Extraction Temperature Research Articles

Optimization of Supercritical Extraction of Cannabidiol Using Response Surface Methodology

Hemp, also known as Cannabis sativa L., contains over 80 cannabinoids, with cannabidiol (CBD) being the primary neuroactive component. CBD possesses various pharmacological properties and is considered a non-psychoactive compound, making it a promising component for various applications, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal conditions for extracting CBD from hemp using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the SFE conditions. The Box–Behnken design and the central composite design were utilized to refine the extraction parameters, including extraction time, temperature, and pressure. The statistical significance and reliability of the optimized conditions were confirmed by the significant influence of these independent variables on CBD yield. The extracted CBD was purified to a high level of purity and converted from cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) through heat treatment and then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following extraction conditions were considered optimal and led to a CBD yield of approximately 70.46 g/kg: pressure of 48.3 MPa, temperature of 60 °C, and extraction time of 109.2 min. Validation experiments confirmed the accuracy of the model, with experimental values closely matching the predicted values (69.93 ± 0.88 g/kg). This study demonstrates that SFE is an efficient method for obtaining high-purity CBD from hemp, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. The findings suggest that optimizing SFE conditions through RSM can significantly enhance the efficiency and yield of CBD extraction, providing a robust framework for industrial-scale production.

Efficient separation of methyl ethyl ketone and water azeotrope using hydrophobic amino acid ester ionic liquids

BackgroundMethyl ethyl ketone (MEK), an essential organic solvent, is commonly produced via the n-butene method, where water emerges as the principal impurity. The conventional distillation processes, which are necessitated by the azeotropic behavior between MEK and water, result in a substantial expenditure of energy. As a result, liquid-liquid extraction represents a promising alternative for energy-efficient separation. MethodsIn this work, three hydrophobic amino acid ester ionic liquids L-phenylalanine ethyl ester bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([Phe][NTf2]), L-leucine ethyl ester bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([Leu][NTf2]) and L-valine ethyl ester bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([Val][NTf2]) were utilized as extractants for separation of the binary azeotrope methyl ethyl ketone and water. The effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, mass ratio of MEK-water mixture to ionic liquid and initial concentration of MEK on extraction efficiency were investigated. Significant findingsThe results demonstrate that the ionic liquid [Phe][NTf2] exhibits superior extraction ability for the separation of the azeotrope methyl ethyl ketone and water. The maximum extraction yield of 99.86 % was achieved with the optimum extraction conditions of extraction time, 10 min, extraction temperature, 293.15 K, mass ratio of mixture to ionic liquid, 1:1 and initial concentration of MEK, 20 %. In addition, the relationship between the structure of ionic liquids and their extraction performance was revealed by quantum chemical calculations of ionic liquids with MEK and water. These ionic liquids were positioned as promising environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional organic solvents for the recovery of MEK from aqueous solutions, providing valuable insights for industrial applications.

Exploring the Potential of Pangasius Catfish Oil as a Base Oil for Nanoemulsion Products: Optimization and Characterization

Pangasius catfish, also known as striped catfish, is a high-fat fish compared to other freshwater fish like snakehead fish and carp. The oil extracted from this fish contains unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial for health. The quality of the oil is affected by the extraction method, especially the preliminary heating temperature for the extraction. Pangasius catfish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) that have the potential to inhibit inflammation, hyperpigmentation, accelerate skin healing for topical applications, and act as a skin permeation enhancer and oil base for nanoemulsion due to its high oleic acid content. In this research, an experimental design was conducted on pangasius catfish oil extraction using the pressing method to optimize predetermined parameters using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The factors considered for optimization included the quantity of water and extraction temperatures, with water content ranging from 50% to 150% (w/v) and extraction temperatures ranging from 25°C to 55°C. These ranges were intended to yield results and characterization values of oxidation parameters are tested according to the International Fish Oil Standard (IFOS) through tests including Acid Value (AV), Peroxide Value (PV), Anisidine Value (p-AnV), and Total Oxidation (TOTOX). Subsequently, the optimal conditions were confirmed to obtain the best fish oil results, which were achieved at 1.5 times the amount of pre-treatment water and a pre-treatment temperature of 55°C. The pangasius catfish oil obtained from the confirmation of optimal conditions is used as a raw material for producing nanoemulsions. The D-Optimal Mixture Design of Design Expert approach is utilized to formulate the nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion formula containing 0.5% pangasius catfish oil was determined as the optimal formula according to the range of physical characteristics of the referenced nanoemulsion preparations with a desirability value of 0.974. This study has demonstrated the potential utility of pangasius catfish oil as a prominent base oil in nanoemulsion products.

