Petroleum Ether Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical characterization and therapeutic potential of leaf of Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.: A comprehensive study on functional groups and bioactive compounds.

BackgroundEmilia sonchifolia (L.) DC is an annual herbaceous plant used in the Ayurveda and Unani therapeutic systems. It treats various conditions such as diarrhea, sore throat, night blindness, rashes, fever, measles, earache, eye inflammation, ophthalmia, asthma, malaria, stomach tumors, chest pain, liver diseases, cuts, and wounds. PurposeThis study aimed to assess the functional groups and bioactive compounds present in the leaves of E. sonchifolia using FT-IR and GC-MS analyses and explore their antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer effects. Materials and methodsDifferent leaf extracts of E. sonchifolia were subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses to determine the presence of functional groups and for chemical characterization. Biological evaluations such as antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS assays) and antidiabetic (α-amylase enzyme inhibition and glucose uptake using yeast cell assays) and anticancer (HepG2 cell lines) potentials were also analyzed. ResultsFT-IR analysis revealed the presence of various functional groups such as amines, alcohols, alkanes, alkenes, halo compounds, aldehydes, sulfates, esters, phenols, and carboxylic acids. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 32 bioactive compounds in different leaf extracts. Among the extracts, petroleum ether (16) contained the highest number of chemical compounds, followed by ethanol (14), chloroform (9), and acetone (4). Lanosterol was the most significant compound in petroleum ether extract, whereas phytol (44.05 %) in the acetone extract and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid in the chloroform (82.47 %) and ethanol (50.49 %) extracts. The ethanol leaf extract showed the highest antioxidant potential in DPPH (63.38±0.46 µg/mL) and ABTS (60.74±0.59 µg/mL) assays. It also showed better results in antidiabetic activity in both α-amylase enzyme inhibition (135.69±2.08 µg/mL) and glucose uptake using yeast cell (114.37±1.71 µg/mL) assays. Ethanol leaf extract exhibits good anticancer activity with 59.52±0.76 µg/mL against HepG2 cell line. ConclusionFTIR and GC-MS analyses confirmed the presence of bioactive functional groups and phytoconstituents. These results justify the leaves as a traditional remedy in Ayurveda and Unani therapeutic systems. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer assays suggested that E. sonchifolia leaves have good antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer potential compared to standards. Further studies are required to identify the chemical compounds responsible for these activities.

Altingia chinensis petroleum ether extract suppresses NSCLC via induction of apoptosis, attenuation of EMT, and downregulation of PI3K/Akt pathway

BackgroundNon-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the primary type of lung cancer with the leading cause of fatalities from cancer, and the effective treatment is minimal. Altingia chinensis is a medicinal plant utilized as a traditional folk remedy to alleviate rheumatism, punch injury and paralysis. APE is the petroleum ether extract from A. Chinensis, whose antitumor effects are rarely studied. PurposeTo explore the antitumor effects of APE on NSCLC and its molecular mechanism. MethodsLLC and H1299 cells were used to explore the anticancer effect of APE on NSCLC in vitro. MTT assay and colony formation were employed to evaluate cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate apoptosis. Wound healing and transwell were employed to evaluate cell migration and invasive capacity. Meanwhile, an LLC tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice model was established for assessing the anticancer effect of APE on NSCLC in vivo. H&E staining was used to assess histopathology. TUNEL assay was performed to assess apoptosis in tumor tissue. Network pharmacology, CESTA, and kinase assay were employed to analyze potential molecular mechanisms. Western blots were performed to detect proteins involved in apoptosis, EMT, and the PI3K/Akt pathway. ResultsThis is the first investigation to identify APE's antitumor potential in both NSCLC cells and tumor-bearing mice models. Significantly, APE dose-dependently decreased cell viability and caused morphological changes both in LLC and H1299 cells. Furthermore, APE (31.25, 62.5, and 125 μg/ml) induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells, as demonstrated by increased Annexin V-FITC/PI-stained cells, the cleaved-caspase 3 levels, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Additionally, APE suppressed cell migration and invasion by the increase of E-cadherin expression and the downregulation of vimentin, implying that APE inhibited cell metastasis via attenuation of EMT. Importantly, intragastric administration of 100 mg/kg APE significantly inhibited tumor growth without apparent side effects. TUNEL assay confirmed the apoptosis in tumor tissue. Western blots validated the alteration of EMT and apoptotic markers in tumor tissue, which matched the in vitro findings. Moreover, APE directly bound to PI3Kα and inhibited its activity, leading to inhibition of the PI3K-Akt pathway. ConclusionOverall, APE exhibits anti-tumor effects on NSCLC via induction of apoptosis, attenuation of EMT, and its mechanism involves the suppression of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Our study offers new insights for the identification of novel drug development for NSCLC.

