Extraction Of Yttrium Research Articles

Use of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-orthophosphoric acid for the extraction of lanthanum, neodymium, samarium and yttrium from nitric acid solutions

The process of separating rare-earth elements into individual components is considered the most important problem in rare-earth technology because of the similarity in their physical and chemical properties. Currently in the world dialkyl phosphate compounds are widely used as effective extractors for rare earths. However, most extraction processes have been studied from hydrochloric acid or perchlorate solutions. In Russia, tributyl phosphate has long been used to extract rare earths from nitric acid solutions, but the distribution coefficients of the elements are not high, and the process must be repeated multiple times. In this study di-(2-ethylhexyl)-orthophosphoric acid was used for the extraction of lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, and yttrium from nitric acid solutions. When the concentration of nitric acid increased, distribution coefficient of elements gradually decreased to minimum (in the range of 1 to 5M) then increased backward. However, when the concentration was too high (C > 5M), nitric acid was extracted to the organic phase due to the properties of the phosphoryl group. Moreover, the study of dependence of solvation number of neodymium on the concentrations of nitric acid shows that rare earths in the organic phase can be extracted as Re(HA2)3 (C < 1M) or Re(NO3)3«3HA (C > 5M).

Microwave-assisted extraction of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum—Effect of hydrogen peroxide addition

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of phosphate fertilizer manufacturing which is produced in significant amount. It is one of the promising secondary sources of rare earth elements (REEs). The study investigated microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), and neodymium (Nd) from the PG, obtained from a fertilizer company in Gresik, Indonesia, using hydrochloric acid (HCl). Extraction efficiency increased as acid concentration increased from 0.25 N to 1.0 N, and increased slightly as reaction temperature increased from 100 °C to 150 °C. When using 1.0 N HCl, solid concentration of 20 g/L, 100 °C, and reaction time of 5 min, complete leaching of REEs was achieved, while 87.0 % of P was leached out. The total energy consumption was 3.74×105 kJ/kg, implying the MAE process was very energy-efficient. The addition of 1 or 2 wt% H2O2, however, decreased leaching efficiency of REEs. It was because the MW/H2O2 system produced hydroxyl radical (•OH), which induced the formation of the passivation layer of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) on PG surfaces, and hindered REEs leaching. Simulation results revealed that recovery of P via selective precipitation was not feasible due to the interference of calcium (Ca) in the extractant.

Extraction of Yttrium from Light-Emitting Diode Waste by Alkali Fusion Followed by Acid Leaching

Extraction of Yttrium from Light-Emitting Diode Waste by Alkali Fusion Followed by Acid Leaching

Determination of yttrium in phosphorus powder from fluorescent lamps by microwave-induced optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) after ultrasound-assisted extraction.

In this work, we propose a novel method for yttrium determination by microwave-induced optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES). It is based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of yttrium with a diluted HNO3 solution and was applied to yttrium determination in phosphorus powder from fluorescent lamps. The method was optimized employing a multivariate strategy, based on a Box-Behnken design, taking into account three experimental factors: mass of the sample (25 to 75 mg), sonication time (15 to 165 min) and HNO3 concentration in the extractant solution (2.0 to 6.0 mol L-1). According to the data obtained in the optimization process, only the sonication time and the HNO3 concentration had an influence on the extraction of yttrium from the samples. The data also indicated that yttrium must be strongly linked to the matrix, since its quantitative extraction was only possible when using the maximum values of the two factors. Therefore, under optimized conditions, we could quantitatively extract yttrium from 75 mg of sample using a 6 mol per L HNO3 solution and a sonication time of 165 min. The limits of detection and quantification for the method were 0.4 and 1.2 μg g-1, respectively, and the intermediary precision (three days) was 14%. The concentration of Y in the analyzed samples varied from 5.37 ± 1.82 to 298 ± 31 μg g-1, and recoveries of 91.0 ± 34.6 and 106 ± 23% were obtained in comparison to total digestion. The results obtained by the proposed method were not statistically different (at the 95% confidence level) from those obtained after the total digestion of the samples when applying the Student's t-test.

Biomonitoring of rare earth elements in Southern Norway: Distribution, fractionation, and accumulation patterns in the marine bivalves Mytilus spp. and Tapes spp.