Influence of temperature, solvent and extraction procedure on the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of <i>Aloysia citriodora</i> Palau leaves

Introduction: The leaves of Aloysia citriodora Palau are a source of phenolic compounds that have antioxidant properties. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of temperature, type of solvent, maceration, and ultrasound processes in the extraction of phenolic compounds from A. citriodora Palau leaves that allow for maintaining the highest antioxidant capacity. Methods: In this study, phenolic compounds were extracted from A. citriodora by two methods, maceration, and ultrasonic treatment, using water and 80% ethanol as solvents and extraction temperatures of 25 °C, 45 °C, and 65 °C. Total phenolic compounds (TPhen), total flavonoid compounds (TFlav), and antioxidant capacity, evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assay, were characterized and reported as inhibition concentration (IC50). Results: The highest CPhen content was obtained with ethanolic extract using the ultrasonic method at 65 °C, with a value of 15.32 mg EAG/mL at 65 °C. For TFlav, the highest value was obtained with the ultrasonic treatment at 45 °C using ethanol as solvent, obtaining a value of 6.52 mg EQ/mL. The best antioxidant capacity was shown by the sonication with ethanol at 65 and 45 °C, with IC50 values of 27.10 µg/mL and 20.40 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Ultrasound extraction at higher temperatures (45°C and 65°C) proved more effective than maceration, yielding greater amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and exhibiting better antioxidant capacity.”. Keywords: Aloysia citrodora, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, inhibitory concentration IC50.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction using response surface methodology and HPLC-DAD phenolic compounds quantification from Hylocereus undatus peel and pulp cultivated in Tunisia

The present study aimed to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction process for both the peel and pulp of Hylocereus undatus (white dragon fruit) cultivated in Tunisia, using response surface methodology. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activities were optimized. A central composite design (CCD) was applied, considering three key variables: extraction time, extraction temperature, and liquid-to-solid ratio. The optimized extraction parameters for Hylocereus undatus peel and pulp were determined respectively (9.57 min, 42.20 °C and 27.79 mL/g) and (10.08 min, 40.84 °C and 31.52 mL/g). The main phenolic compounds identified in Hylocereus undatus peel and pulp extracts using HPLC-DAD were chlorogenic and caffeic acids and rutin, quercetin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside as flavonoids. Therefore, this research has revealed the potential of a sustainable and eco-friendly process hold promise a directional option and encouraging a circular economy approach for industrial production of antioxidant-rich Hylocereus undatus extracts.

Extraction Optimization of Polysaccharides from Wet Red Microalga Porphyridium purpureum Using Response Surface Methodology

Porphyridium is a unicellular marine microalga that is rich in polysaccharides and has excellent biological activities. Optimizing the extraction of polysaccharides can significantly improve the value of Porphyridium biomass. In the present study, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction conditions of polysaccharides, including extraction time, extraction temperature, and biomass-to-water ratio. Furthermore, microwave-assisted extraction was used to improve the yield of polysaccharides further. The results showed that increasing the extraction temperature and extraction time could enhance the yield of polysaccharides. The multiple regression analysis of RSM indicated that the model could be employed to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides. The optimal extraction time, extraction temperature, and biomass-to-water ratio were 45 min, 87 °C, and 1:63 g mL−1, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the maximum yield of polysaccharides was 23.66% DW, which well matched the predicted yield. The results indicated that the extraction temperature was the most significant condition affecting the yield of polysaccharides. The microwave-assisted extraction could further improve the yield of polysaccharides to 25.48% DW. In conclusion, hot water with microwave-assisted extraction was effective for polysaccharide extraction in P. purpureum.

