Extraction Of Water-soluble Polysaccharides Research Articles

Assessing high-temperature and pressure extraction of bioactive water-soluble polysaccharides from passion fruit mesocarp

The mesocarp (albedo) of passion fruit is considered a waste product but rich in soluble fibers, especially pectins. Biological activity and health benefits of pectins have recently emerged, especially in colorectal cancer and attenuating inflammation. Pectin conventional extraction often uses mineral acids, which can be hazardous to the environment, and alternatives can be costly. Here, we assessed a high-temperature and pressure method to extract pectin from the passion fruit albedo and evaluated the differences from the water-soluble fractions extracted. HPSEC, HPAEC, FTIR-ATR, and HSQC-NMR were performed to identify and confirm the highly methylated homogalacturonan structures. The heat-modified samples showed a decreased molecular size compared to the untreated sample. Colorectal cancer cell lines showed reduced viability after being treated with different doses of modified samples, with two of them, LW-MP3 and 4, showing the most potent effects. All samples were detected inside cells by immunofluorescence assay. It was observed that LW-MP3 and 4 upregulated the p53 protein, indicating cell-cycle arrest and the cleaved caspase-9 in one of the cell lines, with LW-MP4 enhancing cell death by apoptosis. Since the modified samples were composed of hydrolyzed homogalacturonans, those probably were the responsible structures for these anti-cancer effects.

Synergistic mediating effect of edible fungal polysaccharides (Auricularia and Tremellan) and Crataegus flavonoids in hyperlipidemic rats.

Both edible fungal polysaccharides (Auricularia and Tremellan) and Crataegus flavonoids promote the balance of dyslipidemia, which have a positive biological regulating effect on intestinal flora. In this study, the extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from Auricularia and Tremellan was investigated and optimized firstly. Polysaccharides and flavonoids were then combined to study the effects on the mediating role of abnormal blood lipid concentration and intestinal flora in vivo. The rats were divided into 10 groups, the NC (normal control), HM (model), PCI (Simvastatin control), PCII (Fenofibrate control), AAP (Auricularia auricular Polysaccharide), TFP (Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharide), HF (Crataegus Flavonoid), LDC (Low-dose combination), MDC (Medium dose combination), and HDC (High-dose combination), used to explore the impact of polysaccharides and flavonoids complex on state of blood lipid, liver, and intestinal flora of dyslipidemia rats. The results showed that the combination of polysaccharides and flavonoids could significantly decrease the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and increase the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). It also significantly decreased the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and improved liver morphology. What is more, the HDC favorably alters the intestinal microflora balance, promotes intestinal integrity and mobility, and inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli/Shigella and Clostridium compared with HM group. In brief, the combination of polysaccharides and flavonoids had a synergistic effect on the remission of dyslipidemia, and promoted health by improving lipid metabolism, protecting liver tissue, and regulating the intestinal flora in hyperlipidemia rats.

Extraction, Rheological, and Physicochemical Properties of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides with Antioxidant Capacity from Penthorum chinense Pursh.

This study aimed to isolate polysaccharides from Penthorum chinense Pursh and evaluate their rheological characteristics, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity. The optimal conditions for the maximal extraction yield of Penthorum chinense Pursh polysaccharides (4.05 ± 0.12%) were determined by employing a single-factor test and response surface methodology which included an extraction time of 3 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 20 mL/g, and three separate extraction times. The rheological experiments showcased that the P. chinense polysaccharides exhibited typical shear-thinning behavior, with their apparent viscosity being influenced by various parameters such as concentration, pH, temperature, salt content, and freeze-thaw. The purified polysaccharides (PCP-100), having an average molecular weight of 1.46 × 106 Da, mainly consisted of glucose (18.99%), arabinose (22.87%), galactose (26.72%), and galacturonic acid (21.89%). Furthermore, the PCP-100 exhibited high thermal stability and displayed an irregular sheet-like morphology. Its superior reducing power and free radical scavenging ability implied its significant antioxidant activity in vitro. Collectively, these findings provide important insights for the future application of P. chinense polysaccharides in the food industry.

