Extranodal Lesions Research Articles

Hepatic methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disease: a case report and literature review

BackgroundMethotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disease (MTX–LPD) is a rare and life-threatening complication of MTX administration. MTX–LPD features more extranodal lesions than malignant lymphoma; however, the liver is an extremely rare organ that develops LPD. Herein, we present a case of hepatic MTX–LPD treated with surgical resection. We also reviewed the literature on hepatic MTX–LPD.Case presentationA 66-year-old man with a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was admitted to our department for the treatment of hepatic solitary liver tumor. The patient had been receiving MTX (14 mg/week) for RA for 6 years. MTX was withdrawn and salazosulfapyridine was prescribed 3 weeks prior to admission because of mediastinal MTX–LPD. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a slightly ring-like enhanced hypovascularized mass (80 mm) in the lateral section of the liver. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (78.1 U/mL) level was elevated. No evidence was observed on esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. The tumor was suspected to be an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The patient underwent hepatic lateral sectionectomy and lymphadenectomy. Pathological examination revealed that the hepatic mass was coagulative necrosis of the CD20-positive B-cell lymphocytes. These histological findings were similar to those of rapid necrotic lymphoma. MTX–LPD is known to spontaneously regress after withdrawing MTX, and the patient was diagnosed with hepatic MTX–LPD.ConclusionsMTX–LPD can occur in the liver. Clinician should suspect hepatic MTX–LPD when a liver mass is detected in patient who had been treating with MTX for RA.

Clinical Response and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Mobilization with MINE±Obinutuzumab Regimen in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors. Although the R-CHOP regimen significantly improves the prognosis for patients with DLBCL, 40% of cases experience relapse or become refractory. The MINE regimen (Ifosfamide, Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride Liposome, and Etoposide), with or without obinutuzumab, is a viable second-line chemotherapy option for relapsed or refractory DLBCL. However, there is currently limited research on clinical response and peripheral blood stem cell mobilization related to treating relapsed/refractory DLBCL (R/R DLBCL) with this regimen. Aims: This study evaluated the clinical response and peripheral blood stem cell mobilization associated with treating R/R DLBCL using the MINE regimen with or without Obinutuzumab as the second-line chemotherapy. Methods: We enrolled first-time R/R DLBCL patients from our hospital in China from January 2023 to April 2024. We collected clinical information, overall response rates, and adverse events for all patients. The MINE±obinutuzumab regimen included obinutuzumab (1000 mg), Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride Liposome (20 mg/m²) on day 1 of each cycle, and Ifosfamide (1.33 mg/m²) and Etoposide (65 mg/m²) once daily on days 1 through 3 of each of the first four cycles. Results: Twenty-one patients with first-time R/R DLBCL were enrolled, with a median age of 53 years (range 25-65). The male-to-female ratio was 11:10. Based on the Ann Arbor staging system, 81.0% of patients were classified as stage III/IV, and 71.4% had an International Prognostic Index (IPI) score of ≥3. Additionally, 66.7% of patients had at least one extranodal lesion. Elevated levels of lactic dehydrogenase and β2 microglobulin were found in 76.2% and 85.7% of patients, respectively. According to the Hans algorithm, 81.0% of patients were in the non-GCB group, and the median Ki-67 value was 80% (range 50%-90%). Only one patient was CD5 positive, and 57.1% of patients were diagnosed with double-expression lymphoma. Among the cohort, 71.4% of patients exhibited P53 protein expression greater than 50%. Ten cases were primary refractory diseases, and eight patients had early recurrence disease (relapse within one year). All patients completed at least two cycles of the MINE±obinutuzumab regimen. The overall response rate (ORR) was 95.2%, with a complete response rate (CRR) of 38.1% at the end of the second cycle. By the end of treatment, the ORR was 85.7%, and the CRR was 64.5%. After 2 cycles of this regimen, 80.0% of patients successfully collected peripheral blood stem cells, but after four cycles, only 16.7% of patients were successful. The most common adverse events were hematologic toxicities, with 76.2% of patients experiencing grade 3/4 granulocytopenia after two cycles. Conclusion: The MINE±obinutuzumab regimen demonstrated good response rates and acceptable safety in treating first-time R/R DLBCL patients. For those requiring autologous stem cell transplantation, it is recommended to collect peripheral blood stem cells as soon as possible after two cycles.

Cytological diagnosis of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma with a unique pattern of D2-40 immunoexpression.