Factors increasing the hydroxycinnamic acids extraction from dandelion roots

Aim – to study the influence of extraction factors on the extraction of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) from dandelion roots. Material and methods. The object of the study was air-dried dandelion roots. The HCAs content was determined using Arnov's reagent by spectrophotometric method according to the pharmacopoeial method. The influence of the nature, volume fraction of organic solvents, composition of extraction mixtures, temperature, duration, extraction frequency, medicinal plant raw material and extractant ratio, and medicinal plant raw material particle size on the HCAs yield from dandelion roots during extraction was established. Methanol, ethanol, propanol-1, propanol-2, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol-1,2, ethylene glycol, glycerol and their aqueous solutions in volume fractions of 20, 40, 60 and 80 % were used as extractants. A dispersion analysis of the influence of these factors on the yield of HCAs during extraction was performed. Results. Extraction conditions providing the maximum yield of HCAs in comparison with pharmacopoeial and literary methods were experimentally developed. The conditions include: extractant – 60 % propanol-1 or a mixture of 50 % propanol-1 and 10 % acetone; extraction temperature – 80 ˚C; extraction duration – 6 hours; medicinal plant raw material and extractant ratio – 1 to 25; extraction frequency – single and medicinal plant raw material particle size – 500 μm or less. It has been proven that the physicochemical characteristics of the extractants, their volume fractions in solutions and extraction parameters have a statistically significant effect on the yield of HCAs. Conclusions. A statistically significant effect of the studied extraction factors on the yield of HCAs from dandelion roots has been proven. The developed extraction method statistically significantly increases the yield of HCAs by an average of 30% to 2.5 times in comparison with pharmacopoeial and literary extraction methods.

Optimization of Extraction Process, Structure Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Black Garlic

AbstractUltrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract polysaccharides from black garlic, and the extraction process for UAE of black garlic polysaccharides (BGPs) was optimized via RSM coupled with genetic algorithm. The optimal extraction process parameters were obtained as follows: extraction time of 30 min, liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 29 mL/g, extraction temperature of 51 ℃, and ultrasound power of 418 W, and the yield of BGPs was 10.17% ± 0.14%. Subsequently, the crude BGPs were further purified by DEAE‐52 cellulose and Sephadex G‐100 to obtain a homogeneous fraction (BGPs‐1‐SG with the molecular weight of 1.37 × 106 Da) that was comprised of mannose (Man), glucuronic acid (GlcA), rhamnose (Rha), glucose (Glc), and fucose (Fuc) with a molar ratio of 40.23:71.06:2.96:85.38:7.32. Congo red and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicate that BGPs‐1‐SG has a triple helix structure. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope demonstrate that BGPs‐1‐SG showed irregular structures including sheet‐like, rod‐shaped, irregular spherical structures, and aggregated in aqueous solutions. Moreover, BGPs‐1‐SG could increase viability, phagocytic rate, and NO content of RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, BGPs‐1‐SG could promote the secretion and mRNA expression levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α. The findings can provide an important reference for the development of functional foods.