Sida cordifolia Linn- An widely used herbs in the village of Falta, west Bengal, India: Pharmacological evaluation of antiepileptic activity of root extract of Sida cordifolia Linn.

As per the observation of the social work activitist it was found that the raw extract of the root of Sida cordifolia Linn. Are been used by some old people in the village of Falta Block of South 24 PGS district of West Bengal, India to treat epileptic attack on some villagers. The identified plant were collected and handed over the research scientists for the further study. The dried coarse powder of the root of Sida cordifolia Linn. Were soxheleted successively with petroleum ether (PESC), methanol (MESE), with boiled water (AESC) and the epileptic study was performed on the Albino mice using 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight of PESC, MESE and using clonazepam as standard using Maximum Electroshock induced seizure model and result depicted that PESC exhibited a significant antiepileptic effect at both low and high doses where as MESC exhibited the significant antiepileptic effect only at high dose. Hence, the petroleum ether extract may be chosen to be more effective than that of the methanol extract.

Isolation, Development and Validation of Chromatographic Methods for the Estimation of Linoleic Acid from Different Parts of Euphorbia Neriifolia Linn.

Objectives: This is the first report on the development and validation of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-densitometric methods for the identification of linoleic acid (LA) in petroleum ether extract (PEE) of Euphorbia neriifolia (EN) stem (ST), latex (LX), and bark (BA). Methodology: Chromatographic analyses were performed on silica gel-G and silica gel 60 F254 plates and the antioxidant activities of isolated compounds were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) spectrophotometric assay. Results: The chromatographic analyses revealed better spots and well-separated peaks of LA with retention factor (Rf) values at 0.54 (ST), 0.40 (LX), and 0.64 (BA), respectively. The linearity of the calibration curve ranges from 10-50 ng/spot (ST), 10-100 ng/spot (LX), and 50-200 ng/spot (BA). The proposed method was characterized by better accuracy, better robustness, and good precision, ranging from 0.173 to 0.372% (intra-day) and 0.185 to 0.205% (inter-day). The value of the limit of detection and quantification equal to 1.04 and 3.16 ng/spot in ST, 0.87 and 2.64 ng/spot in LX, and 0.177 and 0.53 ng/spot in BA determined the sensitivity of the method. In the obtained chromatogram, no peak was observed other than the LA which determined the specificity of the method. The % RSD of < 2% after periods of 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h determined the stability of standard LA. Conclusion: Thus, the fingerprinting method is valuable in determining the adulterants and in routine quality control of formulations and herbal drugs.

Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant, Enzyme-Inhibitory, and Cytotoxic Potential of Endemic Cynoglottis chetikiana subsp. chetikiana

Background Cynoglottis chetikiana subsp. chetikiana, an endemic Boraginaceae plant growing in Turkey, has not been previously studied in terms of pharmacognosy. However, related species, such as Anchusa, Symphytum, and Rindera, have been known for their pharmacological effects attributed to compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and other phenol derivatives. Purpose This study aimed to reveal the phytochemical composition and potential biological activity of C. chetikiana. Methods Phytochemical profiling analysis was performed by using the liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) system. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were evaluated on the MCF-7 mammalian breast cancer cell line by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The in vitro α-glucosidase and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activities were assessed using literature methods. Additionally, antioxidant properties were investigated, leading to the bioactivity-guided isolation of the most active substance. Results LC–HRMS analysis revealed 27 major phenolic compounds and 2 pyrrolizidine alkaloids in C. chetikiana. Bioactivity-guided studies led to the isolation of a flavonoid, rutin. The n-butanol extract of the plant exhibited high antioxidant capacity and was rich in phenolic compounds. The methanol extract of C. chetikiana demonstrated low-moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 608.62 ± 7.01 µg/mL). Moreover, the methanol extract showed significant anti-tyrosinase enzyme activity (195.84 ± 5.81 mg Kojic acid equivalent/g extract), and the petroleum ether extract displayed the highest cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 76.91 ± 3.12 µg/mL). Conclusion This is the first phytomedicinal study report for C. chetikiana, which gives promising insight for further pharmaceutical research.