A sequential recovery extraction and biological activity of water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides from the polar red macroalgae Sarcopeltis skottsbergii

Algal biomass is comprised of a variety of biochemical components that make it a viable raw material for use in a variety of applications using a biorefining process. From the residual supernatant generated by high-pressure homogenization for the extraction of the R-phycoerythrin pigment, two soluble polysaccharides (neutral and acid fractions) were obtained. The composition of total carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy, antioxidant capacity (ABTS) and antiproliferative in vitro and in vivo activities were evaluated. The two polysaccharides, which had a relatively high sulfate content, exhibited significant antioxidant activity in superoxide radical assay (ABTS) and high anti-proliferative effects on G-361, U-937, HCT-116 cancer cells. High selectivity index (>3) was observed for the acid extract on G-361 and U-937 cell lines, but a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of 1064sK healthy fibroblast cells was measured too. On the other hand, neutral fraction polysaccharides, with the lowest sulfate content and relatively lower radical scavenging rates, showed scarce antitumor activity, a high selectivity index on G-361 melanoma cancer cells and non-toxicity on healthy cells. This differential behavior was verified by testing toxicity and lethality of both polysaccharide extracts in and in vivo zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test. Following this method, the LC50 of the neutral fraction resulted much higher (1.477 mg mL−1, p ≈ 0.0000) than that of the acid fraction (0.080 mg mL−1, p ≈ 0.0000) at 72 h post-fertilization. During this period, a slight growth delay and/or rare teratogenic effects were also induced by these fractions at concentrations lower than their LC50. Overall, this study indicates that the antitumor, antioxidant and toxicity effects of polysaccharides may be related to the combined effects of sulfate and galactose contents from the residual supernatant bioprocess. The nutraceutical potential of the acid fractions is thus finally discussed.

Novel 4-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-3,6-anhydro-l-galactopyranosyl disaccharide units in a polysaccharide from the red alga Pyrophyllon subtumens

Thalli of the endemic epiphytic New Zealand red seaweed Pyrophyllon subtumens are known to contain a high level of xylose and a notable amount of arabinose but the extracted polysaccharide has not been characterised.The linkage/substitution of individual sugars within the water-soluble polysaccharide extract and various derivatives were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods. No 3-linked sugars nor any d-galactose were found, which excluded agar-, carrageenan- or mixed 3-linked/4-linked β-d-xylan-type polysaccharides found in many other red macroalgae. Instead, the polysaccharide backbone contained predominantly 4-linked β-d-xylopyranosyl, 4-linked 3,6-anhydro-l-galactopyranosyl and 4-linked l-galactopyranosyl units. Some of each type of sugar were sulfated at various positions. Some xylosyl units were substituted at the 2- or 3-position with l-arabinosyl units. The polysaccharide is complex and likely contains a range of structures. However, partial sequencing was successfully used to recover and identify a novel disaccharide 4-O-d-xylopyranosyl-3,6-anhdydro-l-galactopyranose, which indicates a unique →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1 → 4)-3,6-anhydro-l-Galp-(1 → repeat unit in the polysaccharide.

Life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of joint extraction of Eucommia powder, gum, water-soluble polysaccharide and alkali-extractable polysaccharide from Eucommia leaves

The economic feasibility and environmental burdens of a process extracting Eucommia powder, Eucommia gum, water-soluble polysaccharide, and alkali-extractable polysaccharide from Eucommia leaves are evaluated by modeling a 900 kg of Eucommia leaves per day facility. Total capital investment (TCI) and total product cost were separately estimated to be $2.64 million and $7.12 million while an internal facility rate of return (IRR) of 30.0% was calculated. The GWP100a emission for Eucommia powder is 111 kg of CO2eq per kg of Eucommia powder, the CED for Eucommia powder is 2200 MJ per kg of Eucommia powder, and the EI99 for Eucommia powder is 9.15 points per kg of Eucommia powder when using mass-based allocation. The life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results using economic value-based allocation is around 4 times higher than the corresponding LCIA results using mass-based allocation. Therefore, the joint extraction process could be economically attractive but could not be environmentally-friendly.

