Viscera Extract Research Articles

Depuration Kinetics and Growth Dilution of Caribbean Ciguatoxin in the Omnivore Lagodon rhomboides: Implications for Trophic Transfer and Ciguatera Risk.

Modeling ciguatoxin (CTX) trophic transfer in marine food webs has significant implications for the management of ciguatera poisoning, a circumtropical disease caused by human consumption of CTX-contaminated seafood. Current models associated with CP risk rely on modeling abundance/presence of CTX-producing epi-benthic dinoflagellates, e.g., Gambierdiscus spp., and are based on studies showing that toxin production is site specific and occurs in pulses driven by environmental factors. However, food web models are not yet developed and require parameterizing the CTX exposure cascade in fish which has been traditionally approached through top-down assessment of CTX loads in wild-caught fish. The primary goal of this study was to provide critical knowledge on the kinetics of C-CTX-1 bioaccumulation and depuration in the marine omnivore Lagodon rhomboides. We performed a two-phase, 17 week CTX feeding trial in L. rhomboides where fish were given either a formulated C-CTX-1 (n = 40) or control feed (n = 37) for 20 days, and then switched to a non-toxic diet for up to 14 weeks. Fish were randomly sampled through time with whole muscle, liver, and other pooled viscera dissected for toxin analysis by a sodium channel-dependent MTT-based mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) assay. The CTX levels measured in all tissues increased with time during the exposure period (days 1 to 20), but a decrease in CTX-specific toxicity with depuration time only occurred in viscera extracts. By the end of the depuration, muscle, liver, and viscera samples had mean toxin concentrations of 189%, 128%, and 42%, respectively, compared to fish sampled at the start of the depuration phase. However, a one-compartment model analysis of combined tissues showed total concentration declined to 56%, resulting in an approximate half-life of 97 d (R2 = 0.43). Further, applying growth dilution correction models to the overall concentration found that growth was a major factor reducing C-CTX concentrations, and that the body burden was largely unchanged, causing pseudo-elimination and a half-life of 143–148 days (R2 = 0.36). These data have important implications for food web CTX models and management of ciguatera poisoning in endemic regions where the frequency of environmental algal toxin pulses may be greater than the growth-corrected half-life of C-CTX in intermediate-trophic-level fish with high site fidelity.

Characteristics of chemical compounds of horseshoe crabs Tachypleus gigas in different body proportions

Horseshoe crabs are a marine animal that has been widely used empirically, but in Indonesia the exact bioactive compounds are unknown. People poisoning caused by consuming horseshoe crabs has also been reported. The aims of this study was to observe the bioactive compounds in every part of horseshoe crabs which suspected to be related to toxicity. The work was conducted to measure morphometrics, to count body proportions, and to determine phytochemical compositions, toxicity, and antioxidants in different body proportions. Female horseshoe crabs with average weight more than 500 g were obtained from the waters of Lamongan Regency in July 2018. The highest proportion of the different body parts was the shell and the lowest was viscera. Edible portions of horseshoe crabs were 45.39%. Meat contains low fat 1.97% and high fat in gonads 4.87%. The solvent that produces the best extracts from the gonads was ethanol and used to extract meat, viscera, and gills. Viscera extracts were toxic with values of LC50 109.44 ppm, gonad and meat extracts have not shown to be toxic with values of LC50 1251.30 and 1101.79 ppm. Antioxidant activity of meat is weak (164.50±23.16 ppm), and gonads are very weak (330.47±02.60 ppm).

Neurotoxicity in rats induced by the poisonous dreamfish (Sarpa salpa)