Chemical characterization, neuroprotective effect, and in-silico evaluation of the petroleum ether extract of three palm tree species against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rats

The burden of neurological disorders is growing substantially with limited therapeutic options, urging the consideration and assessment of alternative strategies. In this regard, we aimed to elucidate the phytochemical profile of the petroleum ether extract (PEE) of three palm tree species: Aiphanes eggersii Burret, Carpoxylon macrospermum H. Wendl. & Drude, and Jubaeopsis caffra Becc. (Family Arecaceae), and to evaluate their neuroprotective effect in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced excitotoxicity model for the first time. We identified a total of 48, 18, and 45 compounds in A. eggersii, C. macrospermum, and J. caffra, constituting 79.41 %, 60.45 %, and 76.35 % of the total detected compounds, respectively. A. eggersii extract was rich in the methyl esters of fatty acids (65.08 %) especially methyl dodecanoate (17.72 %). C. macrospermum was exclusively prolific by the triterpene 3β-methoxy-d:c-friedo-b’:a'-neogammacer-9(11)-ene (40.36 %), while J. caffra was noticeable by hydrocarbons (30.14 %) and lupeol derivatives (19.79 %). The biochemical and histopathological analysis showed that the tested extracts significantly reduced the oxidative stress, especially at the highest tested dose (1000 mg/kg). The extracts also reduced the activity of induced nitric oxide synthetase, Ca+2 level, and NR2B subunit expression and attenuated apoptosis and DNA damage. The docking results show that most active natural compounds bind to SOD-1 and NR2B-NMDARs, verifying the credibility of the biological findings. To sum up, the PEE of the three investigated palm tree species possessed a unique blend of lipophilic bioactive constituents that exert promising neuroprotective potential against MSG-induced excitoneurotoxicity. However, further preclinical investigation and pharmaceutical formulation are needed.

Phytochemical Extraction, Analysis, and Characterization of Madhuca longifolia Leaf Compounds.

Objective: This study aimed to perform the extraction, phytochemical analysis, and compound characterization of Madhuca longifolia leaf extracts. Materials and Methods: Sequential extraction of M. longifolia leaves was performed using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, and water. The yield of the extracts was measured and reported as 1.3 ± 0.10% for petroleum ether, 3.85 ± 0.15% for chloroform, 20.25 ± 1.22% for methanol, 30.1 ± 1.38% for ethanol, and 26.7 ± 0.21% for water. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine the presence of various compounds, including alkaloids, glucose-alkaloids, steroids, tannins, phenols, proteins, and flavonoids. The absence of ethyl and methyl alkalis in petroleum ether and chloroform extracts was noted. Additionally, the presence of saponins and alkaloids was observed only in methanol extracts, with cresol absent from these extracts. The isolated compounds were further characterized using thin layer chromatography (TLC), highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results: The Rf value of the isolated compound was 0.49 using TLC. HPLC analysis identified major constituents with retention times of 4.576 and 10.461 minutes. These findings highlight the diverse phytochemical composition of M. longifolia leaf extracts and provide a detailed analysis of the active compounds present. Conclusion: This comprehensive study of M. longifolia leaf extracts offers valuable insights into the plant’s medicinal potential. The identified active compounds could serve as a reference for future medicinal use and research.

Components in SLPE Alleviate AD Model Nematodes by Up-Regulating Gene gst-5.

