Extraction Yield Research Articles

Quality assessment of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) powders processed by pulsed electric field and convective drying.

Edible insects offer opportunities for food production, as they are an interesting source of many nutrients. In this study, the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) and convective drying on the chemical composition with emphasizing the fat properties as well as physical, techno-functional, and thermal properties of yellow mealworm powders was investigated. The chemical composition of the yellow mealworm powders differed by PEF. When PEF was applied at 20 and 40kJ/kg, the moisture, ash, and protein content were significantly lower, while the fat extraction yield significantly increased compared to the control sample. Furthermore, the fat extracted from these samples was characterized by a higher proportion of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids as well as a higher thrombogenicity index, which is not beneficial from a nutritional point of view. After treatment with PEF at 5kJ/kg, the powder was the lightest, redness and yellowness. Moreover, the highest hygroscopicity, water activity, and water and oil binding capacity for this powder were determined. The results revealed that yellow mealworm powders are a good source of macronutrients and exhibit beneficial techno-functional properties, nevertheless, the drawback is their high cohesiveness (1.27-1.44), which can be difficult to apply under industrial conditions.

Cloud point extraction of heavy metal ions for wastewater remediation: an equilibrium and kinetic study

Abstract Surfactants offer a promising alternative for the efficient and environmentally friendly removal of organic pollutants and toxic heavy metal ions from various media. Their high efficiency and environmental compatibility make them a valuable option for remediation efforts. This study focuses on the cloud point extraction (CPE) of ions from aqueous solutions using biodegradable nonionic surfactants combined with ionic surfactants instead of chelating agents. Phase diagrams of binary surfactant/water systems were first constructed. The effects of salt, inorganic contaminants, and ionic surfactants on the cloud point (Tc) were then investigated. At temperatures above the cloud point, two distinct phenomena were observed and monitored over time: phase separation and phase clarification. The kinetic process was studied using the Turbiscan Lab Expert. Extraction results were evaluated based on four responses: extraction yield (E%), residual concentrations of solute (Xs,w) and surfactant (Xt,w) in the dilute phase, and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium (Φ C). Empirical modelling gives a satisfactory agreement between experimental and calculated values. The capacity of CPE to simultaneously remove an organic pollutant and a toxic heavy metal was demonstrated.

Structural characterization and physicochemical properties of different hydrophilic natural deep eutectic solvents.

To overcome the toxic nature of organic solvents, scientific interest in the use of green solvents, particularly natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), has increased over the past decade, leading to new applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Understanding the physicochemical properties and molecular interactions of NADES is essential for uncovering new potential applications in these fields. In this study, several lactic and citric acid-based NADES, as well as chloride choline- and urea-based NADES, were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, including density, pH, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index. Additionally, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and in particular nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY), was employed to investigate the intermolecular interactions between the NADES components to confirm the formation of the eutectic mixture. The extraction efficiency of the confirmed NADES was tested for extracting polyphenols as a proof of concept to highlight their relationship with the measured properties. Lactic and choline chloride-based NADES provided the highest extraction yields. These results were also compared with the predicted extraction capabilities of each NADES provided by the COSMO-RS software.

A Validated Trigonelline-Based Method for the Standardization and Quality Control of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

Background Fenugreek, or Trigonella foenum-graecum L, is an edible and medicinal plant of the Fabaceae family. Fenugreek seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals, including proteins, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, steroidal saponins, coumarin, and alkaloids. Trigonelline TG is a bioactive plant alkaloid initially extracted from fenugreek seeds. A substantial portion of fenugreek’s health benefits may rely on the presence of TG. This study addresses the research gap for a fast, green, and economical method for quantifying trigonelline (TG) in fenugreek. Methods Fenugreek seeds from various origins were extracted using three green solvents: acetone (ACt), ethanol (EtOH), and water (H2O). The UPLCMSMS method was developed and validated using a green mobile phase of H2O: EtOH, and an r2-value of 0.999 in the linearity range of 0.1-500 ppb was adopted. The method was validated with an accuracy of 98.6% for trace analysis of TG using a small amount (10 mg) of fenugreek samples from five different origins. Results The average extract yield (±SD) was 5.36±6.3, with the highest extract yield observed in H2O. The ESI (+ve) of the UPLCMSMS resulted in the fragmentation pattern (m/z) 138→94.10→92.05→78.20. The TG quantification revealed an average TG concentration of 181.4, with the highest amount of TG in H2O extract (392.7±132.4 ppb), followed by EtOH (91.9±83.3 ppb) and ACt (59.5±30.9 ppb). The TG amount observed in the validation step substantiated the efficiency and reproducibility of the developed method. Conclusions The method may be used as an effective tool for a green, rapid, economical, and eco-friendly extraction and quantification of TG in diverse matrices of pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, herbal, and food products.

