Extraction Of Virgin Coconut Oil Research Articles

Standardisation of Centrifugation Method for Virgin Coconut Oil Production and Comparison of Quality Parameters of the Recovered Oil

Virgin coconut oil is a finest edible oil having immense health benefits. Several methods are adopted for the extraction of virgin coconut oil. This experiment aims to provide a cost-effective and efficient method for small-scale production of high-quality virgin coconut oil. The objective of this study was standardisation of centrifugation method for virgin coconut oil production. Mature coconuts from West Coast Tall variety were collected and coconut milk was taken out by using coconut gratings with equal quantity of water and coconut water and two fold of water. The coconut milk was then chilled for 10 hours at 5-70C, followed by centrifugation at different revolutions per minute (rpm) and time. The colour, odour, taste, moisture content, free fatty acid content and total phenolic content of the resulting virgin coconut oil were assessed. The study revealed that the optimal conditions for maximum virgin coconut oil yield (28.087 percent) involve extracting coconut milk from coconut gratings with equal quantity of coconut water followed by chilling for 10 hours at 5-7ᵒC, centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 15 minutes and subsequently drying at 50°C.

Test of the Effectiveness of Giving Salmon DNA Serum with Virgin Coconut Oil Extract on the Growth of Skin Tissue from Cut Scars on the Skin of Female Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

Various treatments can cure pockmarks. First, you have to know the cause of the pockmarks and the strength of the pockmarked skin, making it easier to choose the treatment, one of which is dermapen, which uses plasma from platelets. Test and compare the effectiveness of the derma pen action using platelet plasma with the derma pen action on the pockmarked skin surface of female Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus). This research is a laboratory experiment to compare the effectiveness of the dermapen action using plasma from platelets with the dermapen action on the pockmarked skin surface of female Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) using a post-test with control group design or control samples based on treatment groups to analyze the dermapen action using plasma from platelets with dermapenic action on the surface of rat skin pockmarks. The results showed that the dermapen treatment group with plasma from platelets at a dose of 10% was more effective in healing cut wounds in white mice than the dermapen treatment group using plasma from platelets at doses of 2.5% and 5%. This is because, at a concentration of 10%, blood plasma metabolite compounds from platelets that are applied to wounds already affect the wound. The effect only inhibits microorganisms at small doses, making it less effective in healing wounds. It is recommended that the minimum dose be 10% so that the metabolite compounds in the plasma from platelets have a healing effect on wounds.

Unlocking a nutritional treasure: health benefits and sustainable applications of spent coconut meal

This paper investigates the previously overlooked potential of spent coconut meal, a byproduct resulting from the extraction of virgin coconut oil with a residual oil content of 25–54%.

Effectiveness of Ginger and Virgin Coconut Oil on the Cure of Otomycosis in Infected Chicken of Aspergillus sp.

Background: Otomycosis refers to a subacute or prolonged fungal infection occurring in the outer ear canal, leading to inflammation. Ginger has been known as its antifungal agents which comprises powerful bioactive elements such as phenolic compounds and terpenes. The antimicrobial effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) stems from the presence of monolaurin, a derivative of lauric acid, which operates by compromising the lipid constituents of microorganisms’ cell membranes. Methods: This experimental animal study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ginger extract and VCO in cases of otomycosis. We used chickens aged 2–3 years that divided into 5 groups. Group 1 as the positive control group was given ointment (imidazole), Group 2 was given 2% ginger extract, Group 3 was given 2% VCO extract, Group 4 was given a combination of ginger extract and 2% VCO, and Group 5 was the negative control group which was not given any treatment. Results: We found statistically significant difference result in hyphae growth inhibition of sample which given ginger extract compared to positive and negative control with P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively. Furthermore, VCO treatment also showed a significant difference compared to negative and positive controls with both P < 0.0001. Nonetheless, combination of ginger extract and VCO treatment achieved the best result to inhibit fungal development. Conclusion: A combination of ginger extract and VCO at a concentration of 2% demonstrates greater potency in restraining the growth of Aspergillus flavus, which is responsible for causing otomycosis in chickens, compared to using either extract alone.