Salvia leucantha is a perennial herb of the genus Salvia in the family Labiatae, which has a wide range of biological activities, mainly including inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity. To explore the protective effects and mechanism of action of S. leucantha on Alzheimer's disease (AD), the anti-AD activity of SLE (extracts of S. leucantha) was determined by using a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model (CL4176). Analyses included paralysis assay, phenotypic experiments, transcriptome sequencing, RNA interference (RNAi), heat shock assays, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). SLPE (S. leucantha petroleum ether extract) could significantly delay CL4176 paralysis and extend the longevity of C. elegans N2 without harmful effects. A total of 927 genes were significantly changed by SLPE treatment in C. elegans, mainly involving longevity regulatory pathways-nematodes, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, and glutathione metabolic pathways. RNAi showed that SLPE exerted its anti-AD activity through up-regulation of the gene gst-5; the most abundant compound in SLPE analyzed by GC-MS was 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), and the compound delayed nematode paralysis. The present study suggests that active components in S. leucantha may serve as new-type anti-AD candidates and provide some insights into their biological functions.

Phytochemical composition of <i>Eriobotrya japonica</i> (Rosaceae) leaves extracts from central Veracruz, Mexico, and its effect on α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition

Background: Eriobotrya japonica is economically significant as an ornamental tree, and its leaves have medicinal properties. Question: What are the main chemical components of loquat leaves grown in a population of Central Veracruz Mexico? and does the methanolic extract have potential antidiabetic properties through α-glucosidase inhibition? Species study: Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae) Study site and date: Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, 2021-2022. Methods: Total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined in leaves powder. Leaf methanol extract of E. japonica was tested for α-glucosidase inhibition. Also, different groups of secondary metabolites were detected by the phenolics/volatile-targeted metabolomic analysis. Results: The leaves of E. japonica are rich in C and minerals such as Na, K, Ca, and Mg, and contain high levels of flavonoids, and procyanidin B2. The leaf methanol extract (LME) effectively inhibited α-glucosidase activity (86.05 ± 0.73 %) in vitro. In addition, a leaf petroleum ether extract (LPE) contains mainly phytol, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and phytol acetate. Conclusions: The leaf methanolic extract exhibited antidiabetic potential due to its potent α-glucosidase inhibition, and the presence of diverse phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and their glycoside derivatives, and some fatty acids further supports the traditional use of E. japonica as an herbal medicine with antidiabetic properties.

In vitro investigation of phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Harpagophytum procumbens seeds extracts

Medicinal plants contain bioactive substances that are highly bioavailable in extracts or pure molecules, making them promising for therapeutic applications and precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semi-synthesis. Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil’s Claw) is widely recognized as one of the most potent therapeutic herbs. This study aimed to extract seeds from H. procumbens using two types of solvents and to assess both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the extracts. The two extracts were evaluated for antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities using agar well diffusion assays against four bacterial isolates and two yeast isolates. Qualitative analysis identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. The active components detected were: alkaloids (12.69%), flavonoids (3.25%), total phenolic compounds (24.58%), total terpenoids (8.55%), and total steroids (1.25% for methanolic and 4.55% for petroleum ether). Both methanolic and petroleum ether extracts exhibited antioxidant activities of approximately 85.33% and 74.19%, respectively, compared to ascorbic acid, which had an antioxidant effect of 67.99% at a concentration of 200 µg/ml. The extracts demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity against all tested bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and fungi (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis). At a concentration of 1000 µg/ml, the seed extracts showed the highest bactericidal activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 22 mm. Moreover, both extracts exhibited greater anti-biofilm activity at 1000 µg/ml compared to lower concentrations. Our study found that seed extracts of H. procumbens possess significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities, particularly at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml.

Identification of different extracts and phytoconstituents of Callistemon viminalis Cheel for their anti-anxiety effects based on pharmacognostic, toxicological, and pharmacological strategies

BackgroundPsychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety are global challenges, exacerbated by the limitations of synthetic medications, including addiction and toxic side effects. MethodsThis study meticulously investigated the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological properties of Callistemon viminalis Cheel. Toxicological assessments, including hemocompatibility assays, LD50 studies, FOB analysis, biochemical parameters, and structural integrity of vital organs, were conducted on aqueous, methanolic, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts of leaves and stems. Phytochemical profiling via qualitative tests and GC-MS screened extracts for molecular docking against key receptors. Categorically screened extracts were evaluated for therapeutic potential against LPS-induced anxiety in mice. ResultsToxicological evaluations on experimental animals demonstrated the safety of various extracts, evidenced by no in vitro and in vivo toxicity. GC-MS identified numerous phytochemicals that passed “Lipinski's Rule of Five.” These compounds were screened for molecular docking, revealing significant binding affinities with CB1, SERT, α2A-AR, and GABAβ2 receptors, suggesting potential therapeutic effects against anxiety. The phytoconstituents with the highest docking scores, particularly in aqueous and methanolic extracts, were further validated for their therapeutic efficacy. Preliminary analysis based on the EPM test and serum cortisol levels confirmed these extracts' superior therapeutic effectiveness. ConclusionIn conclusion, aqueous and methanolic extracts of Callistemon viminalis Cheel’s leaf and stem showed promising potential as therapeutic interventions for anxiety disorders.