Optimization of Supercritical Extraction of Cannabidiol Using Response Surface Methodology

Hemp, also known as Cannabis sativa L., contains over 80 cannabinoids, with cannabidiol (CBD) being the primary neuroactive component. CBD possesses various pharmacological properties and is considered a non-psychoactive compound, making it a promising component for various applications, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal conditions for extracting CBD from hemp using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the SFE conditions. The Box–Behnken design and the central composite design were utilized to refine the extraction parameters, including extraction time, temperature, and pressure. The statistical significance and reliability of the optimized conditions were confirmed by the significant influence of these independent variables on CBD yield. The extracted CBD was purified to a high level of purity and converted from cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) through heat treatment and then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following extraction conditions were considered optimal and led to a CBD yield of approximately 70.46 g/kg: pressure of 48.3 MPa, temperature of 60 °C, and extraction time of 109.2 min. Validation experiments confirmed the accuracy of the model, with experimental values closely matching the predicted values (69.93 ± 0.88 g/kg). This study demonstrates that SFE is an efficient method for obtaining high-purity CBD from hemp, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. The findings suggest that optimizing SFE conditions through RSM can significantly enhance the efficiency and yield of CBD extraction, providing a robust framework for industrial-scale production.

INFLUENCE OF MACERATION,SOLVENT TYPES,AND EXTRACTION DURATIONS ON THE YIELD OF MILK THISTLE SEEDS(SILYBUM MARIANUM)EXTRACTION

The study investigated the extraction yield of defatted Silybum marianum seed samples using maceration as the sole extraction technique. Different solvent types (methanol, ethanol, and water) and extraction durations were tested. Prior to extraction, the samples were ground and defatted with n-hexane. For each combinationofsolvent type, and extraction duration, the extracted mass (g of extract/g of defatted sample) was determined. The impact of each parameter on the yield was analyzed, revealing significant effects.Results showed that water-based maceration for 4 hours yielded the highest average mass of dry extract, followed by shorter durations at 2 hours. Ethanol occasionally outperformed methanol, particularly at the 2-hour mark, but methanol consistently produced lower yields across longer extraction durations. These findings emphasize the need for careful optimization of solvent type and extraction duration to maximize extraction yield.Subsequent analysis using Tukey's HSD test revealed significant differences in dry extract mass among solvents. Water yielded the highest at 2 and 4 hours, ethanol at 4 hours, and methanol at 4 hours as well. KEYWORDS:Silybum marianum;maceration;solvent types;plant extraction,yield analysis

EXTRACTION OF OILS FROM FRUIT KERNELS WITH CONVENTIONAL AND INNOVATIVE METHODS:A REVIEW

Over recent years, the food industry has striven to reduce waste, mostly because of rising awareness of the detrimental environmental impacts of food waste. While the edible oils market is enlarging constantly, there is increasing interest in producing plant-based oils because of the presence of various bioactive components like mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids. In recent publications it has been shown that various fruit kernels represent source of these components while the conversion of bio-waste into valuable compounds is of outmost importance for ensuring sustainability of the environment. This review investigates the different methods used for extraction of oils from sour cherry, peach, apricot and olive kernels and comparison between these methods in terms of extraction yield, fatty acids profile, tocopherols yield and antioxidant activity. An overview of chemical composition, bioactivity and on the application of these oils in end markets such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals is presented. Scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Research Gate, ClinicalTrials have been used to assemble the data for this review. KEYWORDS:extraction, oil, sour cherry, apricot, peach, olive

Optimization of Anthocyanin extraction from black hollyhock flower: Process efficiency, stability, and cytotoxicity assessment