Optimized extraction of sulfated polysaccharide from brown seaweed Sargassum polycystum and its evaluation for anti-cancer and wound healing potential

• Optimized acidic hot water extraction of WSCSPs. • WSCSPs exhibit antioxidant property. • WSCSPs promote wound healing in RAW 264.7 cells. • WSCSPs is not cytotoxic to normal L6 myoblast cells. • WSCSPs induce death of HeLa cancer cells. In the present study, we optimized the extraction of water-soluble crude sulfated polysaccharide (WSCSP) from Sargassum polycystum and its biological activity was investigated. The WSCSP was extracted from S. polycystum by the acidic water extraction method. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used as a tool for the extraction and evaluated in variable conditions extraction temperature as 60 °C, extraction time duration as 60 min, pH 5.0 and acid hot water: algal ratio 1:50 (g/ml) on these conditions, respectively. The use of acid hot water extraction was efficient to obtain a high WSCSP yield (59.80 ± 2.52%) and further characterization and morphology were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the dynamic light scattering (DLS). WSCSP was shown to possess antioxidant activity, as evident by the DPPH assay. Moreover, WSCSP did not induce any significant cytotoxicity in L6 myoblast normal cell line. WSCSP also triggers wound healing in RAW 264.7 cells. WSCSP also induces significant death of HeLa (cervical cancer) cells, marking its cancer specificity. Hence WSCSP derived from Sargassum polycystum can be used as an anticancer candidate in future.

Anticancer and Antioxidant Activity of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Ganoderma aff. australe against Human Osteosarcoma Cells.

Wild mushrooms have gained great importance for being a source of biologically active compounds. In this work, we evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant activity of a water-soluble crude polysaccharide extract isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Ganoderma aff. australe (GACP). This mushroom was collected in San Mateo (Boyacá, Colombia) and identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characterization. GACP was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The antiradical and antioxidant activity were evaluated by different methods and its anticancer activity was verified in the osteosarcoma MG-63 human cell line. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis indicated that GACP consisted of β-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ and α-D-Glcp-(1→ residues. The results of the biological activity showed that GACP exhibited high antioxidant activity in the different methods and models studied. Moreover, the results showed that GACP impaired cell viability (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay) and cell proliferation (clonogenic assay) in a dose-response manner on MG-63 cells. The findings of this work promote the use of mushroom-derived compounds as anticancer and antioxidant agents for potential use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURE FOR ISOLATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETER-MINATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES FROM DANDELION ROOTS OF MEDICINAL

The roots of the dandelion drug (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg) are rich in chemical composition and contain water-soluble polysaccharides based on inulin. The aim of the study is to select optimal parameters of ultrasonic extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from dandelion roots based on regression analysis. For the experiment, raw materials purchased from one of the pharmacies in the city of Voronezh were used. A sample of raw materials (1.0 g) was placed in an ultrasonic bath "Grad 40-35," which allows maintaining the necessary temperature and frequency of ultrasound with a given duration of time. one-year old, as well as in industrial production of water-soluble polysaccharides from this kind of raw material. Then, 10 (15 or 20) ml of purified water purified from impurities at a temperature of 60 °C to 80 °C was measured with a measuring flask and extracted from 10 to 20 min with a multiplicity of 1 to 3, and after each of the multiple studies, the same raw material was further filtered with a new solvent. The initial conditions and the data obtained during the experiments made it possible to present the regression model in the form of a linear multiple regression equation, which can be used with sufficient accuracy in prediction and analysis. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by testing hypotheses against Pearson's x2 criterion. The correlation coefficient derived from the values of the regression coefficient and the mean square deviation was used in determining the tightness of the overall relationship between the source and the obtained data. In addition, a detailed study of a sample of those variables whose priority was not clearly expressed was carried out by processing when fixing their values. The most important conditions for extraction of dandelion roots for obtaining the most stable performance should be considered: extraction temperature – 80 °C; extraction multiplicity – 3, ultrasound frequency – 35 kHz, extraction time – 40 min, ratio of raw material and extractant – 1 g per 10 ml, at the same time, grinding of raw material can vary from 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm.