Fine needle aspiration procedure is routinely used for cytological diagnosis of nodal or extra nodal lesions. Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm arising from follicular dendritic cells of lymphoid follicles at nodal and extranodal sites. Multimodal therapies have emerged for FDCS, necessitating its accurate pathologic diagnosis with additional ancillary testing for directing clinical management. By immunohistochemical analysis, FDCS is positive for the complement receptors CD21, CD23, and CD35. In addition, D2-40 is reported to be highly sensitive for FDCS with a strong membranous pattern of expression. In this study, we present the cytological diagnosis of a case of FDCS in retroperitoneal lymph nodes with an emphasis on a unique staining pattern of D2-40 which showed a strong nuclear pattern in tumor cells comparable to the membranous pattern of D2-40 on the control tissue and other surgical cases of FDCS in our comparative study.

Clinical Study of Ibrutinib Combined with Venetoclax Regimen in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

To investigate the clinical efficacy of ibrutinib combined with venetoclax in the treatment of relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (R/R DLBCL), and to analyze the factors affecting efficacy and prognosis. Clinical data of 62 R/R DLBCL patients admitted to our hospital from August 2017 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with ibrutinib combined with venetoclax. The clinical efficacy and drug safety were evaluated. The effects of clinical features on short-term efficacy and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. The objective response rate (ORR) of 62 patients was 48.39%. The extranodal lesions, intermediate-high/high risk of NCCN-IPI, intermediate-high/high risk of IPI, progression or recurrence time <12 months were the risk factors affecting the short-term efficacy of chemotherapy in R/R DLBCL patients (all P < 0.05). The most common adverse effect was neutropenia (75.19%), and the incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ neutropenia was 52.71%. The 1-year and 2-year OS rates of 62 patients were 48.51% and 31.56%, respectively, and the median OS time was 12 months. Multivariate analysis showed that objective remission after chemotherapy [HR =0.080 (95%CI: 0.028-0.235)] was a protective factor for OS in R/R DLBCL patients, and intermediate-high/high risk of NCCN-IPI [HR =4.828 (95%CI : 1.546-15.080)] was an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of R/R DLBCL patients. Ibrutinib combined with venetoclax can be used as an effective treatment regimen for R/R DLBCL, and NCCN-IPI can be used as a prognostic indicator. Objective remission after chemotherapy is beneficial for R/R DLBCL patients to achieve better OS.

MO20-4 Extranodal lesions of DLBCL at the 1st relapse might predict CNS lesions in the 2nd relapse

MO20-4 Extranodal lesions of DLBCL at the 1st relapse might predict CNS lesions in the 2nd relapse

Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Patients with Primary Bone Marrow Lymphoma

To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary bone marrow lymphoma. The clinical data of 6 patients with primary bone marrow lymphoma admitted to Gansu Provincial People's Hospital from February 2011 to March 2023 were collected, and their clinical characteristics and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed and summarized. The median age of 6 patients was 61(52-74) years old. There were 2 males and 4 females. All patients had fever and abnormal blood routine examination. Physical examination and imaging examination showed no lymphadenopathy, no extranodal lesions in lung, gastrointestinal, liver and spleen, skin, etc. After strict exclusion of systemic lymphoma involvement in the bone marrow, the diagnosis was confirmed by bone marrow examination, 5 cases were primary myeloid diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 1 case was primary myeloid peripheral T-cell lymphoma (NOS). 1 case abandoned treatment, 5 cases received CHOP-like or combined R regimen， including 1 case of autologous stem cell transplantation. 4 cases died and 2 case survived. The median OS was 5.5 (1-36) months. The prognosis of primary marrow lymphoma is poor, and bone marrow-related examination is an important means of diagnosis. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common histomorphologic and immune subtype, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may improve the prognosis.

Hodgkin lymphoma involving the extra-axial CNS: an AHOD1331, PHL-C1, and PHL-C2 report from the COG and EuroNet-PHL

AbstractHodgkin lymphoma (HL) involving the central nervous system (CNS) is exceedingly rare. Information regarding the presentation, management, treatment, and outcome of patients with CNS HL is limited to case reports or small series. We describe 45 pediatric patients with 55 extra-axial CNS lesions at diagnosis with HL from a cohort of 4995 patients enrolled on Children’s Oncology Group AHOD1331 and the European Network for Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma C1 and C2 trials, with an overall incidence of 0.9%. Up to 82.2% of patients had a single CNS lesion in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine. In the evaluated cohort, HL did not occur within the CNS parenchyma. Lesions extended into the extra-axial CNS space from adjacent soft tissue or bone and never directly infiltrated through the dura into the brain or spinal cord. Patients with CNS involvement had a twofold greater incidence of extranodal lesions than previously reported cohorts without CNS involvement. After 2 cycles of chemotherapy, 89.1% of CNS lesions demonstrated a complete metabolic response and >75% decrease in volume. Thirteen CNS lesions (23.6%) received irradiation; none were sites of disease relapse. Relapse occurred at the site of 2 lesions involving the CNS, both of which had an adequate interim response to chemotherapy. In summary, we present, to our knowledge, the largest reported cohort of systemic HL involving the CNS at diagnosis, demonstrating that these lesions originate from surrounding tissues, extend into the extra-axial CNS space, and respond similarly to other nodal and extranodal disease. The trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02166463, #NCT00433459, and #NCT02684708.

