Methanol Extract Research Articles

Phyto-metabolomic investigation of biologically active fraction of Phanera vahlii (Wight & Arn.) Benth. leaf.

Phanera vahlii (Wight & Arn.) Benth., leaves are used traditionally in variety of diseases. Chemical examination of the leaves yielded Davinvolunol B (1) and Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (2). Compared with the other extracts, the aqueous methanol extract significantly inhibited Streptococcus aureus with an IC50 of 8 µg/mL. In the anticancer activity assay, the ethyl acetate extract was effective against HeLa cells (IC50 19 µg/mL), the methanol extract was effective against A549 cells (IC50 of 19 µg/mL), the aqueous methanol extract was effective against PANC-1 cells (IC50 of 17 µg/mL) and the chloroform extract was effective against HT1080 cells (IC50 of 19 µg/mL). The polar extracts which showed good antioxidant activity exhibited strong bioactivity. This finding was supported by untargeted phytometabolite profiling of extracts using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MSE. The PCA score plot and the Ven diagram revealed that the extracts had a distinctive and adequate number of polar molecules that likely contributed to their observed inhibitory activity.

Antibacterial Potential of Selected Traditional Medicinal Plants for Wound Healing in Sekela District, Northwestern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of medicinal plants (MPs) used to treat wounds. Methanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts of four medicinal plants were examined for antibacterial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains. Plant crude extracts were produced using the maceration technique and analyzed using qualitative phytochemical tests. The antibacterial properties of plant products were evaluated using the agar disc diffusion assay. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The methanol extract of Rumex nervosus had the highest yield (21%). The methanol extracts of all tested MPs tested positive for alkaloids, phenolics, and tannins. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited a dose-dependent increase in the growth inhibition zone against all ATCC. The methanol extract of Plantago lanceolata demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity (16.67 ± 1.15) against Staphylococcus epidermidis. S. aureus and S. epidermidis recorded a relatively lower MIC (6.25 mg mL−1) from methanol extracts of P. lanceolata, while P. lanceolata and R. nervosus recorded a lower MBC (25 mg mL−1) against S. aureus.

Evaluation of the antifungal and antibacterial activities of plant extracts of the genera Centaurea papposa bleu and Hypochaeris laevigata var hipponensis

Hypochaeris and Centaurea are endemic plants belonging to the Asteraceae family, localized through out Algeria for (Hypochaeris Laevigata Var) and as an Annaba guard coat for (Centaurea Papposa). Sounds Their richness in secondary metabolites led us to proceed to their extractions by methanol; then the methanolic extract is fractionated using solvents of increasing polarity. The objective of this study is the evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts: Dichloromethane, N-butanol and Ethylacetate, using the method of diffusion by discs for the antibacterial activities on five strains with Gram - and Gram +, and the method of wells for antifungal activity on three phytopathogenic fungal strains. The results revealed that the bacterial strains are very sensitive to the extract Dichloromethane (Hypochaeris Laevigata Var) and Ethylacetate (Centaurea Papposa) with significant areas of inhibition and the fungal strains are sensitive to N-butanol (Hypochaeris Laevigata Var) and Dichloromethane (Centaurea Papposa) extracts. The two plants studied and according to their antibacterial and antifungal effects are rich in secondary metabolites which gives them an important therapeutic and medicinal value. The results of the present study provide a general overview of the antibacterial and antifungal potential of extracts from these plants. So studies on these extracts deserve to be continued.