Using regression analysis to optimise conditions for water-soluble polysaccharide extraction from sunflower

Common sunflower roots, often a by-product of the agriculture industry, comprise important raw materials for food and pharmaceutical uses. The purpose of this study was to detect the optimal parameters of ultrasonic extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from roots of common sunflowers. We varied the grinding of raw materials, the temperature of the extractant, the multiplicity and duration of extraction, the ratio of raw materials to extractant, and the ultrasonic frequency in the bath "Grad 40-35". The data obtained during the experiments made it possible to develop a linear multivariate regression model with sufficient accuracy for forecasting and analysis. The adequacy of the model was confirmed using Pearson's χ2-criterion. For determination of the strength of the general relationship between the predicted and observed data values, the correlation coefficient was used. Findings reveal that the most important conditions for the extraction of annual sunflower roots to obtain the maximum yield were: extraction temperature equal to 80 °C; extraction multiplicity equal to 3; ultrasound frequency equal to 35 kHz; grinding of raw materials into particles measuring between 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, extraction time of 15 to 20 minutes and the ratio of raw materials to extractant ranging from 1 g per 10 ml to 1 g per 15 ml.

Regression Analysis in Development of Method for Isolation and Quantitative Determination of Water-soluble Polysaccharides from Sunflower Roots of One-year-old

Introduction. The roots of one-year-old sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) are mainly wastes of agricultural enterprises when cultivating this crop. At the same time, they differ in a rich chemical composition and contain water-soluble polysaccharides, the base of which is inulin.Aim. The aim of this study is to select optimal parameters of ultrasonic extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from sunflower roots of oneyear old based on regression analysis.Materials and methods. For the experiment, raw materials purchased from one of the pharmacies in the city of Voronezh were used. A sample of raw materials (1.0 grams) was placed in an ultrasonic bath Grad 40-35, which allows maintaining the necessary temperature and frequency of ultrasound with a given duration of time. Then, 10 (15 or 20) ml of purified water purified from impurities at a temperature of 60 °C to 80 °C was measured with a measuring flask and extracted from 10 to 20 minutes with a multiplicity of 1 to 3, and after each of the multiple studies, the same raw material was further filtered with a new solvent.Results and discussion. The initial conditions and the data obtained during the experiments made it possible to present the regression model in the form of a linear multiple regression equation, which can be used with sufficient accuracy in prediction and analysis. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by testing hypotheses against Pearson's χ2 criterion. The correlation coefficient derived from the values of the regression coefficient and the mean square deviation was used in determining the tightness of the overall relationship between the source and the obtained data. In addition, a detailed study of a sample of those variables whose priority was not clearly expressed was carried out by processing when fixing their values.Conclusion. The most important conditions for extraction of the roots of sunflower of a one-year old should be considered: extraction temperature equal to 80 °C; extraction multiplicity equal to 3; an ultrasound frequency of 35 kHz; Note here that raw material grinding can vary from 0.5 mm to 2 mm, extraction time can range from 15 min to 20 min, ratio of raw material and extractant can vary from 1 g per 10 ml to 1 g per 15 ml.

Intensification of Polysaccharides Extraction from Plant Raw Materials under the Influence of Electric Current

The article presents the results of the studies of the intensification of the processes of extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from plant raw materials – medicinal hyssop (Hyssopus officialis L.) under the action of an electric current. The effect of direct, alternating, and pulsed electric currents on the degree of polysaccharides extraction was studied in comparison with the traditional pharmacopoeiсal method. It is shown that the energy consumption for the extraction process, intensified by a pulsed electric current, is significantly lower compared to extraction by convection heating. At the same time, the use of electric current makes it possible to reduce the limiting processing temperature from 70 °С to 40 °C, this will allow in the future to obtain not only aqueous, but also aqueous-alcoholic and alcoholic extracts, and, consequently, to extract biologically active non-soluble in water substances.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from the Fruit of Acanthopanaxbrachypus: Physicochemical, Structural and Functional Properties.

The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters of total water-soluble polysaccharides (TABPs) from Acanthopanaxbrachypus fruit were optimized by Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of TABPs were investigated by chemical analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), emulsion capacity (EC), emulsion stability (ES), as well as DPPH. and ABTS.+ scavenging assays. The results showed that the maximal UAE-yield of TABPs was 3.81±0.18 % under the optimal conditions (ultrasonic power 325 W, extraction temperature 47 °C, extraction time 22 min). TABPs was rich in some beneficial element (Mg, K, Fe, Zn and Na) but little in harmful elements (Hg, Cd, As and Pb), and displayed rough surface with flake-like features and large dents, contained 93.89±0.08 % of total carbohydrate with more different monosaccharides including glucose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, xylose, and uronic acid in a molar ratio of 8.83 : 7.90 : 4.74 : 4.55 : 2.80 : 2.39 : 1.00, respectively. TABPs exhibited broad weight distribution (11.2-133.5 kDa), excellent thermal stability (>280 °C), WHC (0.61±0.08 g water/g sample) and OHC (4.53±0.12 g oil/g sample), as well as higher EC (43.75±1.23 %) and ES (38.32±1.50 %). Furthermore, TABPs also displayed remarkable scavenging activities on DPPH. and ABTS.+ in vitro. These findings provide a scientific basis for the applications of TABPs in functional additives for food, medicine, and cosmetics.