Extramedullary Paravertebral Mass: An Unusual Presentation of Hairy Cell Leukaemia.

Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is an uncommon, indolent, B-cell, lymphoproliferative disorder typically involving peripheral blood, spleen and bone marrow. It is commonly presenting with pancytopenia, monocytopenia and massive splenomegaly, while accounting for 2% of lymphoid leukaemias. Cases of extranodal lesions caused by HCL are rare, although these have been reported. Here, we report a case of HCL presenting as a paravertebral mass without systemic involvement. A 58-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to progressive difficulty walking for a month, without any other symptoms. Blood examination noted mild anaemia with Hb=12.6 g/dl and mild thrombocytopenia of 140,000/μl. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging demonstrated a T6 posterior paravertebral mass lesion, extending into the spinal canal with metastatic bone lesions along the thoracic and lumbar spine. Further imaging study with CT indicated mild splenomegaly (13.4 cm) and an enlarged abdominal lymph node (3.5 cm) near celiac trifurcation. A core-needle biopsy from the paravertebral mass was performed. Results showed small-sized cells with round or oval nuclei, and pale cytoplasm with immunophenotype: B-cell origination with CD20+, Cyclin D1+, DBA.44+, Annexin+ and BRAF+, indicative of HCL. Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is relatively uncommon, accounting for 2% of all leukaemia cases.Extramedullary and skeletal involvement in HCL is rare and shares morphological characteristics with other peripheral small B-cell lymphoma neoplasms.Spine biopsy is essential for diagnosis in these cases, since it is always helpful to narrow the differential diagnosis.Correct diagnosis is essential for treatment of HCL and leads most patients to clinical remission and sometimes long-term cures.

Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial

Intensified systemic chemotherapy has the highest primary cure rate for advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma but this comes with a cost of severe and potentially life long, persisting toxicities. With the new regimen of brentuximab vedotin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, dacarbazine, and dexamethasone (BrECADD), we aimed to improve the risk-to-benefit ratio of treatment of advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma guided by PET after two cycles. This randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial was done in 233 trial sites across nine countries. Eligible patients were adults (aged ≤60 years) with newly diagnosed, advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (ie, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, stage II with B symptoms, and either one or both risk factors of large mediastinal mass and extranodal lesions). Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to four or six cycles (21-day intervals) of escalated doses of etoposide (200 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1-3), doxorubicin (35 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1), and cyclophosphamide (1250 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1), and standard doses of bleomycin (10 mg/m2 intravenously on day 8), vincristine (1·4 mg/m2 intravenously on day 8), procarbazine (100 mg/m2 orally on days 1-7), and prednisone (40 mg/m2 orally on days 1-14; eBEACOPP) or BrECADD, guided by PET after two cycles. Patients and investigators were not masked to treatment assignment. Hierarchical coprimary objectives were to show (1) improved tolerability defined by treatment-related morbidity and (2) non-inferior efficacy defined by progression-free survival with an absolute non-inferiority margin of 6 percentage points of BrECADD compared with eBEACOPP. An additional test of superiority of progression-free survival was to be done if non-inferiority had been established. Analyses were done by intention to treat; the treatment-related morbidity assessment required documentation of at least one chemotherapy cycle. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02661503). Between July 22, 2016, and Aug 27, 2020, 1500 patients were enrolled, of whom 749 were randomly assigned to BrECADD and 751 to eBEACOPP. 1482 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The median age of patients was 31 years (IQR 24-42). 838 (56%) of 1482 patients were male and 644 (44%) were female. Most patients were White (1352 [91%] of 1482). Treatment-related morbidity was significantly lower with BrECADD (312 [42%] of 738 patients) than with eBEACOPP (430 [59%] of 732 patients; relative risk 0·72 [95% CI 0·65-0·80]; p<0·0001). At a median follow-up of 48 months, BrECADD improved progression-free survival with a hazard ratio of 0·66 (0·45-0·97; p=0·035); 4-year progression-free survival estimates were 94·3% (95% CI 92·6-96·1) for BrECADD and 90·9% (88·7-93·1) for eBEACOPP. 4-year overall survival rates were 98·6% (97·7-99·5) and 98·2% (97·2-99·3), respectively. BrECADD guided by PET after two cycles is better tolerated and more effective than eBEACOPP in first-line treatment of adult patients with advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Takeda Oncology.