Commercial Probiotic Drink and Sumbawa Horse Milk as Lactic Acid Bacteria Source for Virgin Coconut Oil Extraction

<p><strong>Virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be produced without heat, without any alteration, requires minimal investments and energy during production, and has been reported to have many health benefits. We produced VCO with the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) sources with combined method of chilling-thawing and fermentation. The LAB sources used were Sumbawa horse milk (SKL) and commercial probiotic milk (SPK). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) using both LAB sources which were added to coconut milk, respectively 10 ml, 12.5 ml and 15 ml and compared with control or no treatment. LAB were also isolated from <em>blondo </em>and VCO using LAB specific medium, MRSA. The extracted VCO has the characteristics of clear color with a distinctive coconut smell and long shelf-life. Three LAB isolates were obtained, VCO1-3. VCO1 was found in all samples, with colony morphology of circular and entire margin, convex surface, small in size, and white in color. SKL10, SKL15 and SPK10 showed significant difference to the control, with VCO yield of 31.49-33.05 %, significantly higher than that of without LAB treatment. Both LAB sources of single (SPK) and mixed inoculums (SKL) showed higher yields, indicated their potential as starter for VCO extraction.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> - <em>Virgin Coconut Oil, VCO, Chilling-Thawing Extraction, Fermentation Extraction, Cold Pressed Oil, Lactic Acid Bacteria</em>.</p>

Design Consideration and Performance Evaluation of a Coconut Oil Extracting Machine

Abstract: Extraction of virgin coconut oil from coconut kernel is a major influential step for their commercialization. There are many extraction processes among which cold and hot extraction are conventional extraction processes. This paper focused on the design, construction and testing of a coconut extractor using fresh-dry process based on the low pressure oil extraction method production of virgin coconut oil to reduce the settling time of oil. Additionally, tests carried out on the machine were the oil quality test, yield comparison with conventional oil extractors and user experience. The drying motor of 1500hp was used for grinding and a 12V Dc motor converted to an AC drive was used for conveying to the extraction chamber. A heating element of 3KW was incorporated in the extraction chamber which was properly lagged to avoid heat losses. Results obtained showed that it takes 800 seconds of heating time at 70oC to actually extract oil from dried coconut under different parameter such as drying temperature, extraction time and moisture content. The production efficiency of machine was calculated to 69.5% and the machine performance was certified good. Oil quality was recorded at 0.46% free fatty acid. The designed extractor yielded approximately 20.7% of oil against 14.1% as recorded from traditional methods. User experience was rated an average of 8.47 on a maximum scale of 10 with ratings obtained from experts (7.5) experienced users (8.7) and non- experienced users (9.2). The production machine is novel for easier, safer and more economical extraction of virgin coconut oil over the traditional and conventional methods.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of virgin coconut oil from solid waste coconut

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of virgin coconut oil from solid waste coconut

Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil from Dehydrated Coconut Meat using Mechanical Screw Press

Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil from Dehydrated Coconut Meat using Mechanical Screw Press

Kinetics of microwave-assisted extraction of virgin coconut oil from solid coconut waste

Solid coconut waste (SCW) is a by-product of coconut milk production which still contains virgin coconut oil (VCO). This waste usually is thrown away or left in fields. This study aims to optimize the effects of Microwave power (80–400 W), irradiation time (1–4 minutes), and solvent to feed ratio (SF) (10–30 ml/g) on the extraction of VCO from SCW using microwave-assisted extraction. The optimized conditions were microwave power: 160 W, Irradiation time: 2.5 minutes, and SF: 30 ml/g (15.93% yield). After the extraction, the characteristics of the oil such as matters volatile at 105 °C (0.193%), Free Fatty Acid (FFA) (1.38%), peroxide value (undetectable), insoluble impurities (0.0015%), saponification value (258 mg/g), iodine value (7.60), specific gravity at 30 °C (0.918), and total plate count (0 CFU/ml) were determined. The second-order kinetic model described the extraction the best (R2 adj = 0.9994). This method proves to be more efficient than the conventional virgin coconut oil extraction method.