Appearance and Persistence of Activity in Soil Extracts Increasing Root Rot of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) by Ilyonectria Mors-Panacis

A previous report showed that methanol extracts from soil collected one year after harvesting American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) contained activity that increased root rot caused by Ilyonectria mors-panacis. This effect was associated with suppression of the defense responses of P. quinquefolius. The activity was undetectable in soil not previously planted with ginseng, and it was hypothesized that it may be a factor in the development of ginseng replant disease (GRD). GRD can persist for 30 or more years and is associated with root rot from I. mors-panacis. A survey of activity that increases root rot was made of the soil at different times before and after commercial ginseng root harvesting. No activity that increased root rot from I. mors-panacis was detected in the soil of a first American ginseng crop over the three years from planting until prior to harvesting. After harvesting the first crop, no activity was detected during the fall or early spring, but I. mors-panacis’s ability to increase root rot was detected in the soil during late spring, when ginseng crop debris from the first crop had almost completely decayed and the soil had warmed. Activity increasing root rot from I. mors-panacis was also detected in the soil from 1 to 30 years after ginseng harvesting. These results indicate that activity in soil that increases root rot from I. mors-panacis is not detectable until after the crop has been first harvested and then can persist for many years, which is consistent with the long persistence of GRD.

Metabolomics and Anticancer Potential of the Aerial Parts of Dryopteris ramosa against Cancerous Cell Lines Assisted with Advanced Computational Approaches.

Dryopteris ramosa is a high-altitude plant of moist and shady habitat. Its aerial parts are edible and orally administered as an antibiotic and effective aphrodisiac. They are also used as pesticides, astringents, and febrifuges. The present study aimed to elucidate the plant's medicinal potential as an anticancer agent. Extracts of Dryopteris ramosa were examined for cytotoxic effects against AGS, A549, and HCT116 cell lines. The project also aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constitutents of the plant. For this purpose, GC-ToF-MS analysis was executed to identify the bioactive compounds in the aerial parts extract of Dryopteris ramosa. As a result, 93 different phytochemicals were identified from the spectral properties of GC-ToF-MS which contain 19 compounds of high peaks having reported anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic, Antibacterial, Analgesic, and antioxidant potential. Three different cell lines have been treated against Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl acetate, Water, Chloroform, Acetone, and n-hexane extracts from the aerial parts of Dryopteris ramosa. These cell lines were checked and were ranked in lethality based on IC50 value. The extract samples were processed as serial dilution from high concentrations (500 ug/ml). All the three cell lines were treated for 48 hours. Extracts showed a significant effect in different cell lines (based on IC50 less than 200 ug/ml). Performing the in-vitro anticancer activity against the three different cell lines in Ethyl Acetate, Methanol, nhexane, Chloroform and Acetone extract of Dryopteris indicated that anticancer activity of the plant is high against AGS and A549 cell line while less prominent in HTC116 cell lines through MTT Assay. Insilico drug-likeness and ADMET analysis were studied of the compounds, that exhibit considerable drug likenesses, phytochemical medicinal chemistry, and a promising ADMET score and no toxicity. The candidate compounds were chosen for further elucidation by Molecular Docking and dynamic simulations. Employing the molecular docking approach for virtual screening of the phytochemicals it was found that the compounds Germacrene showed remarkable results towards BCL2 with -7Kcal/Mol and a-D-(+)-Xylopyranose showed significant docking results towards 5P21 with -7.1Kcal/Mol. For multi-scale frames structural aberrations and fluctuations identification of the docked complexes, a molecular dynamics analysis was performed for a 100 ps simulation run by accessing the online tool of MDweb simulations. These molecular docking and simulation analyses also revealed that both the phytochemicals have a stable interaction with the cancer-related proteins BCL2 and 5P21.

Antifungal Activity of Alcoholic Extract of Allium Jesdianum on Fungi-Contaminated Dairy Products.

One of the main sources of contaminated dairy products is moldy fungi, specifically species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the alcoholic extract of Allium jesdianum plant on the growth of molds contaminating dairy products in Isfahan. In this research, 200 samples of dairy products were gathered from different areas of Isfahan city, including 70 samples of cheese, 60 samples of buttermilk, 40 samples of yogurt, 20 samples of curd, and 10 samples of cream. The antifungal activity of Allium jesdianum plant was investigated by the diffusion method in disc, well, and agar dilution in various concentrations. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fatal concentration (MFC) were also determined. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Acremonium fungi were the most commonly found fungal contaminants of this investigation. Antifungal activity was not observed by disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. In the agar dilution method, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of stem and leaves in concentrations of 80, 60, 40, and 30 mg/ml, and ethanolic and methanolic extracts of plant bulbs in concentrations of 60 and 30 mg/ml revealed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, and Penicillium chrysogenum. The MIC of stem and leaf ethanol extracts and onion ethanol for Aspergillus niger was 18.7, and for Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum, it was 37.5, 37.5, 37.5, and 37.5 mg/ml. Fungal contamination of dairy products is a serious threat to the public health of society. Therefore, identifying medicinal plants with antifungal activity can be an effective step in preventing fungal contamination and increasing the shelf life of these products. The results of this research have shown that the Allium jesdianum plant can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, and Penicillium chrysogenum.