Research on the Hierarchical Separation of Rare Earths and Lithium from Rare Earth Molten Salt Slag

Lithium is an important non-renewable resource, and the study of the tiered separation of rare earths and lithium from rare earth molten salt slag is an important approach to solving the current global resource shortage. This article adopts a sulfuric acid leaching process and a lithium-containing solution iron lithium extraction separation process to recover lithium from rare earth molten salt slag. The method systematically investigates the impact of sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching temperature, leaching time, pH, P507 concentration, phase ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time on the lithium extraction effect and iron lithium separation effect in rare earth molten salt slag. The results show that under the conditions of a sulfuric acid concentration of 0.9 mol/L, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 8:1 mL/g, a leaching temperature of 70 °C, a leaching time of 90 min, a pH of 0.9, a P507 concentration of 50%, a phase ratio of 5:3, an extraction temperature of 30 °C, and an extraction time of 20 min, the lithium leaching rate reaches 97.8%, and the separation of iron and lithium is fully achieved. This method can efficiently recover the valuable element lithium from rare earth molten salt slag, which is of great significance for the subsequent preparation of lithium products and the realization of a closed-loop production of rare earth alloys by molten salt electrolysis.

Study on 13C MultiCP/MAS ssNMR Analysis of Tobacco Pectin

Background: As one of the most important economic crops, tobacco products have a long history and dominate the development of the world economy. Pectin, as a complex colloidal substance widely present in plant cell walls, its content is an important factor affecting the safety of tobacco smoking. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the content and structure of pectin in tobacco samples Methods: In this study, tobacco pectin was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid extraction, and the 13C MultiCP/MAS NMR spectral analysis of pectin was conducted. Results: The type of extractant, duration of ultrasonication, extraction temperature, and solid-liquid ratio were optimized. Under the conditions of using 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) as the extractant, the solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 g/mL, and the ultrasonic power of 600 w for 30 min at 30°C, the yield of 23.7% of tobacco stem pectin and the purity of 54.2% could be obtained. The optimized MultiCP sequence parameters, with 10 CP cycles of 1.0 ms and the repolarization time of 50 ms could obtain high-resolution spectra within a time of 1.0 h. The C-6 peaks of the pectin in spectra were fitted using the spectral deconvolution technique and calculated the methylesterification (DM) of the tobacco pectin, which was generally less than 50% and belonged to the low methyl esterification pectin. The pectin content of the tobacco sample was calculated using the standard curve method with the addition of dimethyl sulfone (DMS) as an internal reference. The results of this method were consistent with the colorimetric method. Conclusion: The 13C MultiCP/MAS NMR method has the advantages of being green, fast, and accurate and provides a new technical tool for quantitative and qualitative studies of cell wall substances in tobacco samples.

Significant improved co-extraction of hesperidin and narirutin from mandarin peel, a food processing by-product, based on statistical predictive models

Mandarin peel (MP) from food processing contains useful ingredients such as flavonoids, thus valorization strategies for MP are expected to be the first step in realizing a sustainable society. This study designed the co-extraction of two flavonoids (hesperidin and narirutin) from MP based on a multiple regression model with extraction temperature, time, and solid loading as the major variables. Numerical optimization determined that the optimal condition to maximize the extraction of both flavonoids was 60.0 °C, 100.9 min, and 95.7 g/L. Under this condition, the experimental results showed that the recovery of hesperidin and narirutin achieved 31.9 and 14.8 mg/g-biomass, respectively, which were in over 90% agreement with the predicted values. Total flavonoid content of MP extract was 81.9 mg/g-biomass, and antioxidant activity (ABTS EC50: 2.8 μg/mL) was similar to ascorbic acid. Previous studies have reported the identification of major flavonoids in MP, however, this is the first to achieve maximum recovery of two targeted flavonoids. In particular, the innovation of this study was the optimization of co-extraction, which demonstrated the high potential of MP extract as a natural antioxidant.