Прогностическое значение цитотоксических CD8-позитивных Т-лимфоцитов реактивного микроокружения опухоли при диффузной В-крупноклеточной лимфоме

AIM. To assess the prognostic value of cytotoxic CD8-positive Т-lymphocytes of the reactive tumor microenvironment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). MATERIALS &amp; METHODS. The study enrolled 124 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL. All patients received the standard R-CHOP first-line immunochemotherapy. Immunochemistry and morphometry were used to assess the relative count of CD8-positive Т-lymphocytes in the biopsy samples of lymph nodes or other tumor tissues. In each biopsy sample, 20 fields of view were analyzed to assess the mean relative count of CD8-positive Т-lymphocytes in the reactive tumor microenvironment. Т-cells were counted by double-blind technique. Patients were aged 23–80 years (median 59 years); there were 62 women and 62 men. RESULTS. Obtained by ROC-analysis, the threshold value of the CD8-positive Т-lymphocyte count in the reactive tumor microenvironment was 13 %. The subthreshold relative count of cytotoxic CD8-positive Т-lymphocytes (≤ 13 %) was associated with extranodal lesions in DLBCL patients as well as with the lack of complete response to the R-CHOP first-line therapy and worse progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. In the group with the above-threshold (&gt; 13 %) count of CD8-positive Т-lymphocyte, the 5-year PFS was 60 % (median not reached), in the group with the subthreshold count it was 45.3 % (median 39 months; p = 0.036); the 5-year OS was 78.3 % (median not reached) and 45.3 % (median 40 months) in the groups with the above- and subthreshold CD8+ T-cell counts, respectively (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION. The results of the present study clearly indicate the need to assess the count of cytotoxic CD8-positive Т-lymphocytes of the reactive tumor microenvironment in DLBCL patients as early as on diagnosis verification. It is likely that this approach will allow clinicians to more accurately predict the course of DLBCL.

A study of a new mechanism: Intracellular retention allo-CART safety and efficacy for extranodal bulky B-NHL.

e19007 Background: Extranodal bulky lesions, a significant adverse prognostic factor in lymphoma, commonly denote a more aggressive disease course, mandating prompt and intensified treatment strategies. In response, we developed ThisCART19A, a non-genetic editing and off-the-shelf anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy incorporating intracellular retention of membrane proteins, representing a novel approach that downregulates surface expression of TCRαβ/CD3 complexes. ThisCART19 has exhibited a favorable safety profile and promising efficacy in patients with relapsed/refractory bulky B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Methods: This is an investigator-initiated trial employing an open-label, dose escalation, and expansion design to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ThisCART19A in patients with relapsed or refractory bulky B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). Bulky disease was defined as the longest diameter of the mass &gt;5 cm at baseline. Results: Between June, 2021, and June, 2023, 13 extranodal bulky disease were enrolled in the studies and successfully received ThisCART19A. The median age was 56 (range, 37~67) years. All 13 patients had 3 median prior lines of therapy (range, 2-5). All patients received anti-CD20 and multi- agent chemotherapy. 8 (61.54%) patients had prior auto CART. mSPD was 48 (range, 16~162) cm². mTMTV was 114.9 (range, 14~483) ml. As of February 2024, The most common adverse events were CRS (100%) , infections (30.77%), ICANS (23.08%) and cytopenias(100%); This is no grade 3 or higher CRS occurred;only 1(7.69%)patient experienced grade 4 ICANS and relieved after intravenous dexamethasone treatment. This is no treatment-related deaths occurred. Among the 13 patients, 10 were evaluable, with an ORR and CR of 90% and 80%, respectively, at 28 days post-infusion. mPFS was 62 days (range, 28~227). The patient who achieved a PR received chemotherapy and radiotherapy as consolidation, As of February 5th, 2024, the patient has survived for 263 days and is still under follow-up. Additionally, two patients progressed after CR received sequential chemotherapy and BCL-2 Inhibitor, with an average OS of 326.5 days, still being under follow-up. In 13 evaluable patients, the mean C-max was 1043.13 cells/μL(range, 0.59~10045.4), and the mean AUC0-28d was 1542.23 cells/μL × day(range, 0.91~11724).In this cohort, two patients received low-dose infusions at 1×106 cells/kg and still achieved excellent expansion, the respective C-max were 726.432 cells/μL and 336.67 cells/μL. Conclusions: This CART19A exhibited favorable safety, remarkable expansion potential, and efficacy profiles in the treatment of r/r bulky lymphoma. Notably, it achieved a high ORR of 90%, providing a favorable window of opportunity for subsequent consolidation and intensification treatments. Moreover, this transition from a bulky to a non-bulky disease state reduces the intricacy of follow-up treatments. Clinical trial information: NCT04384393 .