Evaluation of the Antipyretic Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Chromolaena odorata in Albino Rats

This study evaluates the antipyretic activity of methanolic leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata in albino rats. Pyrexia, commonly known as fever, is the medical term for an elevated body temperature. It occurs when the body's temperature rises above the normal range, typically over 38°C (100.4°F), as a response to infection, inflammation, or other stimuli. The experimental setup included five groups of albino rats, with two control groups receiving either normal saline (negative control) or acetaminophen (positive control), and the test groups receiving 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the leaf extract. Fever (pyrexia) was induced using 0.01 mL/kg of Escherichia coli suspension injected into the rats, after which varying doses of the methanolic leaf extract were administered. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in rectal temperature in the rats treated with the extract, showing a dose-dependent response. The highest antipyretic activity was observed in the group administered 400 mg/kg, where the rectal temperature decreased by 2.5°C within two hours of treatment. This effect was comparable to, and in some cases, exceeded that of acetaminophen, suggesting that the methanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata possesses significant antipyretic properties. The observed antipyretic effect may be attributed to the bioactive constituents of the plant, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Further research is recommended to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for the observed pharmacological activity.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Chikungunya Virus Activity of an Active Fraction Obtained from Euphorbia grandicornis Latex

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is classified as a pathogen with the potential to cause a pandemic. This situation becomes more alarming since no approved drug exists to combat the virus. The present research aims to demonstrate the anti-CHIKV activity of molecules present in the latex of Euphorbia grandicornis. Therefore, a biodirected assay was carried out to find the molecules with anti-CHIKV activity. Extractions with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol and subsequent purification by column chromatography were carried out to later evaluate cytotoxic activity by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and antiviral activity by plaque assay. Our findings show that unlike the others, methanolic extract has a low cytotoxic effect and a good anti-CHIKV effect (EC50 = 26.41 µg/mL), which increases when obtaining the purified active fraction (pAFeg1) (EC50 = 0.4835 µg/mL). Time-of-addition suggests that the possible mechanism of action of pAFeg1 could be inhibiting any of the non-structural proteins of CHIKV. In addition, both the cytotoxic and anti-CHIKV activity of pAFeg1 demonstrate selectivity since it killed cancer cells and could not inhibit DENV2.

The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Methanolic Extract, Fractions, and Isolated Compounds from Eriosema montanum Baker f. (Fabaceae)

Background: Inflammation is a natural body’s defense mechanism against harmful stimuli such as pathogens, chemicals, or irradiation. But when the inflammatory response becomes permanent, it can lead to serious health problems. In the present study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of the Eriosema montanum methanolic extract (EMME), as well as its isolated fractions (FA-FJ) and compounds (1–7), were evaluated by using in vitro and cellular models. Methods: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using, respectively, Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, while 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to determine the antioxidant activity. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC) were used to isolate and purify the compounds and their elucidation using their NMR spectroscopic data. Results: EMME had moderate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, while fraction FF showed much higher efficacy with IC50 values of 34.64, 30.60, 16.43, and 77.29 μg/mL against DPPH, ABTS, NO, and 15-LOX inhibitory activities, respectively. The EMME fraction was found to be very rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, with 82.11 mgQE/g and 86.77 mgGAE/g of dry extract, respectively. Its LC-MS profiling allowed us to identify genistin (5) as the most concentrated constituent in this plant species, which was further isolated together with six other known compounds, namely, n-hexadecane (1), heptacosanoic acid (2), tricosan-1-ol (3), lupinalbin A (4), d-pinitol (6), and stigmasterol glucoside (7). Given these compounds, genistin (5) showed moderate activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells compared to EMME, which suggested a synergy of (5) with other compounds. To the best of our knowledge, compounds (1), (2), and (3) were isolated for the first time from this plant species.