Black hollyhock (Alcea rosea var. nigra) flower (BHF) serves as a plentiful natural pigment source. However, limited research has been conducted on the extraction and characterization of the anthocyanins present in BHF. This work aims to develop an environmentally friendly extraction method for efficiently obtaining natural pigments from BHF. Utilizing response surface methodology (RSM), the extraction variables were adjusted to optimize the overall anthocyanin content. The optimized conditions, entailing extraction lasting 7 min at 65°C, employing acidified water at a solvent: feed (S:F) ratio of 100:1 (v/w), resulted in extraction yield of 53 ± 2.5 % and the total anthocyanin content (TAC) of 65.7 ± 0.5 mg/ gdry weight based on cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalents (CGE). Furthermore, the extraction from pomace, which represents the residue subsequent to the initial extraction, exhibited 11 and 2 mg CGE/g dry weight after second and third steps of extraction, respectively. Characterization of the obtained extracts was conducted through HPLC-DAD MS analysis, and six anthocyanins were identified. The kinetic data associated with degradation of anthocyanins was well fitted with a zero-order model, which showed a half-life (t1/2) of approximately 200 days. Additionally, BHF extract exhibited no significant cytotoxicity against human dermal fibroblast cells as MTT assay indicated. This investigation introduces a potent source for anthocyanin which can be comparable to other sources and their extraction conditions in terms of stability, TAC, and extraction yield.

Investigation of Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Salix aegyptiaca L. Roots

The root of Salix aegyptiaca L. was extracted using their yield percentage, total condensed tannin concentration, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and to determine chemical composition by LC-MS/MS. The root extraction was carried out together with water, ethanol and methanol. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), conventional extraction (CE), and microwave extraction (ME) were the extraction methods applied during the investigation. The LC-MS/MS methanol extract was used to detect phenolics. The antioxidant activities and total condensed tannin concentrations of root extracts have been done by UV-visible spectroscopy from 517 to 580 nm, severally. The disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial activity. The maximum extraction yield (17.2%) was obtained in methanol by the ASE technique whereas, the conventional extraction technique obtained the minimum extraction efficiency (9.1%). By triplicate measurement, the total condensed tannin analysis result was found 35.14 mg/L. Using the ASE technique, the methanol extract was the maximum inhibitory zone (26 mm) against Candida albicans ATCC 10231. However, in water extract by conventional extraction, a minimum inhibitory zone (11 mm) was obtained against Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1. The highest and lowest DPPH scavenging activity was determined in methanol (ASE) (98.8%) and ethanol (97.5%) extract respectively. The maximum amounts of quinic acid (63895 µg/g) were discovered using LC-MS/MS.

Efficient separation of methyl ethyl ketone and water azeotrope using hydrophobic amino acid ester ionic liquids

BackgroundMethyl ethyl ketone (MEK), an essential organic solvent, is commonly produced via the n-butene method, where water emerges as the principal impurity. The conventional distillation processes, which are necessitated by the azeotropic behavior between MEK and water, result in a substantial expenditure of energy. As a result, liquid-liquid extraction represents a promising alternative for energy-efficient separation. MethodsIn this work, three hydrophobic amino acid ester ionic liquids L-phenylalanine ethyl ester bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([Phe][NTf2]), L-leucine ethyl ester bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([Leu][NTf2]) and L-valine ethyl ester bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([Val][NTf2]) were utilized as extractants for separation of the binary azeotrope methyl ethyl ketone and water. The effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, mass ratio of MEK-water mixture to ionic liquid and initial concentration of MEK on extraction efficiency were investigated. Significant findingsThe results demonstrate that the ionic liquid [Phe][NTf2] exhibits superior extraction ability for the separation of the azeotrope methyl ethyl ketone and water. The maximum extraction yield of 99.86 % was achieved with the optimum extraction conditions of extraction time, 10 min, extraction temperature, 293.15 K, mass ratio of mixture to ionic liquid, 1:1 and initial concentration of MEK, 20 %. In addition, the relationship between the structure of ionic liquids and their extraction performance was revealed by quantum chemical calculations of ionic liquids with MEK and water. These ionic liquids were positioned as promising environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional organic solvents for the recovery of MEK from aqueous solutions, providing valuable insights for industrial applications.