Context: Consumption of Sarpa salpa Linn. (Sparidae) in certain periods of the year is inadvisable because it can cause central nervous system disorders resulting in sea food poisoning.Aims: The present study assesses the cytotoxic effects of compounds, not-yet identified, present in the organ extracts of S. salpa, collected in autumn, the period corresponding to the peak in human health problems.Materials and methods: The toxicity was assessed by mouse bioassay of aqueous extract of the fish organs. Wistar rats received daily extracts of different organs of S. salpa by gastric gavage for 7 d (0.3 mL of extract/100 g body weight BW). The dose of tissue extracts of viscera, liver, brain, and flesh of S. salpa administered to rats was as follows: 172, 313, 2050, and 2660 mg/kg BW, respectively. No deaths occurred during the period of treatment.Results: The lethal dose (LD50) determined for the crude ciguatoxin (neurotoxins) extracts of viscera, liver, brain, and flesh of S. salpa was as follows: 1.2, 2.2, 14.4, and 18.6 g/kg mouse, respectively. Changes in locomotor activity during the first 2 h and failure in breathing and no evident signs of gastrointestinal problems were recorded. We observed (1) induction of oxidative stress, indicated by an increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in groups that received extracts of liver (+425%) or viscera (+433%), and a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx) in cerebral cortex tissue by 13%, 25%, and 25% (LT: animals receiving liver extracts) and by 16%, 26%, and 27% (VT: animals receiving viscera extracts), respectively. In contrast, the administration of extracts of flesh and brain induced an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx) in cerebral cortex tissue by 26%, 23%, and 44% (FT: flesh extract) and 28%, 24%, and 46% (BT: brain extract), respectively; (2) a significant decrease for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in cerebral cortex was recorded in FT, BT, LT, and VT by 27, 34, 58, and 78%, respectively. Moreover, a significant decrease of AChE activity in plasma was recorded in FT, BT, LT, and VT by 16, 21, 38, and 48%, respectively; (3) the histological findings confirmed the biochemical results.Conclusions: Liver and especially the visceral part of S. salpa presented toxicity, which clearly indicates the danger of using this fish as food.

Hepatotoxicity in rats induced by the poisonous dreamfish (Sarpa salpa)

Aims: The present study was aimed to assess the cytotoxic effects of not-yet identified compounds present in organ extracts of Sarpa salpa, collected in autumn, the period with a peak in health problems.Methods: The toxicity was assessed by mouse bioassay of extract of the fish’s organs. Wistar rats received daily extracts of different organs of S. salpa by gastric gavage for 7 d (0.3 ml of extract/100 g body weight, BW). The dose of tissue extracts of viscera, liver, brain and flesh of S. salpa administered to rats were as follows: 17.2, 31.3, 205, 266 mg/100g BW, respectively. No deaths occurred during the period of treatment.Results: The lethal dose (LD50%) determined for the crude ciguatoxin (neurotoxins) extracts of viscera, liver, brain and flesh of S. salpa were as follows: 1.2, 2.2, 14.4, 18.6 g/kg mouse, respectively. Changes in locomotor activity during the first 2 h and failure breathing and no evident signs of gastrointestinal problems were recorded. We observed: (1) Induction of oxidative stress, indicated by an increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in groups that received extracts of liver (+490%) or viscera (+592%). Accompanied by a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx) in liver tissue by 15%, 17%, 18% (LT: animals receiving liver extracts) and by 19%, 22%, 22% (VT: animals receiving viscera extracts), respectively. In contrast the administration of extracts of flesh and brain induced an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx) in liver tissue by 15%, 19%, 15% (FT: flesh extract) and 18%, 55%, 55% (BT: brain extract), respectively; (2) A significant increase in total metallothionein levels in liver tissue was recorded in (FT), (BT), (LT) and (VT) by 55%, 88%, 255% and 277%, respectively, (3) The histological findings confirmed the biochemical results.Conclusions: Liver and especially visceral part of S. salpa presented toxicity, which clearly indicates the danger of using this fish as food.

Functional properties and antioxidative activity of protein hydrolysates from toothed ponyfish muscle treated with viscera extract from hybrid catfish

SummaryFunctional properties and antioxidative activity of a protein hydrolysate prepared from toothed ponyfish (Gazza minuta) muscle, using viscera extract from hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus), with a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 70%, were investigated. The protein hydrolysate had a good solubility. It was soluble over a wide pH range (3–9), in which more than 77% solubility was obtained. The emulsifying activity index of the protein hydrolysate decreased with increasing concentration (P < 0.05). Conversely, the foaming abilities increased as the hydrolysate concentrations increased (P < 0.05). Protein hydrolysate exhibited the increases in 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing power (FRAP) and metal chelating activity as hydrolysate concentration increased (P < 0.05). ABTS radical scavenging activity of protein hydrolysate was stable when heated at 100 °C for 180 min and subjected to a wide pH range (1–11). Therefore, protein hydrolysate from the muscle of toothed ponyfish produced by viscera extract from hybrid catfish can be used as a promising source of functional peptides with antioxidant properties.