Evaluation of phytochemical, trace metals content, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Bonnaya Ruellioides (Colsm.) Spreng: An ethnomedicinal plant of North Eastern India

Bonnaya ruellioides (Colsm.) Spreng is an ethnomedicinal plant widely found in Manipur, a northeastern state of India and it belongs to the Linderniaceae family. The study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical content, trace metals, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of this ethnomedicinal plant in various extracts including chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts. Phytochemical analysis was done using standard protocols, trace metals content by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), antioxidant by DPPH, Reducing Power and ABTS assay. Antimicrobial activity of the plant was also determined by Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) assay. Phytochemicals such as phenol, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid, and terpenoid were detected in the water extract, whereas tannin, glycoside, flavonoid, steroid, alkaloid, and terpenoid were found in the plant extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Trace elements detection using AAS revealed the presence of Fe (0.298 ± 0.011 mg/g), Zn (0.083 ± 0.003 mg/g), Cu (0.024 ± 0.002 mg/g) and Mn (0.014 ± 0.002 mg/g) in the plant. Further, evaluation of antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging assay in chloroform and methanol extracts recorded 411.59 ±2.62 IC50 (μg/mL ± SD) and 80.96 ± 0.68 IC50 (μg/mL ± SD) respectively. Reducing power activity of the chloroform and methanol extracts showed 249.27 ± 1.48 μM FeSO4/mg sample and 44.55 ± 0.47 μM FeSO4/mg sample, respectively, and for ABTS assay, 281.82 ± 2.19 TEAC/g dw and 168.65 ± 2.06 TEAC/g dw are recorded respectively. The antimicrobial study of the chloroform and petroleum ether extracts showed negative results for all the selected pathogens of bacterial and fungal strains. At the same time, the methanol extract showed positive for bacterial strains including Micrococcus luteus (17.50 ±0.54) mm and Escherichia coli (15.0 ± 2.0) mm, while negative for all the fungal strains. The results of the study demonstrated for the first time that B. ruellioides plant has notable phytochemical, essential trace metals, promising antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity. Thus, the findings of our study will contribute a scientific insight into the therapeutic applications of this ethnomedicinal plant in folklore medicines and enable the prediction of further applications in drug development.

Phytochemical screening, molecular docking, antifertility investigations, and ADME potential of various extracts of Pandanus odoratissimus leaves.

The purpose of this study was to explore the molecular docking characteristics and antifertility impacts of petroleum ether extract (PEEPO) and chloroform (CHEPO) derived from Pandanus odoratissimus (PO) leaves. TriposSybyl-X 2.1 for molecular docking and Swiss ADME for ADME predictions were used. Antifertility activity was determined by using two invivo animal models, with a focus on estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity and anti-implantation effects. The findings showed that at different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), PEEPO had more anti-implantation effect than CHEPO. After taking either extract orally for up to 4,000 mg/kg, no acute toxicity was found. Furthermore, both extracts substantially raised blood oestrogen levels while lowering serum cholesterol and LDL levels, improving their antiimplantation and estrogenic activities, whether given alone or in combination with ethinyl estradiol. Molecular docking scores suggested strong interactions between phytochemicals in the extracts and estrogen receptors. ADME studies highlighted four phytochemicals present in PO leaves, showing high gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeability, and negative Log Kp values, indicating their potential as antifertility agents. The phytochemicals in both PEEPO and CHEPO demonstrated promising antifertility potential and interactions with estrogen receptors. Isolation of these phytochemicals could lead to the development of effective herbal antifertility formulations.