Papain Enzyme Assisted Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil as Candidate In-House Reference Material

This study concerns papain enzyme assisted synthesis of virgin coconut oil (VCO) as a candidate in-house reference material. The study was conducted to obtain optimization of the VCO preparation with green processes as the standardized product which high stability and homogeneity. The method is expected to produce the candidate of in-house reference material to ensure the standards and quality of the VCO product. Based on the results of this study, the preparation of VCO was carried out using the papain. An optimum yield of 24.30%. was achieved under the following conditions: enzyme to coconut milk with a mass ratio of 0.6 g/L, under 500 mL water/g of coconut powder, at the temperature of 70 °C by five stages of extraction. The physicochemical properties as well as organoleptic feature of VCO which consist water content, peroxide number, free fatty acids, and iodine numbers are fit with the standard. The parameters exhibited the homogeneity and stability which be able recommended as candidate in-house reference material and have potentially as antibacterial agent. Antibacterial activity test showed that VCO has potential against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as shown by the inhibition zone in the testing.

The Effect of Back Rolling Massage Method with Virgin Coconut Oil Extract Towards Breastmilk Production on Post Partum Mother in Pangkalpinang City, Indonesia

A quasi-experimental study with static-group comparison was done between (insert the interval of study) to identify the effect of back rolling massage with green coconut oil extract towards breastmilk production on postpartum mothers. The intervention group was the mothers that were given back rolling massage with virgin coconut oil (VCO). The control group was postpartum mothers that were given back rolling massage without green coconut oil extract. The 24 samples that were used for this study consisted of 2 sample groups; 12 samples in the intervention group and 12 samples in the control group. The average breastmilk production of the group with VCO extract in day 4 is 46.9 mL while the group without VCO extract is 42.9 mL until it shows no significant difference towards breastmilk production on day 4 with p-value = 0.794. On day 7 shows that the VCO extract group has breastmilk production 87.3 mL compared to the group without VCO only 49.2 mL until there is a significant difference with p-value = 0.046. The antioxidant analysis shows that VCO extract contained alkaloids and saponin. Back rolling massage with green coconut oil extract is effective in increasing breastmilk production at day 7.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Alkaloid and Saponim in VCO can give benefits if applied as topical oil for therapy of back rolling massage
 Breast milk production increased significantly in respondents who were massaged using VCO compared to non-VCO
 Back rolling massage with green coconut oil extract is effective in increasing breastmilk production at day 7

Effect of temperature on thermal denaturation of skimmed coconut milk to produce a new product, coconut water

This study investigated the effect of temperature on the thermal denaturation of skimmed coconut milk which is the residue of the virgin coconut oil extraction industry to produce a new product, coconut meat water. Skimmed coconut milk is a waste product that is expensive to dispose. The thermal denaturation of protein was applied to skimmed coconut milk to obtain coconut meat water and protein sludge. The optimum conditions were at 100°C for 10 min which had a significant effect on the amount of protein sediment. The separated coconut meat water was sterilized and stored which were analyzed the properties. The results indicated that the color (L* and a* values) decreased over time. The pH and total soluble solids content were 6.19–6.29 and 5.0–5.1°Brix, respectively. No microorganisms were detected. The nutrients identified included potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Consumer sensory testing using a 9-point hedonic scale indicated the product was in the range of 6.45–6.92 which was acceptable. Practical applications The study focused on the utilization of skimmed coconut milk (a residue of the virgin coconut oil extraction industry) to produce a new product. The developed sterilized coconut meat water has high nutritional value, good sensory quality, and low raw material cost. The technology to produce this product is simple and accessible to small-scale manufacturers. The sterilized coconut meat water could be used as a valuable new beverage product with a taste similar to commercial coconut water.

EKSTRAKSI MINYAK KELAPA MURNI DENGAN METODE PENGADUKAN DAN COLD PRESSED

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) was prepared by stirring and cold-pressed methods. This research aimed to study the effectiveness of both methods on VCO extraction. The first method was carried out by high-speed stirring to broke the coconut milk emulsion, and the second method was using the freezing and thawing technique. The physical appearance of VCO from both ways was clear, with a specific odor and taste of fresh coconut oil. The density of the VCO obtained by the stirring and cold-pressed method was 936 kg/m3 and 933 kg/m3, respectively. Physicochemical characterization shows that the cold-pressed process produces better properties of VCO.

Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel dan Lama Maserasi terhadap Karakteristik Ekstrak Virgin Coconut Oil Wortel (Daucus carota L.) sebagai Pewarna Alami

Carrots are vegetable plants that contain ?-carotene, carotenoids, and vitamin A which can be extracted with organic (non-polar) solvents. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a non-polar solute suitable for dissolving natural dyes and has a dielectric constant of 2.82 × 10-18, so that VCO can be used as a solvent in carotenoid extraction in carrots. The purpose of this study were to determine the effect of particle size and maceration duration on the characteristics of carrot VCO extract as a natural dye and obtain the best particle size and maceration time to obtain carrot VCO extract as a natural dye. This experiment was designed using a Randomized Block Design with two factors. The first factor is the particle size which consists of 3 levels, namely: P1 (40 mesh), P2 (60 mesh), and P3 (80 mesh). The second factor is maceration time which consists of 3 levels, namely: W1 (4 hours), W2 (6 hours), and W3 (8 hours). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with Tukey test. The results showed that particle size and maceration time a very significant effect on yield, total carotenoids, total ?-carotene levels, brightness level (L*), redness level (a*) and yellowish level (b*). Treatment particle size 80 mesh and maceration duration of 6 hours was the best treatment to extract carrot VCO with yield characteristics of 0.77 percent, total carotenoids 2425.9 (mg/L), total ?-carotene levels 123.39 (mg/L), brightness level (L *) 34.77, redness level (a *) 14.67, and yellowish level (b *) 25.84.
 Keywords : VCO, carrot, extraction, particle size, time maceration.

Enzymatic and Mechanical Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil

AbstractThe effect of different processing methods namely enzymatic method using crude protease extract (CPE) from overripe pineapple, microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) methods on the recovery yield of virgin coconut oil (VCO) is evaluated. The physicochemical properties of VCOs namely color, iodine value (IV), refractive index, saponification value, moisture content, free fatty acid, p‐anisidine value, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, melting and crystallization profile are compared. The total phenolic compounds and scavenging activity of the extracted VCOs are also examined. Results reveal that enzymatic approach exhibits the highest VCO yield (77.7% ± 0.38) at 50 °C for 2 h, followed by MAE (58.6%±0.07), control without enzyme (24.1%±0.19) and UAE (24.1%±0.12). The physicochemical properties of the VCOs extracted are found to conform to APCC standards established except IV. The antioxidant activity of VCO extracted with CPE shows no significant difference with MAE and UAE methods (p > 0.05). Lauric acid appears to be the most abundant fatty acid detected in all VCO samples. Similar exotherms and endotherms are observed in both melting and crystallization profiles with two distinct peaks exhibited. The TAG compositions of the extracted VCOs are mainly LaLaLa, LaLaM, CLaLa, CCLa, and LaMM (C = Capric acid; La = Lauric acid; M = Myristic acid).Practical Applications: The results obtained from this study indicate that VCO extraction using CPE from overripe pineapple is feasible. The enzymatic extraction protocol presented here would be useful for VCO production at industrial scale with a promising oil yield.

Correlation between Antioxidant Activity and the Garcinol Content Released from Fruit Rinds of Endemic Garcinia quaesita Pierre on Different Cooking Conditions

The antioxidant activity of garcinol has been identified as the basis for various bioactivities in it, and the genus Garcinia is the main source for the garcinol. G. quaesita, which is endemic to Sri Lanka, is a representative member of genus Garcinia, and the dried fruit rind of G. quaesita is used practically in all curry preparations to impart a sour flavor. In our study, garcinol was isolated (yield: 3.67%) from the dried fruit rind of G. quaesita, for the first time. Further, how cooking conditions enable the ingestion of garcinol during the consumption of curries was also examined. The garcinol content released in different cooking conditions was positively correlated with the antioxidant activity in vitro. The results revealed that boiling virgin coconut oil extract of G. quaesita, simulating the common practice of oil frying during cooking, is the best method for obtaining the highest amount of garcinol into the curry medium.