Growing extraction and usage of rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) for medical and industrial applications has resulted in increased discharges into the marine environment. Using Mytilus spp. Mussels and Tapes spp. clams as bioindicator organisms, we analyzed 15 REY in soft tissues of specimens collected at two potentially polluted sites in Southern Norway: in the vicinity of an industry producing gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents (GBCAs) (Lindesnes) and in an industrially-affected fjord (Porsgrunn). The spatial distribution of REY and shale-normalized fractionation patterns were determined to assess the potential anthropogenic contribution of REY at the sites. At both sites, the REY fractionation pattern in soft tissue was characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) over heavy rare earth elements (HREE), while also displaying negative cerium and small positive gadolinium (Gd) anomalies. LREEs contributed to over 80% of the total REY concentrations, with increasing relative enrichment following higher total REY. Gd anomalies remained conserved in most sites despite significant differences in total REY; however, a high Gd anomaly (Gd/Gd* = 4.4) was found downstream of the GBCA industry spillwater outlet, indicating biotic uptake of excess anthropogenic Gd at this site. Total REY concentrations in clams in Porsgrunn were one order of magnitude higher than in mussels in Lindesnes. This may be attributable to freshwater influences in Porsgrunn, where clams collected closer to the river mouth had significantly higher total REY concentrations. This study constitutes the first assessment of REY concentrations in marine bivalves in Norway and can provide useful information for future biomonitoring studies on REY contamination.

Determination of optimum conditions for the extraction and separation of lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and thorium using Taguchi method

Determination of optimum conditions for the extraction and separation of lanthanum, cerium, yttrium and thorium using Taguchi method

Extraction of Yttrium from Carbonate Media Using Mixtures of Aromatic Dihydroxy Compounds and Methyltrioctylammonium Carbonate

Extraction of Yttrium from Carbonate Media Using Mixtures of Aromatic Dihydroxy Compounds and Methyltrioctylammonium Carbonate

Получение концентрата иттрия из коллективного концентрата редкоземельных элементов в карбонатных средах

The paper presents the results of a study of the extraction of rare earth elements of their collective carbonate concentrate in aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate under various conditions. The possibility of selective extraction of yttrium and heavy group lanthanides with the production of 70% rough yttrium concentrate is shown.

Selective micro extraction of rare earth elements and yittrium in rock samples using silica modified with xylenol orange and their determination by ICP-AES

A systematic study on the selective extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) and yttrium onto silica modified with xylenol orange (SMXO) was carried out and a scheme for the pre-concentration and separation of REEs and Y in rock samples is discussed. A simple single step preparation of silica and its modification by xylenol orange in presence of cetyltri-methylammonium bromide is enumerated. Characterisation of prepared adsorbent was carried out by surface area analysis, IR data and SEM data. REEs and Y were adsorbed onto SMXO at pH ≥ 3 and after a contact period of 30 minutes. Adsorbed REEs and Y were eluted from SMXO with 0.5% (w/v) EDTA solution. Aluminium and iron when present above 200 mg/L were interfering in the analysis of REEs. Aluminium interference was eliminated by removing it as sodium aluminate in the fusion stage of rock samples. Interference of Fe3+was avoided by reducing Fe (III) to Fe (II) using hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Separated REEs were determined by ICP-AES. The proposed method is simple, accurate and the precision is characterized by the % RSD ranges from 2.0-5.1% at the determination limit ranging from 0.2-5µg/mL.

Determination of the parameters of thermodynamic stability constants of bromide complexes of rare earth metals for modeling the optimal regimes of hydrometallurgical extraction

Determination of the thermodynamic parameters of complex compounds of rare earth metals in aqueous solutions is of considerable interest for understanding the hydrometallurgical processes associated with the extraction and separation of yttrium and lanthanides from solutions of complex multicomponent composition. The composition of these solutions, as a rule, includes the following anions: SO4 2-, CO3 2-, PO4 3-, F-, which form strong complexes of the inner-sphere type, and anions, which form weak outer-sphere complexes, which primarily include complexes of the metal with halogens Cl-, Br-, I-. By the method of direct potentiometry with the use of a bromide-selective electrode while maintaining the ionic strength constant in the medium of sodium perchlorate, the stability constants (lgK) of the complexes of bromine with cerium, neodymium and samarium at the first stage were determined, the numerical values of which were 0,346; 0,257; 0,387, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the Gibbs energies of formation for the complexes under consideration are calculated. A method is proposed for extrapolating literature or experimental data, which makes it possible to calculate the values of thermodynamic stability constants for the entire series of lanthanides and yttrium. The fundamental possibility of using this method is shown by the example of calculating thermodynamic parameters for bromide complexes of rare-earth metals.

Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquids for the Extraction of Metals Relevant for Urban Mining

This work presents the possibility to use pseudo-protic ionic liquids (PPILs) in the extraction of indium, neodymium, yttrium, and lanthanum from aqueous phases. These metals are relevant for urban mining and can be found in the waste of electrical and electronic equipment. Four different PPILs were used: trihexylammonium octanoate, trioctylammonium myristate, trioctylammonium benzoate, and triocytlammonium cyclohexanoate. All of these four PPILs incorporate a readily available anion, in some cases from natural sources. This can lower the price of the PPIL, thereby generating a possible economic advantage over other ILs. Trihexylammonium octanoate in particular showed high extraction efficiencies for all four metal cations. In general, indium was very well extracted by all four PPILs. Three of the four PPILs can be recycled and reused in subsequent liquid–liquid extractions; only trioctylammonium myristate formed a nonrecyclable emulsion. Recuperation experiments of the metal cations from the PPILs showed that yttrium and neodymium are best recuperated.