Seasonal variation of Sarpa salpa fish toxicity, as related to phytoplankton consumption, accumulation of heavy metals, lipids peroxidation level in fish tissues and toxicity upon mice

The aim of this work was to investigate for Sarpa salpa the seasonal trend in the food sources, heavy metals bioaccumulation and the oxidative stress in the organs. In addition, the toxicity was assessed by mouse bioassay of extract of the fish's organs collected in autumn, the peak of occurrence of hallucinatory syndrome. The toxicity was further studied for compounds present in epiphyte collected from the sea at the end of spring and in summer that are digested by the S. salpa in these seasons. We observed a higher lipid peroxydation in different tissues of S. salpa compared to the control fish Diplodus annularis. Furthermore, heavy metals accumulation in organs of these fish showed a significant variation between the two species (P < 0.05). The lethal dose (LD50%) determined for crude ciguatoxin (neurotoxins) extracts of viscera, liver, brain and muscle of S. salpa were as follows: 1.217, 2.195, 14.395, 18.645 g/kg mouse, respectively. We noticed a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between the total amount of toxic dinoflagellates and the level of TBARS in the liver, the brain and the muscle, this for all seasons and all sizes. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect observed for epiphytes extract confirms the transfer of toxins originating from toxic dinoflagellates, which live as epiphytes on P. oceanica leaves, to the fish by grazing. Our work indicates that, toxic phytoplanktons and heavy metals accumulation are responsible for the increase of oxidative stress in the organs of S. salpa. Hence, the edible part of S. salpa, especially the viscera and liver, can cause a threat to human health, and consumption should, for this reason, be dissuaded.

The spectrophotometric identification and estimation of strychnine, brucine and morphine in viscera extracts.

The spectrophotometric identification and estimation of strychnine, brucine and morphine in viscera extracts.

홍어 숙성과 기능성

홍어 발효에 따른 부위별 생리기능성을 측정하기 위하여 홍어 발효과정의 일반성분의 변화, pH, 암모니움 이온농도, 항균성, 항산화성, 항암성을 측정하였다. 발효 온도(4, 10, <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX>)에 따른 기간별 홍어의 일반성분 분석의 결과 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 홍어 유출액의 pH 변화는 <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 발효한 경우는 pH의 상승폭이 10, <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX>에 비해 낮았고, 1<TEX>$0^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서는 발효 1일만에 급격하게 증가하다가 5일까지 일정하게 유지한 후 2차 증가를 나타내었다. <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서는 발효 초기부저 급격하게 증가하기 시작하여 발효 4일에 8.9를 나타내었다. 홍어 유출액의 암모니움 이온 농도 변화에서도 pH의 경우와 비슷하였는데, <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX>발효 온도에서는 시간별 암모니움 이온 농도 함량에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았고, <TEX>$10^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 발효시킨 홍어의 경우 5일에, <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 발효시킨 홍어의 경우 4.5일에 암모니움 이온 농도가 약 <TEX>$10.2\mug/mL$</TEX>로 발효 진행 초기인 것으로 나타났다. 홍어 가식부 및 내장 열수 추출물의 발효기간별 생리기능성을 측정한 결과 가식부 열수 추출물의 항균성은 거의 없는 것으로 나타났고, 내장은 발효 8일째에 시료 2%첨가한 군에서 43.3%로 가장 높은 항균효과를 나타내었다. 항산화성은 가식부 열수 추출물 2%첨가한 군에서 발효 0일째에 61.2%로 가장 높았고, 내장 동일 농도에서도 발효 0일째에 54.4%로 비교적 높았다. 항암성은 시료 농도 <TEX>$1,000 \mug/mL$</TEX>에서 가식부는 발효 8일에 52.7%였고, 내장은 발효 10일에 58.3%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 항균성과 항암성은 발효가 진행될수록 비교적 높게 나타났고, 항산화성은 발효시키지 않은 원료 자체에서 높은 효과를 나타내었다. 홍어 뇌 및 연골 열수 추출물의 농도별 생리기능성은 항균성은 뇌 시료 2%첨가한 군에서 균 배양 4시간째에 41.0%였고, 동일 농도에서 연골은 균 배양 14시간째에 35.8%를 나타내었다. 항산화성은 뇌 열수 추출물에서는 효과가 없었고, 연골 시료 2%첨가한 군에서는 25.0%로 가식부나 내장에 비해 낮게 나타났다. This study was conducted to investigate the physiological properties of various parts of skate body after fermentation by measuring compositional properties including pH and <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX>. Other functional properties, such as antibacterial activities, antioxidative activities and anticancer activities were measured. Effects of fermentation temperature (4, 10, <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX>) did not affect compositional properties of fermented skate. The pH of fermented skate extract at 4<TEX>$^{\circ}C$</TEX> did not increase as much as that at 10 and <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX>, Particularly at <TEX>$10^{\circ}C$</TEX>, the pH increased rapidly after Day 1 and remained unchanged until another increase at Day 5. At 2<TEX>$0^{\circ}C$</TEX>, the pH increased rather rapidly at early stage of fermentation and reached 8.9 at Day 4. The pattern of <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX> concentration of fermented skate extract was similar to that of pH. Particularly at <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX> fermentation, <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX> concentration was not affected by fermentation time. The concentration of <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX>. reached approximately <TEX>$10.2\mug/mL$</TEX>at <TEX>$10^{\circ}C$</TEX> for Day 5 and <TEX>$20^{\circ}C$</TEX> for Day 4-5, indicating the early stage of fermentation. According to physiological activities of hot water extracts of skate fillet and viscera as affected by fermentation time, antibacterial activity of 2% viscera extract concentration was 43.3% at Day 8, while there was no antibacterial activity from fillet extract. As for the antioxidative activity, fillet extract and viscera extract both at 2% concentration at Day 0 showed 61.2% and 54.4%, respectively. Anticancer activities were highest (52.7% for fillet extract and 58.3% for viscera extract) at <TEX>$1,000 \mug/mL$</TEX> concentration at Day 8. Antibacterial activities and anticancer effects were relatively high as fermentation was progressed, while antioxidative activities were highest before fermentation started. As for the physiological activities of hot water extract from brain and cartilage, antibacterial activities were observed at 41.0% when 2% brain extract was added at 4 hours of incubation, while 35.8% with 2% cartilage extract at 14 hours of incubation. Antioxidative activities were not found in brain extract, but cartilage extract at 2% showed 25.0% of antioxidative activity, which was lower than fillet and viscera extract.