Blood and Bone-Derived DNA Methylation Ages Predict Mortality After Geriatric Hip Fracture: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to (1) perform the first analysis of bone-derived DNA methylation, (2) compare DNA methylation clocks derived from bone with those derived from whole blood, and (3) establish a relationship between DNA methylation age and 1-year mortality within the geriatric hip fracture population. Patients ≥65 years old who presented to a Level-I trauma center with a hip fracture were prospectively enrolled from 2020 to 2021. Preoperative whole blood and intraoperative bone samples were collected. Following DNA extraction, RRBS (reduced representation bisulfite sequencing) libraries for methylation clock analysis were prepared. Sequencing data were analyzed using computational algorithms previously described by Horvath et al. to build a regression model of methylation (biological) age for each tissue type. Student t tests were used to analyze differences (Δ) in methylation age versus chronological age. Correlation between blood and bone methylation ages was expressed using the Pearson R coefficient. Blood and bone samples were collected from 47 patients. DNA extraction, sequencing, and methylation analysis were performed on 24 specimens from 12 subjects. Mean age at presentation was 85.4 ± 8.65 years. There was no difference in DNA extraction yield between the blood and bone samples (p = 0.935). The mean follow-up duration was 12.4 ± 4.3 months. The mortality cohort (4 patients, 33%) showed a mean ΔAgeBone of 18.33 ± 6.47 years and mean ΔAgeBlood of 16.93 ± 4.02 years. In comparison, the survival cohort showed a significantly lower mean ΔAgeBone and ΔAgeBlood (7.86 ± 6.7 and 7.31 ± 7.71 years; p = 0.026 and 0.039, respectively). Bone-derived methylation age was strongly correlated with blood-derived methylation age (R = 0.81; p = 0.0016). Bone-derived DNA methylation clocks were found to be both feasible and strongly correlated with those derived from whole blood within a geriatric hip fracture population. Mortality was independently associated with the DNA methylation age, and that age was approximately 17 years greater than chronological age in the mortality cohort. The results of the present study suggest that prevention of advanced DNA methylation may play a key role in decreasing mortality following hip fracture. Prognostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Study on Bioactive Components of Aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum by Solvent Fractionation

This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract from aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. by fractionating it with different solvents, aiming to provide theoretical evidence for the development of products related to aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. The yield of the methanol extract was 13.33%, with the water fraction showing the highest yield, followed by n-hexane, n-butanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. Among these fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, as indicated by total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and SOD-like activity measurements showed no significant difference between the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, as both showed the highest radical scavenging activity. In the FRAP activity measurement, the n-butanol fraction ranked behind the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions in terms of antioxidant activity. Although the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, its yield was only 1.29%, making it unsuitable for product production considering productivity and economy. However, the n-butanol fraction showed overall high antioxidant activity and was approximately four times more abundant, with a yield of 5.80% compared to the ethyl acetate fraction. Consequently, considering both productivity and economy, the n-butanol fraction is considered suitable for product development and production.

Moisturizing Effects of Alcalase Hydrolysate Fractions from Haliotis discus Viscera, a Marine Organism, on Human Dermal Fibroblasts, HaCaT Keratinocytes, and Reconstructed Human Skin Tissues

Haliotis discus, an abalone, is a marine gastropod mollusk that has been cultivated globally owing to its nutritional value and high market demand. However, the visceral parts of H. discus are typically discarded as by-products, highlighting the need to explore their potential value in developing cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This study investigated the potential moisturizing effects of H. discus visceral tissues. Various hydrolysates from H. discus viscera tissue were evaluated for proximate composition, radical scavenging, and hyaluronidase inhibition activities. Alcalase hydrolysate was isolated using gel filtration chromatography (GFC), and its moisturizing effects were tested on human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), HaCaT keratinocytes, and reconstructed human skin tissue. The Alcalase hydrolysate showed the highest extraction yield, radical scavenging, and hyaluronidase inhibition activities. The Alcalase hydrolysate GFC fraction 1 increased collagen synthesis-related molecules, including procollagen type 1 in HDF and hyaluronic acid-related molecules in HaCaT cells. These moisturizing effects were confirmed in reconstructed human skin tissues by increased levels of aquaporin 3 and filaggrin. Fraction 1 consisted of two main peptides: DNPLLPGPPF and SADNPLLPGPPF. In conclusion, H. discus Alcalase hydrolysate and its fractions have potential moisturizing properties and can be used as cosmeceuticals.