Exploring the Multifaceted Health Benefits of Tripolium pannonicum: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Prebiotic Properties with Phytochemical Insights.

This study investigates the multifaceted potential of Tripolium pannonicum methanolic extract, focusing on its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and prebiotic properties alongside a comprehensive phytochemical analysis. The antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extract was demonstrated through DPPH radical scavenging and iron ion chelating assays, revealing an IC50 value of 0.073 mg/mL and 5.79 ± 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the prebiotic activity of T. pannonicum was evaluated, showing enhanced growth of probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum compared to standard prebiotics, inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS). The study also identified 27 bioactive phytochemical compounds in the methanolic extract, including 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and palmitic acid, which were further explored through molecular docking analyses, revealing significant interactions with the human pregnane X receptor. These findings underscore the potential of T. pannonicum as a sustainable health solution in both agricultural and medicinal contexts, warranting further exploration of its therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action.

Glucosinolate profiling in Cleome gynandra L. aerial parts based on two extraction methods

Glucosinolates and their degradation products from Cleome gynandra L. are known for their beneficial effects in traditional medical use. As part of daily nutrient intake, the areal parts of this herb are cooked and consumed, whereas the residual water from boiling is discarded. However, it may contain valuable bioactive metabolites. Therefore, we focus our investigations on Cleome gynandra L. for the presence of glucosinolates using two extraction methods (conventional and unconventional) and according to the physiological stage of growth of the plant. The results showed that glucosinolate contents expressed in mg of glucocapparin/g dry matter (mg/g) differed quantitatively according to the extraction method and physiological development stage. Glucocapparin content was 8.24 mg/g dry matter for the methanolic extract (conventional method) compared to 5.01 mg/g dry matter for the aqueous extract at the fruiting stage of the plants. LC-MS and 1H NMR analysis confirmed the identity of the major glucosinolate as glucocapparin. Quantification revealed the same variation trend in glucosinolate content according to the physiological stage of plant growth with the two extraction methods, i.e., 2.58, 4.74, and 5.01 mg glucocapparin/g dry matter for aqueous extracts (unconventional method) and according to the vegetative, flowering, and fruiting stages, respectively. However, it appears that aqueous extracts (cooking wastewater) obtained from areal parts of Cleome gynandra L. could constitute enriched extracts in glucosinolates from Cleome gynandra L. for phytoprotective applications from the fruiting stage.

Contact toxicity and feeding deterrent activity of Dennettia tripetala Bak. and Jatropha curcas L. leaf extracts against Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith

BackgroundMaize (Zea mays L.) is an important annual cereal crop with nutritional benefits, but its production is constrained by activities of insect pests. The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the important economic pests that limits the production of maize, causing several damages on maize fields. Synthetic insecticides are commonly used to manage fall armyworm, but they have undesirable side effects on human and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the contact toxicity and feeding deterrent activities of ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of Dennettia tripetala and Jatropha curcas against fall armyworm.ResultsIn the contact toxicity of Dennettia tripetala and Jatropha curcas extracts, larval mortality increased with an increase in exposure time and concentrations. The extracts possessed significant contact insecticidal effects that ranged between 20.00 ± 13.94% and 100.00 ± 0.00%. Also, in the feeding deterrent activity test, extracts revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in larva mortality and duration. Larva duration ranged from 56.67 ± 14.91% to 100.00 ± 0.00%. The larval stages of S. fruiperda that were artificially treated with the concentrations of the extract were shorter than those that were exposed to the control treatments. The methanol leaves extracts of Dennettia tripetala and Jatropha curcas showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the pupal mortality and pupal weight among the treatments. Jatropha curcas ethyl acetate and Jatropha curcas methanol extracts had high flavonoid content, and tannin and phenol content was higher in Dennettia tripetala ethyl and methanol extracts.ConclusionsFrom this study, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts (75% and 100% v/v concentrations) are effective as contact and stomach poisons against fall armyworm and suitable replacements for synthetic pesticides.