Accelerate of virgin coconut oil extraction using acidification methods in solar heater

The duration of the VCO oil extraction process affects quality. The centrifugation method produces high VCO quality but requires expensive in investment and operational costs. The acidification method with solar heat was produced VCO, but it took quite a long time (8-12 hours) with the success rate depending on the weather. This study aims to increase the success rate of acidification with a solar heat method through the use of solar heater. It also compares it with the standard of coconut oil quality requirements in SNI 01-2902-2001. The study was conducted in Malonas Village in 2016 involving 15 women farmers. The VCO was analyzed at the BB Pascapanen Laboratory, Bogor. The acidification/chemistry method of VCO was tested in a solar heater and without it. The incubation process is carried out by observing the temperature, yield and drying time. VCO was tested for the percentage content of free fatty acids (FFA), yield, visual and aroma test. The result was decreased in processing time in separation coconut milk to oil, water, and blondo from 8.30 hours ± 0.51 (without solar heater) to 3.45 hours ± 0.16. Oil yield increased by 0.9% and the FFA level was below SNI standard and APCC.

Use of Protease from Seabass Pyloric Caeca in Combination with Repeated Freeze–Thawing Cycles Increases the Production Efficiency of Virgin Coconut Oil

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is separated from coconut milk using partially purified protease from seabass pyloric caeca (PPSP) in combination with different treatments including micro‐fluidization, chill–thawing, and freeze–thawing. The lowest VCO yield is obtained for coconut milk homogenized at 4000 psi, followed by hydrolysis using PPSP at the level of 5 units g−1 proteins. Conversely, the higher VCO yield is obtained from non‐homogenized and unhydrolyzed coconut milk (p < 0.05). Coconut milk hydrolyzed by PPSP at 10 units g−1 protein, followed by freeze–thawing shows the highest yield among all the samples (p < 0.05). VCO yield increases as chill–thawing cycles of hydrolyzed coconut milk increases up to 5 cycles (p < 0.05). A similar trend is found in sample subjected to hydrolysis, followed by freeze–thawing. Hydrolysis by PPSP, followed by freeze–thawing of 5 cycles, yields the highest yield of VCO (98.6%). No marked difference is observed in fatty acid profile, moisture content, free fatty acid content, and oxidative stability of all VCO obtained, regardless of subsequent chill–thawing and freeze–thawing applied. All VCO samples are in the range of APCC standards. Thus, combined treatment including hydrolysis using PPSP followed by freeze–thawing (5 cycles) is a powerful method for extraction of VCO, in which high yield and prime quality could be gained.Practical Applications: In VCO production, the cost of commercial enzyme and yield of VCO are of major concern. Therefore, a cheap source of proteases, particularly fish processing byproducts, can be a promising alternative for VCO production. Additionally, a combined method, especially enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut milk followed by freeze–thawing, can be a practical process to obtain VCO with increased yield. The information on combined methods can be of benefit in manufacturing VCO with reduced cost and high yield.The use of protease from seabass pyloric caeca in combination with repeated freeze‐thawing cycles increases the production efficiency of virgin coconut oil.

Virgin coconut oil extract mitigates testicular-induced toxicity of alcohol use in antiretroviral therapy.

The consumption of alcohol by people living with HIV/AIDS is associated with a graver prognosis. Long-term use of antiretrovirals may have certain health challenges that may be aggravated by concomitant alcohol use. This study investigated virgin coconut oil (VCO) as an adjuvant to the deleterious effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and alcohol on the cyto-architecture and functioning of the testis. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 165~176g, were divided into eight groups and treated according to protocol. Testicular histology, stereological parameters, seminal fluid, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, the antioxidants marker malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were examined. The use of ethanol alone and ethanol + HAART showed extensive degeneration in the seminiferous epithelium, decreased semen quality, disorganized basement membrane and widened, hypocellular interstitium. GSH was significantly decreased in the ethanol alone treated group with no significant effect on testosterone, LH, and MDA levels. Adjuvant treatment with VCO at low dose (2.5mL/kg/bw) improved sperm motility with a partial restoration of the histopathological alterations. High doses of VCO (5.0mL/kg/bw) showed greater improvement with respect to sperm counts, increased FSH hormonal and GSH antioxidant levels, and a well-preserved testicular cyto-architecture.

Extraction of virgin coconut oil from the Testa free Albuminous endosperm through yeast mediated aqueous fermentation system: Fourier transform-Infrared Spectra (FT- IR)

Extraction of virgin coconut oil from the Testa free Albuminous endosperm through yeast mediated aqueous fermentation system: Fourier transform-Infrared Spectra (FT- IR)