2 mutually exclusive and exhaustive hypotheses). Participants evaluated either how an answer was helpful or how an answer decreased/increased their beliefs with respect either to a single hypothesis or to both hypotheses. We fitted mixed-effects models and used the Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion values to compare the competing models of the value of the obtained evidence. Overall, the experiments showed that measure Z was the best fitting model of participants' judgments of the value of obtained answers. We discussed the implications for the human hypothesis-evaluation process.

Critical Thinking in Anesthesia

Critical Thinking in Anesthesia

アイデア探索空間と創造性の関係

This study investigated the relationship between participants' evaluation of creativiy and characteristics of creative products towards a clear and objective definition of the concept of creativity. Three experiments examined whether the size of "idea search space" in the creative process predicts the score of products in creativity assessments. In Experiment 1, in order to construct an multidimensional scaling (MDS) space which was supposed to correspond to creators' "idea space," 20 participants exhaustively evaluated the strength of semantic connection between every pair of 50 (physical) parts of possible creatures. In Experiment 2, 40 participants drew novel extraterrestrial creatures using five out of 50 parts used in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, 20 participants assessed the creativity of each of the 40 drawings from Experiment 2. The results showed that a drawing with a larger idea search space estimated by the MDS score have a tendency to receive a higher creativity score. These results support the framework of idea search space and a possibility of explaining the creativity in terms of this model is suggested.

Extraterrestrial intelligence? Not likely.

The possibility that there exist extraterrestrial creatures with advanced intelligence is considered by examining major events in mammalian, primate, and human evolution on earth. The overwhelming evidence is that the evolution of intelligence in creatures elsewhere who have the capability to communicate with us is vanishingly small. The history of the evolution of advanced forms of life on this planet is so beset by adventitious, unpredictable events and multiple contingencies that the evolution of human-level intelligence is highly unlikely on any planet, including earth.

Multiple Realization and the Metaphysics of Reduction

INTRODUCTION It is part of today's conventional wisdom in philosophy of mind that psychological states are “multiply realizable”, and are in fact so realized, in a variety of structures and organisms. We are constantly reminded that any mental state, say pain, is capable of “realization”, “instantiation”, or “implementation” in widely diverse neural-biological structures in humans, felines, reptiles, mollusks, and perhaps other organisms further removed from us. Sometimes we are asked to contemplate the possibility that extraterrestrial creatures with a biochemistry radically different from the earthlings', or even electro-mechanical devices, can “realize the same psychology” that characterizes humans. This claim, to be called hereafter ‘the Multiple Realization Thesis’ (“MR”, for short), is widely accepted by philosophers, especially those who are inclined to favor the functionalist line on mentality. I will not here dispute the truth of MR, although what I will say may prompt a reassessment of the considerations that have led to its nearly universal acceptance. And there is an influential and virtually uncontested view about the philosophical significance of MR. This is the belief that MR refutes psychophysical reductionism once and for all. In particular, the classic psychoneural identity theory of Feigl and Smart, the so-called “type physicalism”, is standardly thought to have been definitively dispatched by MR to the heap of obsolete philosophical theories of mind. At any rate, it is this claim, that MR proves the physical irreducibility of the mental, that will be the starting point of my discussion.