Insecticidal and Anti-Feedant Activity of Clerodendrum Extracts on Growth and Development of Castor Spiny Caterpillar, Ariadne merione

The castor spiny caterpillar Ariadne merione (F.) is a major lepidopteran pest affecting castor (Ricinus communis) crops mainly by causing defoliation which in turn reduces the photosynthesis and yield. The conventional pest control methods have been based on chemical control which although has been effective, has its drawbacks of being hazardous to the environment and human health besides leading to resistance by the pests. The present work aims at investigating the possibility of using Clerodendrum inerme, a plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, as an eco-friendly solution for pest management. Insecticidal and anti-feedant efficacy of C. inerme leaf extracts, which were prepared using solvents hexane, acetone, and petroleum ether, was tested against A. merione larvae using leaf dip bioassay under no-choice situation. The findings showed that the hexane extract had the highest insecticidal (73%) and anti-feedent (97%) action. The petroleum ether extract also showed moderate insecticidal (50%) and anti-feedant activity (48%) but not as potent as the acetone extract having insecticidal and anti-feedant action of 60 and 74 per cent respectively. The results imply that C. inerme extracts, especially the hexane extract, could be used as botanical insecticides in IPM programs as a natural replacement for chemical insecticides.

Assessing the Antibacterial Effectiveness against MDR Strains and the Antioxidant Characteristics of Ficus auriculata

For millennia, people have successfully treated a wide range of illnesses, including bacterial infections, with different plant parts or extracts. “MDR strain” typically refers to a “multi-drug resistant strain” of a bacteria. In the context of infectious diseases, a multi-drug resistant strain refers to a strain of the pathogen that has acquired resistance to multiple drugs that are commonly used to treat infections caused by that specific pathogen. MDR strains can present significant challenges in healthcare settings as they limit the effectiveness of standard treatments and may require more aggressive or specialized approaches to manage the infection. The discdiffusion method was used in this investigation to test the antimicrobial properties of Petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Ficus auriculata leaves against four bacterial strains namely Salmonella enteric serovar typhi, Salmonella enteric ser Paratyphi (MDR strain) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The findings showed that all of the investigated organisms (zone of inhibition of 0.5 ± 0.15 & 18 ± 1.7 mm) were significantly inhibited by the petroleum ether, ethanol, and methanol extracts, with the exception of Salmonella typhi (an 18 mm inhibitory zone). The restricted area (≤5) indicated moderate activity in the aqueous extracts. It’s crucial to remember that antimicrobial activity analysis of plant extracts is just one step in the process of identifying potential natural antimicrobial agents. Further studies, including the identification and isolation of specific bioactive compounds, toxicology assessments, and clinical trials, are required before any plant extract can be considered for use as a drug development.

Study of antibacterial properties of extracts of the herb Speranskia tuberculata (Bunge) Baill

The article deals with the problem of developing antibacterial drugs of plant origin, focusing on the properties of the herb Speranskia Tuberculata (Bunge) Baill, which is still understudied. The aim was to determine the antibacterial activity of preparations of the herb Speranskia Tuberculata (Bunge) Baill, extracted with different solvents. Materials and methodology. Crude extracts were obtained using four solvents: petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous solutions. Subsequently, the dried extracts were weighed and dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to prepare working solutions with 10 to 500 µg/mL concentrations. Colonies of three types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Propionibacterium Acnes, were used as the object of the study. The degree of antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the antibacterial zone formed after treating bacteria with different concentrations of extracts compared to the control group (treatment with distilled water). In addition, the total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was determined by chemical methods. Antioxidant activity, volume of the dry residue of crude extracts, and content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were compared with the results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on the presence of antibacterial substances in the extracts known from the literature. It was shown that the ethyl acetate extract among the 4 studied extracts had a clearly expressed antibacterial effect. The calculated value of IC50 for this extract varied between 112‒135 μg/mL for different bacteria. Other solvents did not show a pronounced antibacterial effect. The weakest effect was associated with petroleum ether extracts. At the same time, the mass of the dry residue, when extracted with petroleum ether, was the maximum among all solvents; on the contrary, with ethyl acetate, it was the minimum. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the results of the studies were opposite; namely, the maximum concentrations were characteristic of the ethyl acetate extract, and the minimum concentrations were characteristic of the petroleum ether extract. According to the literature, twelve compounds found in the extracts have pronounced antibacterial activity. Suppose the presence of an aromatic ring and a carbon-linked hydroxyl group OH- is taken as the main sign of belonging to phenolic compounds. In that case, 8 of 12 invented antibacterial compounds belong to phenols and flavonoids. Experimentally proven high antibacterial activity of preparations of the herb Speranskia Tuberculata (Bunge) Baill based on ethyl acetate extracts. This property is related to the extract's high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids.