Effects of different extraction temperatures on the structural characteristics and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from dandelion leaves

Effects of different extraction temperatures on the structural characteristics and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from dandelion leaves

Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization of Multi-Stage Equilibrium Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Pomace

The seasonal nature of wine production results in the accumulation of significant quantities of grape pomace (GP) during harvest, presenting management challenges for wineries that traditionally regard this solid byproduct as low-value waste. However, extracting phenolic compounds (PCs) from GP offers a promising avenue for creating bioactive extracts for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This study develops a mathematical model for predicting the total phenolic content (TPC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in liquids obtained from multi-equilibrium-stage extraction processes using a 50% aqueous ethanol solution to recover PCs from Tannat GP. The model is applicable across a wide range of TPC and TDS concentrations in the liquid (0.2-45.4 gGAE/L for TPC and 1 to 118 g/L for TDS) and extraction temperatures between 30 and 70 °C. It is used to determine the optimal operational conditions of a Shanks extraction system, either to minimize fresh solvent consumption or to maximize selectivity for PCs extraction, achieving a desired extraction yield with a specified number of extraction vessels.

Extraction of mucilage polysaccharides from chia seed by hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents-based three-phase partitioning system: A phase behavior-driven approach

By incorporating the hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) into the three-phase partitioning (TPP) technique, a TPP-based method was developed to extract the chia seed polysaccharide (CSP) from chia seed. Through a single-factor experiment and response-surface model, the optimal condition for the TPP extraction was determined as DES composed of dodecanoic acid and octanoic acid in a 1:1 M ratio, (NH4)2SO4 concentration of 32.86 %, crude extract–DES ratio of 0.93 (v/v), aqueous phase pH of 4.38, extraction temperature of 35 °C, and extraction time of 10 min. The polysaccharide yield of the constructed TPP method is 8.65 %, which is higher than the conventional water extraction method (yield is 6.96 %). Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the phase behavior of proteins and polysaccharides in the TPP system, showing that noncovalent interactions play a crucial role in the TPP system. The CSP obtained by the TPP method exhibits distinctive composition, structural, physicochemical, and functional properties, leading to improved thermal stability, rheological behavior, and antioxidant performance. Compared with the traditional extraction method, efficient extraction of CSP can be achieved flexibly using the proposed TPP approach, resulting in high yield and quality of CSP, which provides a new path for the large-scale utilization of chia seed.

Study on optimization of thermal injection parameters in fractured reservoirs of HDR

ABSTRACT To improve the heat recovery of hot dry rock (HDR) and realize the efficient and sustainable development of geothermal energy, it is necessary to analyse the factors affecting the heat recovery performance of HDR fractured reservoir. In this paper, a numerical model of heat recovery in fractured reservoirs with HDR is established. The effects of injection parameters on the heat recovery performance of the Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) are compared and analysed by means of the average temperature, heat extraction rate, production temperature and heat recovery power of matrix rocks at different locations. The influence degree of injection flow rate and injection temperature on production temperature was analysed by grey correlation analysis method. The results showed that reducing the injection temperature is beneficial to fully extract the heat energy in the rock mass. The injection flow rate is positively correlated with the heat extraction rate and negatively correlated with the extraction temperature. In this simulation scheme, the optimal results are as follows: injection temperature is 298.15K, injection flow is 12 kg/s, and the influence of injection flow on production temperature is greater than that of injection temperature. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of geothermal energy in HDR and provides a reference for the design of engineering operation parameters.

Appraising the corrosion inhibitory efficacy and adsorption mechanism of leaf extract of Datura discolor on low-carbon steel in low pH media via gravimetric experiments and AFM analysis