Identify the Purity of Sesame Oil from Sesame Seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) and Analysis Using the ATR-FTIR Method

Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) are a plant that produces the most important and oldest oil known to man. Apart from being rich in nutrients, sesame consists of important functional components such as sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, sesaminol, sesamolin phenol, and other lignan-like active ingredients and can trigger the motive to produce sesame oil by adulteration in order to achieve market desires. The aim of this research is to identify the purity of sesame oil and analyze it using the ATR-FTIR method to detect and prevent counterfeiting. Testing the characteristics of sesame oil can be adjusted to the quality requirements that have been set, one of which is the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) so that the quality of sesame oil circulating on the market is guaranteed. This research is non-experimental research. Sesame seed oil resulting from pressing is based on the test requirements of SNI 01-4468-1998 including the physico-chemical properties test. The results of the sesame seed oil profile are that the sesame seed oil extraction yield is 29.265%, the sesame oil is bright yellow in color, has a distinctive smell, specific gravity (20oC) 0.9237± 0.0057, refractive index 1.4702 ± 0.0005, peroxide value 2 ± 0.0577 meqO2/Kg, iodine value 107.1 ± 0.5773, and acid number 0.224 ± 0.0577. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the pressed sesame seed oil has met the requirements of the SNI 01-4468-1998 test, and from the functional groups that appear in the ATR-FTIR it can be concluded that the pressed sesame oil contains methyl ester group compounds.

Effects of fermentations using Aspergillus spp. towards extraction yield and bioactivity of coffee pulp extract

Effects of fermentations using Aspergillus spp. towards extraction yield and bioactivity of coffee pulp extract

Screening of novel β-carotene hydroxylases for the production of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin and the impact of enzyme localization and crowding on their production in Yarrowia lipolytica

Zeaxanthin, a vital dietary carotenoid, is naturally synthesized by plants, microalgae, and certain microorganisms. Large-scale zeaxanthin production can be achieved through plant extraction, chemical synthesis, or microbial fermentation. The environmental and health implications of the first two methods have made microbial fermentation an appealing alternative for natural zeaxanthin production despite the challenges in scaling up the bioprocess. An intermediate between β-carotene and zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, is found only in specific fruits and vegetables and has several important functions for human health. The low concentration of β-cryptoxanthin in these sources results in low extraction yields, making biotechnological production a promising alternative for achieving higher yields. Currently, there is no industrially relevant microbial fermentation process for β-cryptoxanthin production, primarily due to the lack of identified enzymes that specifically convert β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin without further conversion to zeaxanthin. In this study, we used genetic engineering to leverage the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as a bio-factory for zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin production. We screened 22 β-carotene hydroxylases and identified eight novel enzymes with β-carotene hydroxylating activity: six producing zeaxanthin and two producing only β-cryptoxanthin. By introducing the β-carotene hydroxylase from the bacterium Chondromyces crocatus (CcBCH), a β-cryptoxanthin titer of 24 ± 6 mg/L was achieved, representing the highest reported titer of sole β-cryptoxanthin in Y. lipolytica to date. By targeting zeaxanthin-producing β-carotene hydroxylase to the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes, we increased the production of zeaxanthin by 54% and 66%, respectively, compared to untargeted enzyme. The highest zeaxanthin titer of 412 ± 34 mg/L was achieved by targeting β-carotene hydroxylases to peroxisomes. In addition, by constructing multienzyme scaffold-free complexes with short peptide tags RIDD and RIAD, we observed a 39% increase in the zeaxanthin titer and a 28% increase in the conversion rate compared to the strain expressing unmodified enzyme. The zeaxanthin titers obtained in this study are not the highest reported; however, our goal was to demonstrate that specific approaches can enhance both titer and conversion rate, rather than to achieve the maximum titer. These findings underscore the potential of Y. lipolytica as a promising platform for carotenoid production and provide a foundation for future research, where further optimization is required to maximize production.

Activity of Bambara Groundnut Seed Coat Extract Against Shewanella Species: Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action.

The Bambara groundnut is the indigenous legume in the southern part of Thailand. It contains a seed coat rich in polyphenols, which can serve as natural antimicrobial agents. The extracts from red and white seed coats of Bambara groundnuts, namely RSC and WSC, respectively, were prepared using an ultrasound-assisted extraction process. The extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and antimicrobial activity of both extracts were examined. The RSC extract demonstrated a significantly higher extraction yield (8.35%) than WSC extract (2.34%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the TPC of RSC extract (420.98 ± 0.27 mg of gallic acid/g dry extract) was higher than that of WSC extract (28.29 ± 0.91 mg of gallic acid/g dry extract). The RSC extract exhibited stronger inhibition against Shewanella putrefaciens and S. algae than its WSC counterpart. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS) analysis indicated that the RSC extract was rich in flavonoids and polyphenols, while the WSC extract contained more triterpenoid saponins. Time-kill kinetics showed that the RSC extract reduced bacterial loads in a dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopic images revealed that drastic bacterial cell membrane damage with a rough surface and the deformation of cells was caused by the extract. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) images confirmed the inhibition of S. algae biofilm formation by RSC extract. RSC extract also suppressed bacterial motility, induced protein leakage, and reduced extracellular protease activity, thus highlighting its potent bactericidal effects. These findings suggested that the RSC extract rich in phenolic compounds could serve as an antimicrobial agent and hold promise as a natural preservative for perishable foods, especially seafoods.