Profiling of phytochemical constituents of terminalia chebula fruit extract by different solvent effects and synchronized analysis of FTIR and GCMS

BackgroundDetecting the Teminalia chebula best extract-enriching bioactive compounds using four different solvents; Ethanol, water, chloroform and petroleum ether for medicinal applications. MethodsQualitative analysis of phytochemicals of T. chebula (such as Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids); Quantitative Determinations (Condensed tannins; total flavonoids, and phenolics), also, determination of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. GC–MS and FT-IR analysis of ethanolic extract were investigated. ResultsThe assays for phenolics, tannins and total flavonoids indicated an extensive difference in the total phenolic content ranging from 26 to 104, 13 to106 and 106 µg/g of extract. It was found that, the highest phenolics, tannins and total flavonoids content were found in the ethanolic extract and the lowest by petroleum ether extract. In examining the amount of total protein content also, high amount of total proteins observed in the ethanolic extract as 67 µg/g whereas, in contrast, the high amount of total carbohydrates observed in the aqueous extract with 103 µg/g. Further, the level of the different enzymatic antioxidant markers (SOD, Catalase and Gpx) and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers (vitamin C and vitamin E) produced by the ethanolic T. chebula fruit extract were 0.46 µg, 97 µg and 127 µg and 39.08 µg and18 mg/liter. The DPPH and reducing power assay radical scavenging activities of different solvent extracts of T. Chebula exhibited free radical scavenging properties up to 96 % of inhibition. The functional groups of the components were separated based on its peaks through FTIR analysis showed the existence of alcohol, alkanes, carboxylic acid, alkenes, alkanes, ethers, halogen respectively. The active compounds identified based on GCMS analysis showed the presence of furaldehyde, 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde Dodecanoic acid, ethylester n-pentadecanol, 1,2,3-Benzenetriol pyrogallol, 3,4,5trihydroxy benzoic acid, Octadecanoicacid,ethyl ester and Hentriacontane. ConclusionAmong four solvent screened, the ethanol extract of T. chebula revealed variety of bioactive phytochemicals. In addition to higher antioxidant activities and highest level of radical scavenging activity. Accordingly, it can be inferred that T. chebula may serve as an antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent in addition to being a plant-based antioxidant.

Seeds of Hyoscyamus muticus L. subsp. falezlez: Morpho-Anatomical Features, Phytochemical Investigation and Evidence for Antioxidant Activities.

This work aims to describe the morpho-anatomy and determine the mineral composition of H. muticus L. subsp. falezlez seed, and investigate the influence of extraction solvents (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol) on contents of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) and the antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, reducing power and phenanthroline). The mineral content analysis revealed the presence of different elements. The results indicated that the seed extract obtained by methanol exhibited the highest yield and TPC (82.07 % and 27.14±2.2 μg GAE/mg), while the chloroform extract had the maximum TFC (24.63±0.4 μg QE/mg). In addition, all seed extracts showed excellent performances on DPPH scavenging activity. However, methanolic extract was the most effective extraction solvent for scavenging ABTS free radicals (IC50<12.5 μg/mL). Chloroform and petroleum ether extracts were the most potent in phenanthroline activity. GC-MS analysis identified 28 phytochemical compounds in all extracts and 16 compounds were identified by HPLC/DAD analysis of the methanolic extract. The multivariate analysis results highlighted the influence of solvents on the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of seed extracts. The results suggest that H. muticus L. seeds can be a promising source enriched with bioactive constituents for application in the pharmaceutical industry.