CD19 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patient biopsies after treatment with tafasitamab.

e19050 Background: Tafasitamab (tafa) is a CD19-targeting immunotherapy that induces enhanced antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. Tafa received accelerated FDA approval in 2020 for treating relapsed or refractory DLBCL in combination with lenalidomide in patients ineligible for autologous stem cell transplant, based on results from L-MIND, a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial. FirmMIND (NCT05429268) is an ongoing identical study, further evaluating efficacy and safety of tafa in this setting. Several other CD19 targeting agents are available; however, CD19 antigen loss following treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy targeting CD19 (CART19) has raised concerns over CD19-targeted therapy sequencing. Loss of CD19 has not been observed to date in tafa clinical trials or practice. Methods: To evaluate CD19 expression at screening and after disease progression in firmMIND, we developed an immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay using a mAb that binds to an intracellular epitope of CD19 clone LE-CD19. To validate that CD19 expression is detectable after tafa treatment, we treated cultured SU-DHL-4 or Jurkat cells with tafa at a saturating concentration for 24 hours. After washing out unbound tafa, cells were harvested at specific timepoints. Resulting cell line blocks were assessed for CD19 expression by IHC. We also monitored CD19 trafficking in response to fluorescently labeled tafa by confocal microscopy. Results: By IHC, CD19 expression was comparable between treatment conditions, suggesting the assay can effectively measure CD19 expression in lymphoma biopsy samples post-tafa. Confocal microscopy showed a fraction of tafa-bound CD19 internalized and colocalized with a CD19 intracellular pool labeled with anti-CD19 mAb clone EPR5906; this mAb also detected CD19 that remained localized on the cell surface. The data demonstrated that CD19 persists on tumor cells after tafa treatment at levels that could be bound by other CD19-targeting therapies. As of the January 25, 2024 data cutoff, we received 6 end-of-treatment (EOT) samples from patients in firmMIND. Biopsies were collected 14-26 days after the last tafa dose; 5 of 6 samples were biopsies from lymph nodes or liver and showed ≥80% of tumor cells staining CD19+ on membranes with 3+ intensity by IHC, except 1 that was collected only 6 days after last dose and showed 50% positivity. The sixth biopsy (extranodal subcutaneous lesion) showed no CD19 expression at baseline or EOT. Conclusions: Patient biopsy analysis and preclinical data suggest that following tafa treatment, CD19 antigen is preserved on the surface of tumor cells after short and transient internalization and could be targeted by other CD19 agents, such as CART therapy. This conclusion is supported by sequential treatment with tafa followed by CART in vivo (Sakemura, 2024). Analyses are ongoing to confirm these findings.