Characterization and anti-aging activities of Haruan (Channa striata) fish oil

Haruan fish or snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a freshwater fish widely cultivated in Indonesia. Fish oils are believed to have some biological activities which are beneficial to human health, including antioxidant and antiaging activities. The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics and yield of Haruan fish oil (HFO) using three extraction methods (steaming, maceration, and pressing), to determine radical scavenging activity (RSA) of fish oils using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and to determine anticollagenase activity of HFO. The extraction of HFO from the flesh part using the steaming method resulted in the highest RSA values either using DPPH or ABTS radicals. HFO could inhibit the activity of collagenase by 26.87±0.391%. The highest yield of HFO was obtained using the steaming method, with extraction yields of flesh and offal of 2.02% and 2.05%, respectively. The acid values (AV) of HFOs obtained from different parts using the steaming method were 1.87±0.04 (flesh part), 1.88±0.07 (head) and 1.93±0.05 (offal). The saponification values (SV) of HFO using the same extraction method were 6.30±0.26, 6.17±0.07, and 6.30±0.23 for flesh, head and offal, respectively. The peroxide (PV) and iodine (IV) values were 85.37±2.86 and 198.51±7.68, 103.70±2.21 and 206.44±5.24, as well as 96.05±2.93 and 193.68±1.70, for flesh, head and offal, respectively. These parameters (AV, SV, PV and IV) met the requirements. Haruan fish oil has the potential to be developed as a source of the human diet.

High-intensity ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction of soy protein: Optimization, modeling, physicochemical and functional properties

This study examined the effect of high-intensity ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction (HUAE) on the extraction yield and the physicochemical and functional properties of soy protein (SP) using the two-pot multivariate method for the first time. Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) coupled with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was systematically utilized to select and subsequently optimize the HUAE parameters. Based on PBD results, the significant extraction factors were liquid to solid ratio (LSR), temperature, ultrasonic amplitude, and extraction time. The optimum conditions for the maximal extraction yield and minimal energy consumption were 50:1 mL/g LSR, 50 °C, 48 % ultrasonic amplitude, and 10 min extraction time. At optimum conditions, the extraction yield (35.28 %) was significantly improved compared to traditional extraction (26.39 %). Besides, HUAE resulted in modification of the protein secondary and tertiary structures due to the unfolding of protein molecules and the exposure of hydrophobic groups or regions as shown by FTIR spectroscopy, free sulfhydryl analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. These structural changes led to decreased solubility and emulsifying activity but improved emulsion stabilization and antioxidant properties. With future development, HUAE could potentially produce soy protein for targeted applications, broadening its utilization and meeting the need for more sustainable alternative processing.

Extraction of benzyl isothiocyanate from formosa papaya seeds (Carica papaya Linn) and evaluation of biological properties

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the drying kinetics, extraction yields, and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of papaya seeds dried at different temperatures (45 °C and 55 °C) using various extraction methods. Drying of papaya seeds reduced the moisture content from 49.9 ± 1.2%–0.094%, taking 600 min at 45 °C and 510 min at 55 °C. Extraction yields using hexane were significantly higher, with values of 33.20% and 34.28% at 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively. Subcritical CO2 extraction yielded similar results across temperatures, while hydrodistillation showed the lowest yields. The concentration of benzyl isothiocyanate was highest in extracts obtained by subcritical CO2 (7.81% at 45 °C and 7.22% at 55 °C), demonstrating superior effectiveness compared to hydrodistillation and hexane methods. Subcritical CO2 extracts exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The antifungal activity was also superior against Penicillium crustosum with subcritical CO2 extracts. In terms of antioxidant activity, subcritical CO2 extracts showed the lowest IC50 values, indicating the highest antioxidant efficacy. Both extracts showed slight toxicity, though to a minimal extent. These results suggest that subcritical CO2 extraction is superior in preserving and concentrating bioactive compounds, resulting in better yields and enhanced antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.