The Antiulcer and Hepatoprotective Effects of Euphorbia hirta Petroleum Ether, Chloroform and Ethanolic Extracts on Paracetamol-induced Ulcerated Wistar Rats

Background: Hepatic and gastric diseases are two of the most common ailments in people. Numerous researches have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of herbal remedies in the treatment of hepatitis and stomach ulcers. Objective: The study aimed to determine the antiulcer and hepatoprotective activities of Euphorbia hirta petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanolic extracts on paracetamol-induced ulcerated Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Euphorbia hirta was collected from the area of Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. The air-dried whole plant was crushed, and 500 g of the powder and petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol were used for continuous extraction by the Soxhlet device. Phytochemical analysis of the extract was done by conventional and GC-MS analysis. Nine sets of six male Wistar rats, each weighing between 150 and 200 g, were used in this study. The standard control group, Group I, received only 1% v/v tween 80. Group II, negative control, received saline (1 ml/kg p.o.). Group III animals were given silymarin (200 mg/kg p.o.) and paracetamol (2 g/kg), which served as the standard of care. Animals in groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX received two separate doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. Liver tissue was taken for histological investigation and placed in a 10% formalin solution. The liquid supernatant of liver cells was used to measure antioxidant parameters, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and LPO. Results: Phytochemical and GC-MS examination confirmed Euphorbia hirta extracts to have different biologically active phytoconstituents, like alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic, flavonoids, tannin, sterols and alkaloids. Euphorbia hirta has been found to significantly protect against paracetamolinduced ulcer and hepatotoxicity compared to the negative control. A significant (p &lt; 0.001) reduction in SGPT, SGOT, ALP, DB and TB levels in the EEEH 400 mg/kg extract-treated group was observed compared to the paracetamol group. The PEEH extract exhibited no significant decrease in all biochemical parameters compared to the negative control. However, the standard drug showed a significant (p &lt; 0.001) decrease when compared to the negative control. SGPT, ALP, and DB levels demonstrated a significant (p &lt; 0.01) reduction with EEEH 200 mg/kg. The PEEH extract induced no significant decrease in all biochemical parameters compared to the negative control, and the chloroform extract of 200 mg/kg showed a less significant (p &lt; 0.05 &amp; p &lt; 0.01) difference compared to the negative control. The histopathology study confirmed EEEH 200 mg/kg to show good hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The findings have demonstrated Euphorbia hirta ethanolic extract to have effective antiulcer capabilities, and a decrease in LPO activity along with an increase in SOD, CAT, and LPO content have been observed, thereby leading to reduced oxidative stress. The antioxidant activity of Euphorbia hirta extract as a free radical scavenger and the hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract have been indicated by the results of liver enzymes, DB and TB, and histology of liver tissue. More research is needed to recommend Euphorbia hirta as an effective supplement to treat paracetamol-induced ulcers and hepatotoxicity.

Phytochemical and biological investigation of Astragalus Caprinus L

Backgroundcultivated and wild plants are used to treat different ailments. The Astragalus genus is found in temperate and dry climates; thus, it is found in Egypt and the arab world. Astragalus caprinus has a good amount of bioactive chemicals, which may help explain its therapeutic effects in reducing the risk of consequences from disease.MethodThe phytochemical investigation of the herb and roots of Astragalus caprinus L. included the analytical characterization for the petroleum ether components by GC/MS, unsaponifiable matter (unsap. fraction), and fatty acids (FAME) investigation by GLC analysis. Main flavonoids were chromatographically isolated from ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts. In vitro antimicrobial activity has been tested against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans for different plant extracts, the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, the fungus Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, and the Escherichia coli bacterium. Metabolite cytotoxicity was examined using the MTT assay against HepG-2 (human liver carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma).ResultsIdentifying the important components of the herb and root petroleum ether extracts was achieved. Using column chromatography, luteolin, cosmosiin (apigenin-7-O-glucoside), and cynaroside (luteolin-7-O-glucoside) were separated and identified using UV, NMR, and Mass Spectroscopy. Root extracts displayed potential antimicrobial activity against most of the tested pathogens. Both extracts (herb and roots) were active against the MCF-7 cell line and HepG-2 cell line with IC50 62.5 ± 0.64 and 72.4 ± 2.3 µg/ml, and 75.9 ± 2.5 and 96.8 ± 4.2 µg/ml, respectively.ConclusionAstragalus caprinus seems to be a promising source of bioactive compounds that could potentially aid in preventing disease complications and address common health issues in developing countries. Moreover, the various parts of this plant could be utilized as natural raw materials for producing health-boosting products that could address common health issues in developing countries.