A Product Diffusion Model for the Extraction of Cerium and Yttrium from Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Using Citric Acid Solution

The recovery of rare earth elements from coal-related materials, primarily fly ash, has become an emerging topic for the past few years. The availability of fly ash as solid waste from coal combustion and its low radionuclide concentration

Theoretical and experimental comparison of rare earths extraction by [P6,6,6,1,4][Decanoate] bifunctional ionic liquid and D2EHPA acidic extractant

The extraction behavior of two lanthanides (La3+ and Y3+) in the nitric acid solution was studied using a bifunctional ionic liquid, namely Trihexyl-tetradecyl-phosphonium Decanoate ([P6,6,6,1,4] [Decanoate]). On comparative study on D2EHPA as a molecular extractant, the ionic liquid revealed remarkably higher extraction capacity of the total are earth elements. The ionic liquid had a separation factor for La/Y smaller than that of the molecular extractant. A high yttrium extraction with an efficiency of > 99% was observed for both extractants, even in low concentrations. The highest efficiency of D2EHPA (20%) equaled 75.04% in the extraction of lanthanum, while this magnitude was > 99% for lanthanum extraction by the ionic liquid. In this study, the Density Functional Theory (DFT) connected to Born Haber Thermodynamics was used along with the solvent effect, imported by the Conductor-like Screening Model (COSMO), for confirming and interpreting the selectivity results, which were observed in the laboratory during the extraction of lanthanum and yttrium. Calculation of the difference in the energy levels of the molecular orbitals of [P6,6,6,1,4] [Decanoate] in the extraction of the neutral complexes of [La.(NO3)3. (H2O)3] ΔEorbital = 0.16 eV) and [Y.(NO3)3. (H2O)2] (ΔEorbital = 0.17 eV) with the neutral or ion pair exchange has shown that this ionic liquid was more efficient than D2EHPA with a cation exchange mechanism in the extraction of the ionic complexes of these elements.

Extraction and separation of yttrium from other rare earths in chloride medium by phosphorylcarboxylic acids

Two phosphorylcarboxylic acids, 3-((bis(2-ethylhexyloxy))phosphoryl)propanoic acid (PPA) and 3-((bis(2-ethylhexyloxy))phosphoryl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid (PPPA), were synthesized for separating yttrium from other rare earths in the chloride feed of ion-adsorption type rare earth concentrate. The effect of the factors such as pH1/2, temperature, saponification degree and phase modifiers was investigated. The separation efficiencies of PPA and PPPA are obviously better than the typical extractants such as sec-octylphenoxy acetic acid (CA-12) and naphthenic acid (NA). The extraction process of rare earths by PPA and PPPA is a cation exchanging reaction, which is similar to those of CA-12 and NA. The loaded rare earths in both PPA and PPPA systems can be effectively back-extracted by 0.5 mol/L HCl or higher concentration. A cascade extraction process for separating yttrium from other rare earths was developed using PPPA as the extractant. The yttrium product with the purity of 97.20 wt% was obtained by 35 stages of extraction and 12 stages of scrubbing.

Boosting the extraction of rare earth elements from chloride medium by novel carboxylic acid based ionic liquids

Two novel carboxylic acid based ionic liquids (ILs), benzyltributylammonium myristic acetate ([N444Bn][MA]) and benzyltributylammonium dodecanedioic acetate ([N444Bn]2[DDA]), have been rationally designed and successfully synthesized for the extraction of yttrium (denoted as Y(III)) from a chloride aqueous solution and for the separation of mixed rare earth elements (REEs). Comparison studies of the extraction performances of [N444Bn][MA] and [N444Bn]2[DDA] were carefully investigated under different conditions (e.g., equilibrium time, solution acidity, salting-out agent concentration, and REEs concentration). The results indicated that the extraction efficiency of Y(III) reached 87.18% after 2 min using [N444Bn]2[DDA], whereas it required 10 min to reach an extraction efficiency of 47.37% using [N444Bn][MA], mainly due to the larger electronegativity of the incorporated dicarboxylates in the anions of [N444Bn]2[DDA], which enhanced its coordination with Y(III) compared to [N444Bn][MA]. However, [N444Bn][MA] illustrated better selective separation behavior than [N444Bn]2[DDA] in mixed REEs solutions (including La, Nd, Eu, Ho, Yb and Y), and the selective factors of Yb and La were 16.21 and 3.30, respectively. Furthermore, the ion association mechanism, evolved from the slope analysis and FT-IR results, contributed to avoiding the saponification procedures and resultant saponification wastewater during the extraction process. In addition, the back-extraction experiments indicated that ~97% Y(III) can be stripped from [N444Bn]2[DDA] and [N444Bn][MA] using 1.0 M and 0.4 M HCl, respectively, demonstrating that these ILs can be further used in large-scale applications for the separation and recovery of REEs.