Utilization of ultrasound and pulse electric field for the extraction of water-soluble non-starch polysaccharide from taro (Colocasia esculenta) peel

This study investigated the effects of different extraction methods (i.e. conventional (CE), ultrasound-assisted (UAE), and pulse electric field-assisted (PEFAE)) on the yield and physico-chemical properties of the water-soluble non-starch polysaccharide (WS-NSP) from taro peel (Tp). The use of UAE resulted in a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher yield (3.65 g/100 g) than PEFAE (2.25 g/100 g) and CE (2.10 g/100 g). Tp-WS-NSP-UAE and Tp-WS-NSP-PEFAE had fewer impurities indicated by the lower amount of ash (UAE: 0.41; PEFAE: 0.20 g/100 g) and protein (UAE: 0.55; PEFAE: 0.42 g/100 g), had lighter color (UAE: L = 39.13; PEFAE: L = 34.72), and higher degradation temperatures (UAE: 252.68; PEFAE: 251.75 °C) than Tp-WS-NSP-CE (ash: 0.47; protein: 1.23 g/100 g; L = 34.18; < 250 °C). All Tp-WS-NSP samples contained the sugars arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose, had comparable functional groups in their FTIR spectra, were amorphous, and exhibited shear-thinning behavior (n < 1).

Extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from kidney beans and examination of their protein dispersion and stabilization properties under acidic conditions

The extraction conditions of kidney bean water-soluble polysaccharides (SKPSs) from kidney bean fibers were examined. The factors such as temperature, pH, and time were combined to derive the conditions for obtaining high yields of high molecular mass polysaccharides. The optimal extraction temperature, time, and pH were 120 °C, 30 min, and 9, respectively. Under these conditions, the yield of SKPS (SKPS9) obtained was as high as 26.4%. The weight average molecular mass of SKPS9 measured using size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multi-angle laser light scattering detector was 2,530 kg/mole. The main constituent sugars of SKPS9 were arabinose (67.2%) and galacturonic acid (15.6%). SKPS9 carbohydrate molecules observed using a scanning probe microscope showed the mixed structures of a multi-branched structure, whose sugar chains extended outward from the center to the periphery of the molecule, and a little-branched straight chain structure. SKPS9 had protein dispersing and stabilizing properties under acidic conditions. In the acidified milk system containing 3% non-fat milk solids, 0.4% SKPS9 was able to maintain a mono-modal distribution of fine protein particles in pH level ranging from 3.8 to 4.4. This work suggests the potential for the creation of a value added ingredient from kidney bean.

Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L.

Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. Asphodelus L. is a genus comprising various herbaceous species, known by the trivial name Asphodelus. These plants have been known since antiquity for both food and therapeutic uses, especially for treating several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Although extensive literature has been published on these constituents, a paucity of information has been reported regarding the carbohydrate composition, such as fructans and fructan-like derivatives. The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides is commonly performed using water extraction, at times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds. Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. A polysaccharide was isolated by alkaline extraction; the HPTLC study to determine its composition showed fructose as the main monosaccharide. FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7–8.