Process Optimization and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Production of Phycocyanobilin from Arthrospira maxima-Derived C-Phycocyanin

C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a photosynthetic pigment found in cyanobacteria, notably in Arthrospira species. The extraction of phycocyanobilin (PCB), the chromophore of C-PC, is a common approach to address the instability of C-PC under light, heat, and acidic conditions. Methanol is typically used for PCB extraction. However, its use poses challenges for industrial applications owing to the need for solvent removal, extensive purification, and safety validation. Therefore, this study proposes ethanol as an alternative to methanol, optimizing the ethanol extraction conditions through response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) and techno-economic analysis. The parameters evaluated were the extraction temperature, time, and C-PC/solvent ratio. Optimal conditions—68.81 °C, 14.91 h, and a C-PC to solvent ratio of 1:95 (w/v)— yielded a predicted PCB yield of 29.18%, closely aligning with the actual value of 29.67 ± 1.33%. A techno-economic analysis for pilot-scale PCB production showed that optimized ethanol extraction could yield 147.13 kg/year with 506 batches, compared with 84.31 kg/year standard methanol extraction with 317 batches. Furthermore, it was evaluated to have a unit production cost of USD 1,413,588/kg, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 53.36%, and a payback time of 1.6 years with increased yields and reduced toxic solvent disposal costs. This study supports scalable PCB production with a natural blue pigment suitable for the food, beverage, and cosmetics industries.

Molecular docking and dynamics studies to identify novel active compounds targeting potential breast cancer receptor proteins from an indigenous herb Euphorbia thymifolia Linn

Background Breast cancer has become the most prevalent disease and its incidence has almost doubled in the Indian population. This increased burden demands new targeted therapies with novel compounds either synthetically produced or derived from indigenous plants, which could be a promising approach for the development of drugs. Euphorbia thymifolia L is a widely growing tropical herb that has been reported to have various ethnopharmacological properties. Although Euphorbia genus is reported to have anticancer properties, E. thymifolia is not reported to have anticancer properties to date. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to screen the phytoconstituents and identify the active compounds present in the methanolic extract of E. thymifolia (ME.ET) as ligands to inhibit human cancer cell lines with special reference to potential protein targets implicated in breast cancer using an In-silico approach. Methods ME.ET was subjected to GC-MS analysis to screen the phytoconstituents, and the identified compounds were docked with protein targets such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1), a serine/threonine kinase-1(AKT1), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), polo-like kinase-1(PLK1), and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK6). Compounds with good docking scores were further subjected to dynamic studies to understand the protein ligand binding stability, ligand pathway calculation, and molecular mechanics energies combined with Poisson-Boltzmann (MM/PBSA) calculations using the Schrodinger suite. Results GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 245 phytoconstituents, 219 of which were unique. When subjected to docking, these phytocompounds, namely 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl dibenzoate (TTDB) and succinic acid, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl 4-isopropylphenyl ester (SADPE), showed good docking scores. Molecular dynamics studies showed a high affinity and low binding energy for TTDB with HER2, ERK1, and SADPE with ER. Conclusions Hence, in this study, we identified two lead compounds in E.thymifolia linn. Further invitro and invivo anticancer studies can be performed to confirm these results and to understand the molecular mechanism by which they exhibit anticancer activity against breast cancer.