Pathogenetic parallels and clinical relationships of HIV infection and Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Aim: to show the importance of the features of the development of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) against the background of HIV infection, possible clinical relationships and consequences of simultaneous diseases in patients, as well as complex therapy. Material and methods. The article presents an analytical review of the problem and retrospective data on 63 patients with HIV[1]associated HL (HIV-HL) who were diagnosed with HL in St. Petersburg hospitals in the period 2000–2017. For the diagnosis of HIV-HL, regulated morphological, immunohistochemical, instrumental and laboratory research methods were used, the tumor stage was determined based on the Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification. The diagnosis of HIV infection was confirmed by the detection of specific antibodies to HIV (and the p24 antigen) during serological and enzyme immunoassay of blood, by immune blotting. The number of copies of HIV RNA and the number of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood of patients were determined using commercial test systems approved for use in the territory of the Russian Federation. The analysis of overall survival was performed using the Kaplan–Meyer method. Statistical processing of the research results was performed using statistical programs MS Excel 2010, GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software, Inc., USA), SPSS version 22.Results. The study group was dominated by men (73%), the median age was 32 years, in 16 (25.4%) patients HIV and HL were detected simultaneously. The number of CD4 lymphocytes &gt; 500 cl/μl at the HL debut was noted in 33.3% of patients, patients with severe immunosuppression prevailed (50–250 cl/μl in 20 (31.7%), 250–500 cl/μl in 11 (17.5%), less than 50 cl/μl in 11 (17.5%). The amount of HIV RNA&gt;400 kop/ml was noted in 82.5%, HIV infection at stages 4B-5 was detected in 89% of cases, at the time of detection of HL ART was performed in 16 patients. EBV coinfection (77.8%), cytomegalovirus (60%), viral hepatitis (55.6%) with a predominance of viral hepatitis C, common opportunistic infections (tuberculosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis of the brain, common candidiasis), simultaneously occurring from 1 to 3 infections were observed in 77.8%. Stage IV HL was established in 54%, III — in 22%, II — in 24% of patients, the presence of B-symptoms was confirmed in 73% of cases. The predominant histological variant of HIV-HL was nodular sclerosis (58 patients), mixed[1]cell sclerosis in 4 patients, with lymphoid predominance in 1 case. Extranodal lesions were observed in 34 (54%), complications of the tumor process in 33 (37.5%) patients. 42 (66.7%) patients received antitumor treatment for HL: line 1 according to the ABVD scheme — 85.7% (80% achieved PET-negative complete remission (CR), according to the VEASORR esc or VEASORR schemes — 33.3%; line 2 — according to the ICE or DHAP schemes (n=10). An objective response was noted in 4 patients, PET-negative response in 2 of them, partial PET-positive regression in 2 patients. Progression was observed in 2 people. Autologous bone marrow transplantation was performed in 2 patients (in partial PET-positive regression); line 3 (n=3) — chemoimmunotherapy with bendamustine, gemcitabine (2 patients underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation). The cumulative life expectancy of patients for 1 year and 2 years was 44% and 37%, respectively, 1-year overall survival was 75%, 2-year — 60%. The factors negatively affecting survival and life expectancy were tumor progression and complications, ECOG≥2 (p=0.0001), candidiasis, pneumonia (p=0.001), viral hepatitis B and C (p=0.045), lack of antitumor treatment and ART (p=0.0001), age younger than 40 years, central nervous system damage, the presence of 1 or more concomitant infections (p=0.024). Conclusion. HIV-HL is one of the most common hematological malignancies, characterized by heterogeneity in its manifestations, polymorphism of pathogenetic and clinical features and relationships. During the dispensary supervision of PLHIV, special attention should be paid to the factors of an unfavorable prognosis of the disease, the timeliness of the appointment of ART and the assessment of the risks of developing lymphoproliferative diseases within the framework of the immune system restoration syndrome (IRIS) in order to increase their survival and quality of life. Further research is needed on the pathogenesis, early diagnosis and effective treatment of lymphomas associated with the human immunodeficiency virus

Role of interim positron emission tomography/computed tomography in assessment of lymphoma treatment response

BackgroundLymphoma is the most common primary hematological malignancy. FDG PET/CT has recently become the standard imaging modality for clinical management owing to its ability to provide precise, non-invasive anatomical and functional data. The purpose of this study was to highlight the role of 18F FDG-PET/CT in the management of lymphoma by monitoring treatment response, providing a guide for response-adapted therapy, and predicting the final therapeutic outcome.MethodsThis was a prospective monocentric cohort observational study in which thirty-three patients with histopathologically proved lymphoma of different types performed FDG-PET/CT scanning several times throughout the 24-month duration of the study. Early-stage interim SUVmax of the most active lesion (both nodal and/or extra-nodal) was measured and statistically analyzed together with data of the international prognostic index parameters and score.ResultsAmong the included 33 patients of lymphoma, international prognostic index parameters and score together with the early-stage interim SUVmax of the predominant nodal and extra-nodal sites showed statistical significance in predicting the initial as well as the final treatment response after 24 months. Using ROC analysis, we could obtain cutoff values of SUVmax of the predominant nodal lesion of 2.75 (AUC 72%, 95% CI 0.42–1.0) and SUVmax of the predominant extra-nodal lesion of 3 (AUC 70.8% and 95% CI 0.23–1.0); therefore, SUVmax of higher than these values was related to stable or progressive disease, and lower levels than these values were related to complete or partial metabolic response based on Deauville 5-point scale and Lugano response criteria.ConclusionsEarly-stage interim PET-CT SUVmax of the predominant nodal and extra-nodal lesion could be a reliable parameter in predicting initial and final therapeutic outcome in lymphoma patients.

Sinonasal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: own clinical observation and literature review

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common immunomorphological variant of lymphoma in adults. Extranodal lesions are observed in a third of patients at the disease onset. The organs most often involved are the gastrointestinal tract, testicles, bones, thyroid gland, and skin. Primary involvement of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses occur extremely rarely and cause diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties.The article demonstrates a rare clinical case of newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with sinonasal tract involvement. It took 6 months to verify the final diagnosis. At the moment, the induction stage of treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma continues, the achieved complete metabolic response is maintained.