New freeze-thaw method for improved extraction of water-soluble non-starch polysaccharide from taro (Colocasia esculenta): Optimization and comprehensive characterization of physico-chemical and structural properties

This study investigated the effects of an improved extraction method that utilized freeze-thaw, termed improved conventional extraction (ICE), on the yield and properties of the water-soluble non-starch polysaccharide of taro (Tc-WS-NSP) and compared this method to the conventional extraction (CE) method. The freeze-thaw condition was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on yield. The use of the ICE method resulted in a 227.8% increase in yield of Tc-WS-NSP compared to the CE method. The Tc-WS-NSP-ICE had higher purity, lighter color, larger particle size, and higherζ-potential than Tc-WS-NSP-CE. Both of the samples contain the sugar arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose and exhibited comparative FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectra. The Tc-WS-NSP-ICE had a semi-crystalline structure resulting in higher thermal stability and had a higher consistency index than Tc-WS-NSP-CE. Overall, the use of the ICE method provided a simple, efficient, and green alternative to CE for the extraction of Tc-WS-NSP.

Extraction, structural elucidation and immunostimulating properties of water-soluble polysaccharides from wheat bran.

A water-soluble polysaccharide was extracted from wheat bran (WBP) and investigate their structural characteristics and immunostimulatory activities. The chemical composition of WBP and purified fraction (WBP-F) mainly consists of neutral sugars (91.2±1.2 and 98.7±1.2%), proteins (8.6±0.3 and 0.2±0.1%) and uronic acids (0.7±0.1 and 0.6±0.1%). The molecular weight (Mw ) of WBP and WBP-F was calculated as 911.7 and 510.2×103 g/mol, respectively. The WBP-F stimulates the RAW264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide and various cytokines. The treatment of WBP-F facilitated the phosphorylation of P38, JNK, ERK, and NF-ƘB in RAW264.7 cells suggesting that they might stimulate RAW264.7 cells through the activation of NF-ƙB and MAPKs pathways. Furthermore, the structural details of WBP-F were studied by GC-MS and NMR spectrum, which confirms that the main backbone consists of 4-α-D-linked glucopyranosyl residues with branching points at C-6. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Wheat bran is a potential source of health-promoting compounds. It has been reported that polysaccharides of wheat bran containing numerous beneficial activities. In this study, the wheat bran polysaccharide was extracted, fractionated and investigated their immunostimulatory activities. The results found in this study revealed that the purified polysaccharide from wheat bran potentially enhanced the RAW264.7 cells activation. Hence, these polysaccharides could be utilized as a potent immunity-enhancing agent in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Acanthus ilicifolius

In the present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from the Acanthus ilicifolius was optimized by using one-factor-at-a-time and Box–Behnken designs. A maximum polysaccharide yield of 2.46% was obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power of 150 W, temperature of 53 °C, extraction time of 50 min, and liquid to solid ratio of 35 mL/g. Results of UV, FTIR and molecular weights indicated that there were significant differences in structures of polysaccharides extracted with ultrasound assistance (UAE-ACI) and hot-water extraction (HWE-ACI) including monosaccharide compositions and ratios, and molecular weight distributions. Further analysis showed that UAE-ACI had a higher antioxidant activity in vitro than that of HWE-ACI possibly due to lower molecular weight and higher content of phenolics and protein fractions.

Extraction and chemical characterization of novel water-soluble polysaccharides from two palm species and their antioxidant and antitumor activities

ABSTRACT Two crude heteropolysaccharides were isolated from fruits of Caryota mitis and Chamaerops humilis in percentages of 2.65 and 3.89, respectively. In the case of Caryota mitis (CM) polysaccharide, it consisted of galactose, glucose and mannose as the predominant monosaccharides. While mannose, galactose and arabinose were respectively the predominant monosaccharides in the structure of Chamaerops humilis (CH) crude polysaccharide. Sixteen common amino acids were recognized to be components of the protein-bound polysaccharides of CM and CH. The major amino acid in CM and CH polysaccharides was tyrosine (1.091ng/g) and arginine (0.684 ng/g), respectively. Antioxidant activities of tested polysaccharides were examined by measuring its scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing activity power assay. In a concentration of 1 mg/ml, CM and CH polysaccharides recorded FRAP values of 0.56 and 0.44 µmol Fe++/g, respectively. The scavenging activity of CM sample was higher (IC50, 422.11 µg/ml) than that of CH polysaccharide (IC50, 630.0 µg/ml). Also, the antitumor activity of CM and CH polysaccharides was investigated using HepG2 and MCF-7 human cell lines. The polysaccharide of Caryota mitis had a higher antitumor activity than that of CHPs; it had IC50 values of 13.6 and 46.4 µg/ml in HepG2 and MCF-7 assays, respectively.