Differential cytotoxicity of methanol and water extracts from Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst and Ceratophyllum demersum L. on HepG2 and THLE2 cells

This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of methanol and water extracts from Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst and Ceratophyllum demersum L. on HepG2 (liver cancer) and THLE2 (normal liver) cell lines using XTT assay. The extracts were tested at concentration range of 12.5-400 µg/mL. In HepG2 cells, the water extract of B. monnieri at 400 µg/mL exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, reducing cell viability to 11.08%, which was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) compared to other treatments. The methanol extract of C. demersum at 12.5 µg/mL had the least effect, maintaining 94.84% cell viability. For THLE2 cells, the water extract of B. monnieri (400 µg/mL) also showed the greatest reduction in cell viability (30.85%). The water extract of C. demersum at the same concentration resulted in similar viability (32.01%), with no significant statistical difference (p &gt; 0.05). The lowest concentrations of methanol and water extracts of C. demersum showed minimal effects (97.55% and 97.74% viability, respectively). Median inhibitor concentration (IC50) analysis revealed that B. monnieri’s water extract was most effective, with IC50 values of 68.45 µg/mL for HepG2 and 127.05 µg/mL for THLE2 cells. In contrast, C. demersum’s methanol extract had the highest IC50 values (173.35 µg/mL and 228.46 µg/mL, respectively), indicating lower cytotoxicity. Heatmap and cluster analyses highlighted the selective cytotoxicity of C. demersum on cancer cells with minimal effects on normal cells, showing its potential for targeted cancer therapy.

Evaluation of the biological activities of several species of the family's Asteraceae: Centaurea papposableu and Hypochaeris laevigatavar hipponensis

Hypochaeris and Centaurea are endemic plants belonging to the Asteraceae family, localized through out Algeria for (Hypochaeris Laevigata Var) and as an Annaba guard coat for (Centaurea Papposa). Sounds Their richness in secondary metabolites led us to proceed to their extractions by methanol; then the methanolic extract is fractionated using solvents of increasing polarity. The objective of this study is the evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts: Dichloromethane, N-butanol and Ethylacetate, using the method of diffusion by discs for the antibacterial activities on five strains with Gram- andGram +, and the method of wells for antifungal activity on three phytopathogenic fungal strains. The results revealed that the bacterial strains are very sensitive to the extract Dichloromethane (Hypochaeris Laevigata Var) and Ethylacetate (Centaurea Papposa) with significant areas of inhibition and the fungal strains are sensitive to N-butanol (Hypochaeris Laevigata Var) and Dichloromethane (Centaurea Papposa) extracts. The two plants studied and according to their antibacterial and antifungal effects are rich in secondary metabolites which gives them an important therapeutic and medicinal value. The results of the present study provide a general overview of the antibacterial and antifungal potential of extracts from these plants. So studies on these extracts deserve to be continued.

Oxalis erythrorhiza Gillies ex Hooker et Arnott (Oxalidaceae): Chemical Analysis, Biological In Vitro and In Vivo Properties and Behavioral Effects

In this work, a decoction (DOe) and a methanolic global extract (MGEOe), obtained with the aerial parts of Oxalis erythrorhiza Gillies ex Hooker et Arnott (Oxalidaceae), were evaluated. The high-resolution liquid chromatography in conjunction with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) analysis showed forty compounds in MGEOe and twenty-nine in DOe, including flavones, C-glycosyl flavones, isoflavones, fatty acids, terpenes, phenolic acids, and sterols. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by DPPH, TEAC, FRAP, and ILP assays. Both DOe and MGEOe showed stronger antioxidant activities. The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by COX inhibition method, where DOe demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect. The cytotoxic effects were evaluated in the tumoral HCT-116 and non-tumoral HBL-100 cell lines, revealing a selective action from DOe and MGOe on cancer cells. DOe was evaluated in an animal model of insulin resistance, which is characterized by alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as cognitive impairments, including anxiety-like behavior and memory deficits. Male SD rats received sucrose (10% w/v, SUC), a half dilution of DOe (5% w/v) with sucrose (HDOeS) or DOe with sucrose (DOeS) from PND21 to PND61. Then, anxiety-like behavior and spatial memory were assessed using the open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and the novel object location (NOL) tests, respectively. Serum parameters basal glycemia, total cholesterol (TC) and tryglicerides were measured using commercial kits. The lipid peroxidation was determined in homogenates of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus by TBAR assay. Only HDOeS exhibited lower anxiety-like behavior in OF and improved performance in NOL compared to SUC. Furthermore, DOeS showed reduced serum parameters, while HDOeS presented lower TC levels than SUC. No differences were observed on TBAR assay. The beneficial properties of these preparations could be attributed to the identified metabolites. These findings highlighted O. erythrorhiza as a potential source of compounds to improve human health; however, further research is required to elucidate its mechanisms of action.