BackgroundThe study investigated the inhibitory action of Datura discolor leaf extract against the corrosion of low-carbon steel in 0.5 M solutions of three acids. The purpose was to ascertain the effect of extract concentration, immersion time and temperature variation on corrosion inhibitory efficiency, and to relate to existing reports which show that organic molecules in most plant extracts inhibit corrosion. Extraction of the leaves was done by maceration using methanol, and solvent was removed by evaporation to dryness. Classical gravimetric (mass loss) experiments were used, and experimental data were fitted to adsorption isotherm models to ascertain the best approximation. Surface examination of the low-carbon steel substrates was carried out using the atomic force microscope.ResultsInhibitory protective efficiency of extract was found to appreciate with increasing Datura discolor leaf extract concentration at a fixed temperature, with values ranging 77.6–88.8%, 91.35–98.08% and 19.64–44.64% in H2SO4, HCl and HNO3 solutions respectively at 27 °C. Elevation of temperature was found to depreciate the inhibitor efficiency at constant inhibitor concentration. Best isotherm model fitting was obtained with Langmuir model both at 27 °C and 60 °C and in all the hostile media, while Temkin model gave good approximation only at 60 °C and in H2SO4 and HCl solutions only. The negative values of free energy of adsorption (ΔGads0)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(\\Delta G_{{{\ ext{ads}}}}^{0} )$$\\end{document} suggested that the adsorptive interaction of the inhibitor with the substrate surface was very spontaneous. Values of ΔGads0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Delta G_{{{\ ext{ads}}}}^{0}$$\\end{document} were all consistent, fluctuating between − 16.35 and − 17.63 kJ mol−1 in both H2SO4 and HCl solutions, and between − 9.76 and − 10.25 kJ mol−1 in HNO3 solution, and this suggests that adsorption of the inhibitor molecules occurred via physisorption. Values of the activation energy of the corrosion reaction (Eact)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(E_{{{\ ext{act}}}} )$$\\end{document} are all < 40 kJ mol−1, suggesting that the inhibition occurred by a physical adsorption mechanism.ConclusionsThe study concludes that Datura discolor crude leaf extract suppressed the corrosion reactions, and the inhibition was found to arise from the physisorptive interaction of the organic molecules with the substrate/solution interface, forming a stabilize inhibitor film on the substrate surface as revealed by the atomic force micrographs.

Optimization of enzymatic-assisted extraction of polyphenol from cashew nut testa by using cellulase and pectinase

A significant amount of cashew nut testa is removed during the processing of cashew kernels, resulting in many negative environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to valorize the cashew nut testa by enzymatic-assisted extraction of polyphenol using a mixture of cellulase and pectinase. A central composite design was employed to analyze the effects of extraction temperature from 41.6°C to 58.4°C, extraction pH from pH 3.2 to pH 4.8, and enzyme concentration from 0.03% to 0.37% (v/w) on extraction efficiency. A second-order response surface model was constructed to elucidate the effects of these independent variables on the response values of total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activities [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays]. Regression analysis results showed that 91%, 88%, and 92% variations of the response variables of TPC, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities can be explained by the models, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the predicted value for TPC was 164.26 (mg GAE/g DW), and the free radical scavenging activities according to DPPH and ABTS assays were 936.52 (µmol TE/g DW) and 1591.47 (µmol TE/g DW), respectively. The experimental results were consistent with the predicted values, demonstrating the suitability of the quadratic model and the success of the response surface method for optimizing the polyphenol extraction from cashew nut testa by using the enzyme mixture.

Biological activities of Hypericum spectabile extract optimized using artificial neural network combined with genetic algorithm application