Purification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors in pelagic thresher Alopias pelagicus muscle hydrolysate and viscera extracts

Purification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors in pelagic thresher Alopias pelagicus muscle hydrolysate and viscera extracts

A survey of ciguatera: assessment of Puako, Hawaii, associated with ciguatera toxin epidemics in humans.

A survey for the assessment of the ciguatera problem has been determined in Puako, South Kohala, on the Island of Hawaii. This is in the area of persistent ciguateric outbreaks during the months of January through March, caused by a specific species of fish (Cheilinus rhodochrous, red rose wrasse, or po'ou). Analyses of algae, Gambierdiscus toxicus, and various species of fish, including herbivores and carnivores, gave positive indications of Puako as a potential ciguateric area. Algae associated with Gambierdiscus toxicus blooms and the dinoflagellate itself were found in transects A and D. Transects A and D showed 291 G. toxicus per gram of Tolycarpidia glomurata and 9 G. toxicus per gram of Turbinaria sp. with epiphytic Jania sp., respectively. No G. toxicus was found in transects B and C. This may be attributed to the low salinity from intrusion of freshwater in this vicinity. Examinations of the fish, kole, manini, Hawaiian kole, roi, and po'ou by the solid-phase immunoassay showed 89% of fish in the borderline and positive categories from all transects. Extracts of viscera and flesh showed high levels of toxicity in mouse (13 of 23 deaths), particularly in the viscera (gut) of both herbivores and carnivores. The guinea pig atrial analysis generally showed a few ciguatoxin-like, but most were nonciguateric type responses. The data presented in this Puako survey showed evidence of toxic fish associated with ciguatoxin-like and most probably other toxins, either polyethers or non-polyethers as yet unidentified.

Alarm reaction of three japanese cyprinid fishes, Tribolodon hakonensis, gnathopogon elongatus elongatus, and rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus.

The alarm reactions of Japanese cyprinids, Ugui, Tribolodon hakonensis, Tamoroko, Gnarhopogon elongatus elongatus, and Tairiku-baratanago, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus were examined by an objective method based on an elaborate experimental design. Three species of cyprinids showed the alarm reaction to the conspecific skin extract. G. elongatus elongatus also reacted weakly to the conspecific muscle extract, whereas T. hakonensis reacted to neither muscle nor viscera extract. It was estimated by measuring the actual concentration of sample in the experimental tank that conspecific skin extract was effective at a concentration of 2.5-0.5mg (wet weight, skin)/l(water) in T. hakonensis and 0.5-0.1mg/l in G. elongatus elongatus. In interspecific test G. elongatus elongatus reacted strongly to the skin extracts of the other two species, and T. hakonensis reacted to only that of G. elongatus elongatus, and R. ocellatus ocellatus reacted to that of neither species.