Attenuating Oxidative Damage with Macelignan in Glutamate-Induced HT22 Hippocampal Cells

Macelignan, from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), is a bioactive compound with various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of macelignan in glutamate-treated HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons. Macelignan was extracted and identified in a methanol extract of M. fragrans seeds. The DPPH was used to assess the antioxidative activity of macelignan. Glutamate (5 mM) was used to induce neurotoxicity in the HT22 cells. Neuroprotective effects were measured using relevant biochemical and imaging assays, including cell viability, ROS production, nuclear staining, apoptotic cell death, and protein expression. Macelignan markedly and concentration-dependently enhanced DPPH radical scavenging activity. In the HT22 cell model, glutamate induced cell damage by decreasing cell viability, promoting ROS generation, and increasing apoptotic cell death according to cell morphological changes. However, macelignan treatment restored cell viability, inhibited ROS generation concentration-dependently, and reduced apoptosis. Moreover, glutamate significantly up-regulated the phosphorylation of MAPK-pathway-related proteins, which was reversed by macelignan treatment. In conclusion, macelignan shows notable neuroprotective effects on oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in glutamate-induced cells, and this study provides useful information on its potential therapeutic implications in neurological disorders.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Rosmarinus officinalis medicinal plant from Algeria

This study aims to investigate phytochemical screening, total polyphenol, flavonoids and tannins content, antioxidant activities, and anti-infalammatory effects of methanol, water and ethyl acetate extracts of R.officinalis L growing in Mascara region (Algeria). The extracts were screened for their possible antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical-scavenging and reducing power assay, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by membrane stabilization method using sodium diclofenac as a reference drug. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed a presence of tannins (total and gallic), flavonoids, phenols, quinones, coumarins, saponosides, teranoids. and Reducing sugar.. The results showed that methanolic extract significantly (P˂ 0.05) antioxidant than the aqueous and ethyl acetate extract with IC50 values of (5.032 ± 1.003 μg/ml). Furthemore, the ethyl acetate extract showed significantly (P˂ 0.05) inhibition of hypotonicity induced haemolysis 94.36 % at concentration of 250 μg/ml compared to 50 % for sodium diclofenac at 100 μg/ml. The results obtained confirm the traditional therapeutic effects and these plants can be a potential source of anti-inflammatory drug.

Evaluation of the Hypoglycemic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Foeniculum Vulgare in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats.

This study aimed to assess the hypoglycemic effects of methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare in male Wistar rats that were diabetic due to streptozotocin. Experimental diabetes was initially induced in male Wistar rats by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Subsequently, the rats received daily oral administration of the methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare (250 mg/kg) and the standard drug metformin (300 mg/kg) for 28 days. Furthermore, a tolerance test was carried out. The study findings suggest that the diabetic rats in the untreated control group showed hyperglycemia and significant weight loss, as well as polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria. However, rats treated with methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare for 28 days showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and a marked improvement in body weight. Additionally, there was a notable decrease in the daily rate of food consumption and water intake and a significant reduction in serum glucose level, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, urea, AST, and ALT levels compared to the untreated diabetic control group. Histopathological examination revealed that after 28 days of treatment with 250 mg/kg of methanolic extract of the Foeniculum vulgare, the size of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas tissue was decreased. Moreover, liver tissue demonstrated normalization with a normal central lobular structure, and kidney tissue showed normalization with a normal Bowman's capsule. These findings suggest that the methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare can potentially treat diabetes and should be evaluated further for drug development.