Expression of CD30 in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Clinical Significance

To investigate the expression and clinical significance of CD30 in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A retrospective analysis was conducted on 124 cases of primary DLBCL diagnosed at Changzhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University from January 2018 to July 2020. The expression of CD30 in patients with DLBCL was detected by immunohistochemical method, and the clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed and compared between CD30+ and CD30- groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for survival analysis. The relationship between CD30 expression and clinical features and prognosis were analyzed. Among the 124 patients with DLBCL, 19 patients expressed CD30, and the positive rate is 15.32%. The clinico-pathological characteristics of CD30+ in patients with DLBCL were characterized by low age, more common in males, fewer extranodal lesions, lower international prognostic index (IPI), GCB type being more common in Hans subtype, and achieving better therapeutic effects (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant statistical differences in B-symptoms (P =0.323), Ann Arbor staging (P =0.197), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (P =0.479), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P =0.477), and the involvement of bone marrow (P =0.222). There were significant differences in OS and PFS between the CD30+ and CD30- groups (χ2=5.653, P =0.017; χ2＝4.109，P =0.043), the CD30+ group had a better prognosis than that of the CD30- group. The results of subgroup analysis showed that the CD30+ group in the IPI score=1-2, LDH elevated group had a better prognosis (P < 0.05). In the subgroups of Ann Arbor staging III-IV (P =0.055) and non GCB type (P =0.053), the CD30+ group had a good prognosis trend, but the difference was not statistically significant. The results of univariate analysis showed that the good prognosis of DLBCL patients was closely related to CD30+ expression, no B-symptoms, early Ann Arbor staging, low ECOG score, normal LDH, low IPI score, fewer extranodal involvement, and obtaining the best therapeutic effect as CR (all P <0.05). COX multivariate regression analysis showed that the presence of B-symptoms and achieving the best therapeutic effect as Non-CR were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of DLBCL patients (P < 0.05). The CD30+ expression in DLBCL patients indicates a good prognosis and has certain diagnostic value in evaluating the prognosis of DLBCL patients.

Copy Number Analysis of 9p24.1 in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma Arising in Immune Deficiency/Dysregulation.

A subset of patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate develop immune deficiencies and dysregulation-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Patients with these disorders often exhibit spontaneous regression after MTX withdrawal; however, chemotherapeutic intervention is frequently required in patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma arising in immune deficiency/dysregulation. In this study, we examined PD-L1 expression levels and 9p24.1 copy number alterations in 27 patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma arising from immune deficiency/dysregulation. All patients demonstrated PD-L1 protein expression and harbored 9p24.1 copy number alterations on the tumor cells. When comparing clinicopathological data and associations with 9p24.1 copy number features, the copy gain group showed a significantly higher incidence of extranodal lesions and clinical stages than the amplification group. Notably, all cases in the amplification group had latency type II, while 6/8 (75%) in the copy gain group had latency type II, and 2/8 (25%) had latency type I. Thus, a subset of the copy-gain group demonstrated more extensive extranodal lesions and higher clinical stages. This finding speculates the presence of a genetically distinct subgroup within the group of patients who develop immune deficiencies and dysregulation-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, which may explain certain characteristic features.

Treatment of Patients with Local Stages of Newly Diagnosed Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Literature Review, Current Approaches, and Our Own Experience

Aim. To determine an optimal amount of program therapy for patients with local (I/II) stages of newly diagnosed classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) who are stratified into prognostic groups by different risk factors (RF).&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods. The present study is based on the clinical data from 125 patients with local (I/II) stages of newly diagnosed cHL. All of them were treated at the NN Blokhin National Medical Cancer Research Center from 2000 to 2022. The patients were aged 18–67 years (median 29 years), most of them were women (n = 90; 72 %). The patients were stratified into 3 prognostic groups with respect to the following RFs: В-symptoms, ESR level, bulky mediastinum, lesion number, and stage E. Group 1 regarded as prognostically favorable (stages I/IIA without RFs) included 22 (18 %) patients; group 2 with intermediate prognosis (stages I/IIA–В, ≥ 3 lesions and/or ESR ≥ 30 mm/h with B-symptoms or ESR ≥ 50 mm/h without them) consisted of 45 (36 %) patients; group 3 regarded as prognostically unfavorable (stages I/IIА, bulky mediastinum and/or extranodal lesions, i.e. stage Е) included 58 (46 %) patients. In group 1, there were no patients with B-symptoms. In group 3, patients with intoxication symptoms were excluded from the analysis. Chemotherapy programs in prognostic groups (risk groups) differed: 2–4 ABVD cycles in group 1 and 6 EACOPP-14 cycles in group 3. Both regimens were used in group 2. This was the category of patients with intermediate prognosis which required modifications in the drug therapy program due to the interim PET2 results and continued in the form of de-escalated treatment: 2 ЕАСОРР-14 cycles → PET2-negative status → 2 AVD cycles (n = 20). This model proved to be most effective by the present study and did not exclude the applicability of the programs either with 4 cycles of ЕАСОРР-14 alone (n = 12) or 4–6 cycles of ABVD alone (n = 13) in the group of intermediate prognosis. After completing the drug therapy phase, radiotherapy was performed in 113 (91 %) patients.&#x0D; Results. The median follow-up was 46 months. Taken as a whole, the treatment showed high efficacy: the 5-year progression-free survival appeared to be 93 %, and the 5-year overall survival was 99 %.&#x0D; Conclusion. The stratification of patients into 3 prognostic groups (favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable) provides the basis for determining a drug chemotherapy program which would be optimal in its amount, efficacy, and toxicity profile for patients with local stages of newly diagnosed cHL. Further study of escalation and de-escalation strategies in the program chemotherapy for patients with stages I/IIA of newly diagnosed cHL having or not having a bulky tumor mass in mediastinum, based on PET2 results, can help to improve, first of all, the quality of life of patients as well as short- and long-term chemotherapy outcomes in general. In this context, chemotherapy escalation is possible in the cases of PET2-positive status, whereas its de-escalation would be considered in the cases of PET2-negative status.