Extraction of yttrium

The demand for yttrium and other rare metals in many branches of technology, as well as in the chemical industry, is growing every year. The Republic of Kazakhstan possesses raw material sources of rare earths of the yttrium group. The improvement of technologies for the extraction and processing of rare earths is necessary to meet the needs of the industry for its own raw materials and, therefore, for the development of high-tech industries. To extract yttrium, an extraction method was used in this work. Organic reagents and their mixtures with low-melting organic compounds were tested as extractants. According to the results of the study, a mixture of D2EHPA-HCA(di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and higher carboxylic acids) was chosen as an effective extractant providing the quantitative extraction of yttrium. The extraction patterns of yttrium extraction by this extractant were studied depending on various factors (рН, Vw:Vorg, Сex, CMe, t°C). The yttrium content after extraction was determined in the aqueous phase by the photometric method with the arsenazo I reagent. The content in the organic phase was determined by calculation. In an acidic environment, the yttrium recovery rate was 97,45%. In this case, the optimal conditions for the extraction were as follows: pH = 3.0, the volumetric ratio of the aqueous and organic phases 1:10, the concentration of D2EHPA in the extractant 10%, the initial concentration of yttrium CMe = 10-4M, the temperature of the extraction 40-60°C. The results obtained show the efficiency of yttrium extraction from solutions obtained after dissolving yttrium-containing ores with the extractant D2EHPA-HCA.

Solvent Extraction of Scandium and Yttrium Using Carboxylic Acid

Separation of scandium (Sc) from yttrium (Y) in aqueous chloride media by solvent extraction using Versatic acid 10 was investigated. Conventional slope analysis method revealed the extraction equilibrium formulation of the metals. Sc is more strongly extracted than Y by Versatic acid 10, and the separation factor of the metals is quite high at 1.93 × 104. Complete stripping of Sc from the loaded organic solution of Versatic acid 10 was achieved by 3M HCl solution. Then Versatic acid 10 was applied to solvent impregnated resin (SIR), separation of Sc was progressed via Langmuir adsorption model.

Extraction of lanthanum and yttrium from red mud following elimination of ionic impurities

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of atmospheric pressure agitation leaching method on lanthanum and yttrium extractions from red mud. In order to remove the undesired alkaline ions, the first stage leaching was carried out at pH 3, then, the leach cake was fed to the second stage leaching. At 40% solids ratio, 90.1% La and 91.6% Y extraction was achieved. It was determined that the leaching processes were controlled by a combination of chemical reaction and ash diffusion models. In terms of their dissolution behavior, a strong relationship between La and Y was found with a coefficient ratio of 0.95.

Kinetics Study of Solvent and Solid-Phase Extraction of Rare Earth Metals with Di-2-Ethylhexylphosphoric Acid

The kinetic features of solvent and solid-phase extraction of yttrium and iron (III) from simulated and industrial phosphoric acid solutions are revealed. Di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was used as a liquid extractant, and D2EHPA-containing Levextrel resin—a co-polymerization product of styrene and divinylbenzene in the presence of D2EHPA—was used as a solid-phase extraction agent. Significant dependence of yttrium extraction rate constant on the stirring rate was revealed using the formal first-order kinetic equation. The data obtained characterizes a diffusion-limited process with an activation energy of 16.2 ± 1.3 kJ/mol. Temperature increase during the iron (III) extraction process leads to a changeover of a rate-limiting stage from kinetic to diffusion, accompanied by drop of activation energy from 40.0 ± 1.4 to 11.4 ± 1.2 kJ/mol. Effective separation of elements at the extraction stage is possible at temperatures of 283–300 K under non-equilibrium conditions of the ferric ions transport from aqueous to organic phase. This condition ensures a high yttrium–iron separation coefficient of 23.2 in 1.5–2 min. Extraction kinetics by Levextrel resin are described by Fick’s second law equation, which establishes the laws of diffusion in the solid grain of the organic phase with an activation energy of 18.5 ± 2.0 kJ/mol.

Features of the extraction of yttrium and lanthanum with an intergel systembased on hydrogels of polyacrylic acid and poly-4-vinylpyridine

Features of the extraction of yttrium and lanthanum with an intergel systembased on hydrogels of polyacrylic acid and poly-4-vinylpyridine