Optimizing extraction conditions can help maximize the efficiency and yield of the extraction process while minimizing negative impacts on the environment and human health. For the purpose of the current study, an artificial neural network (ANN) combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) was utilized for that the extraction conditions of Hypericum spectabile were optimized. In this particular investigation, the main objective was to get the highest possible levels of total antioxidant status (TAS) for the extracts that were obtained. In addition to this, conditions of the extract that exhibited the maximum activity have been determined and the biological activity of the extract that was obtained under these conditions was analyzed. TAS values were obtained from extracts obtained using extraction temperatures of 30–60 °C, extraction times of 4–10 h, and extract concentrations of 0.25-2 mg/mL. The best model selected from the established ANN models had a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value of 0.643%, a mean squared error (MSE) value of 0.004, and a correlation coefficient (R) value of 0.996, respectively. The genetic algorithm proposed optimal extraction conditions of an extraction temperature of 59.391 °C, an extraction time of 8.841 h, and an extraction concentration of 1.951 mg/mL. It was concluded that the integration of ANN-GA can successfully be used to optimize extraction parameters of Hypericum spectabile. The total antioxidant value of the extract obtained under optimum conditions was determined as 9.306 ± 0.080 mmol/L, total oxidant value as 13.065 ± 0.112 µmol/L, oxidative stress index as 0.140 ± 0.001. Total phenolic content (TPC) was 109.34 ± 1.29 mg/g, total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured as 148.34 ± 1.48 mg/g. Anti-AChE value was determined as 30.68 ± 0.77 µg/mL, anti-BChE value was determined as 41.30 ± 0.48 µg/mL. It was also observed that the extract exhibited strong antiproliferative activities depending on the increase in concentration. As a result of LC-MS/MS analysis of the extract produced under optimum conditions in terms of phenolic content. The presence of fumaric, gallic, protocatechuic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, 2-hydoxycinamic acids, quercetin and kaempferol was detected. As a result, it was determined that the H. spectabile extract produced under optimum conditions had significant effects in terms of biological activity.

Ultrasound-cellulase synergy for the extraction of total flavonoids from Astragali complanati Semen and its antioxidant properties

The present study was conducted to optimize ultrasound-cellulase synergy extraction (UCSE) process of flavonoids from Astragali complanati Semen (ACS) adopting response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction efficiency of different extraction progress by UCSE under the 240 W and 480 W were compared, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro. The effects of five independent variables (cellulase addition, liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power) on the extraction efficiency were explored, and four major factors (cellulase addition, liquid-solid ratio, extraction temperature and ultrasonic power) showing great influences were chosen to study their interactions by RSM. The relationships between ultrasound power 240 W and 480 W on substrates and cellulase were further explored by scanning electron microscopy and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, respectively. The antioxidant activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS+) were evaluated in vitro. The optimal conditions: cellulase addition 930 U/g, liquid-solid ratio 24 mL/g, extraction time 75 min, extraction temperature 64°C and ultrasonic power 234 W, under the adjusted conditions, the extraction rate was 1.937 g/100 g ACS. Ultrasound power 240 W assisted extraction with cellulase improved the extraction efficiency of the antioxidant. From scanning electron microscopy, the substrate particles were finer and the pores were larger under the function of 240 W, and the enzyme activity test further determined that 480 W could reduce the effect of the cellulase. The UCSE extract exhibited great antioxidant activity in vitro, the IC50 of DPPH is 11.851 µg/mL, and of ABTS+ is 23.426 µg/mL.

Preparation Process Optimization of Glycolipids from Dendrobium officinale and the Difference in Antioxidant Effects Compared with Ascorbic Acid.

This study investigates the optimal extraction of DOG using response surface methodology, focusing on liquid-solid ratios, ethanol concentrations, extraction temperatures, and extraction times, while preliminarily analyzing DOG's structural properties. Additionally, the differences in antioxidant effects between DOG and ascorbic acid based on intestinal flora metabolism were further evaluated. The optimal parameters for DOG extraction were determined as follows: liquid-solid ratio of 20 mL/g, ethanol concentration of 70%, extraction temperature of 70 °C, and extraction time of 2.5 h, yielding 2.64 ± 0.18%. In addition, DOG was identified as a diglyceride, mainly composed of glucose, mannose, linoleic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, and presented certain direct free radicals scavenging effects. In animal experiments, unlike the direct free scavenging effects of ascorbic acid, DOG increased intestinal Bacteroides acidifaciens abundance in mice, up-regulated piceatannol expression, and down-regulated 1-naphthol expression, which contributed to antioxidant effects by enhancing the activities of SOD and GSH-Px while reducing MDA content. DOG was a diglyceride isolated from D. officinale residues after hot water extraction, and presented strong antioxidant effects by regulating intestinal flora metabolism. These findings could promote the efficient utilization of D. officinale and support further development of DOG in functional food applications.