Свободно циркулирующая ДНК в плазме у пациентов с диффузной В-крупноклеточной лимфомой и В-клеточной лимфомой высокой степени злокачественности (‘double hit’/’triple hit’)

Aim. To study plasma cell-free DNA (pcfDNA) concentration and B-cell clonality in patients with diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) and B-cell high-grade lymphomas prior to and at different stages of chemotherapy as well as the correlation between the data obtained and clinical and laboratory parameters.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods. The study enrolled 23 DLBCL patients and 7 healthy donors (HD). Plasma was prepared from whole blood by centrifugation, pcfDNA was isolated with the commercial kit Qiagen (Germany). The concentration of pcfDNA was determined using fluorometer Qubit (USA). В-cell clonality was estimated by immunoglobulin gene analysis (BIOMED-2 protocol) in the tumor tissue and bone marrow core biopsy specimens obtained on diagnosis date as well as in the pcfDNA at 5 end points: prior to chemotherapy and after cycles 1, 2, 3, and 4.&#x0D; Results. Prior to therapy, all DLBCL patients showed significantly higher pcfDNA concentration than HD. Immunochemotherapy cycle 1 resulted in considerable increase in pcfDNA concentration. After cycle 2 and subsequent cycles, pcfDNA concentration gradually decreased. After cycle 4, the mean pcfDNA concentration was comparable with that of HD. In 95 % of patients В-cell clonality in pcfDNA corresponded to that identified in the tumor specimen. After immunochemotherapy cycle 1, В-cell clonality was detected in 50 % of patients, after cycle 2 it was shown by 15 %. Only 1 female patient retained В-cell clonality after therapy cycles 3 and 4. In HD, no В-cell clonality in pcfDNA was identified. Prior to therapy, the analysis revealed no correlation of either pcfDNA concentration or В-cell clonality in pcfDNA with age, sex, tumor spread, presence or absence of extranodal lesions, proliferation index Ki-67, and lactate dehydrogenase concentration.&#x0D; Conclusion. In patients with malignant hematological tumors, pcfDNA seems to be an interesting, easily accessible biological material deserving further investigation. Any studies of pcfDNA require long-term dynamical analysis and standardized methods of collection, storage and processing of the data obtained. In the long run, with more and more information, pcfDNA can become an important diagnostic marker of tumor heterogeneity and a reliable relapse predictor.

Regression of Necrotic Lesions after Methotrexate Withdrawal in Patients with Methotrexate-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders: A Retrospective CT Study.

This retrospective study investigated whether necrotic lesions detected on a computed tomography (CT) scan are more regressive than non-necrotic lesions after methotrexate withdrawal in patients pathologically diagnosed with methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (MTX-LPD). In total, 89 lesions extracted from 24 patients on CT scans were included in the analysis. All patients had been evaluated for the presence of necrosis within lesions via CT scan upon first suspicion of MTX-LPD (baseline CT scan). The percentage lesion size reduction between the baseline and initial follow-up CT scan was calculated. The association between necrosis within lesions and size changes was estimated via linear regression analyses using both crude and adjusted models. Necrosis was significantly more common in extranodal lesions (27 out of 30 lesions, 90%) than in nodal lesions (9 out of 59 lesions, 15%, p<0.001). In the crude model, the regression of necrotic lesions was 58.5% greater than that of non-necrotic lesions; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Additionally, the longest diameter of necrotic lesions at the baseline CT scan was significantly greater than that of non-necrotic lesions (p<0.001). Based on the adjusted model, necrotic lesions showed 49.3% greater regression than non-necrotic lesions (p=0.017). Necrosis detected on a CT scan was found to be an independent predictor of regression after MTX withdrawal in patients with MTX-LPD.