Sulfate Extraction Research Articles

Identification and Purification of Cholera Like Toxin from Environmental Isolate of Vibrio cholerae

The presence and prevalence of V. cholerae were investigated in forty five water samples collected from different locations of Tiger River/ Baghdad city. Twenty one isolates were isolated by adopting a simple isolation techniques. The final identification revealed that only three isolates were confirmed as V. cholerae. They were named 1J, 1R and Dial 131 which are all serogrouped as non-O1. Toxin Coregulated Pili (TCP) and heat labile enterotoxin (LT) were determined in only the environmental isolate 1J while non of the isolates produced heat stabile toxin (ST). The purification scheme was improved, few steps were adopted to include back extraction of ammonium sulfate, saturation between 80-20%, desalting through Sephadex G25, and gel filtration using Sephadex G100 which highly increase the specific activity.

A-046 Quantification of Corticosteroids and Androgens in Serum, utilizing Waters MassTrak™ Steroid Serum Sets 2 & Sets 3 for Clinical Research

Abstract Background Steroid hormones encompass a large class of small molecules that play a central role in metabolic processes, such as the regulation of sexual characteristics, blood pressure, and inflammation. Enzymes that form part of the steroid biosynthetic pathway are pivotal in these metabolic processes, and their dysfunction can be examined through the correct measurement of steroid hormones in a clinical research setting. The availability of lyophilized calibrators and QCs reduces sample preparation time, aids in method harmonization, and assists with metrological traceability in accordance with ISO15189:2022, when used alongside an analytically selective chromatographic method. Methods A quantitative clinical research method utilizing Waters MassTrak Steroid Serum Sets 2 and 3, Cals & QCs and Waters Oasis™ PRiME HLB µElution plate technology for the extraction of testosterone, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17- OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), Cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisol from human serum samples. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Waters ACQUITY™ UPLC™ I Class Plus (FL-I) System, using an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 Column, accompanied by a Xevo™ TQ-S micro Mass Spectrometer. Results Accuracy (±6%) and precision (±10%) have been confirmed through comparison to External Quality Assurance (EQA) LC-MS/MS schemes, panels and QC material for all seven steroid hormones. All analytes were assessed at the low, medium and high concentrations for each MassTrak Steroid Serum Set, which yielded excellent results across the range (±10%). Deming and Linear regression analysis were performed. No statistically significant bias was observed for each compound, with a mean method bias of ±1.3% for Set 2 and ±1.0% for Set 3. The clinical research method was shown to be linear for all analytes over the calibration ranges specified, furthermore, calibration lines created using Set 2 and Set 3 were analysed over a five-day period and were linear with a co-efficient of determination of (r2) > 0.999 for all analytes. Analytical sensitivity using Signal:Noise (S/N) of the low calibrator (Calibrator 1) of each set, was >10:1 for each analyte across several analytical runs. Conclusions This evaluation has demonstrated that the MassTrak Steroid Serum Calibrator and Quality Control Sets 2 and 3 can provide precise and accurate quantification of steroid hormones in serum. An analytically sensitive and selective clinical research method has been developed for the analysis of testosterone, androstenedione, 17- OHP, DHEAS, cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisol in serum using Waters I-Class Xevo TQ-S micro system. For Research Use Only. Not for Use in Diagnostic Procedures.

Development of a Method for Utilization of Quarry Drainage Waters of a Limestone Mine to Ensure Environmental Safety

A method has been developed for the disposal of quarry drainage waters, which ensures that they are not discharged into an open reservoir and reduce their anthropogenic impact on the environment. The direction of drainage waters from the limestone quarry into the technological process of preparing the raw charge reduces the consumption of circulating soda solutions and ensures higher extraction of potassium sulfate from soda solutions. The average increase in the yield of potassium sulfate from an increase in the content of sulfates in the liquid phase of the raw nephelinelimestone-soda charge is 4.0 tons per day or 1,460 tons per year.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PROCESSING KAOLIN CLAYS OF CHASHMASANG DEPOSIT BY SULFATIZATION METHOD

The article presents the results of physical and chemical studies on the sulfatization of kaolin clays of the Chashmasang deposit in order to obtain crude and purified coagulants (aluminum sulfate), aluminum hydroxide and alumina. The deposit of kaolin clay Chashmasang is located on the southern slope of the Gissar Range of Tajikistan on the watershed of the Khonaka-Suffa interfluve and covers an area of 0.2 km2. In the course of the research, the chemical and mineralogical composition of kaolin clays of the Chashmasang deposit was determined, the content of aluminum oxide, which is in the aisles of 19-22%, and is mainly present in the form of the mineral kaolinite. The optimal technological parameters that affect the sulfatization process have been identified: temperatures 220-260 °C, duration 60-90 minutes, sulfuric acid concentration 90-95%, acid dosage up to 110% of stoichiometry. Also, the process of water treatment of sulfated sinter was studied in order to obtain a purified mixed liquid coagulant, the optimal parameters of which are as follows: temperature 85-95 °C, duration 40-45 min, ratio between solid and liquid (S:L) = 1:4. With such optimal parameters, the degree of extraction of aluminum sulfate in terms of alumina is more than 90%. The X-ray diffraction confirmed that after sulfatization of kaolin clays from the Chashmasang deposit, new lines appear that are characteristic of the mineral millosevicite (Al2(SO4)3) and alunogen (Al2(SO4)3•18H2O). The results of water treatment of sulfated sinter in order to obtain purified aluminum sulfate was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. It was revealed that silicon oxide in the form of quartz mineral remains in the composition of the solid residue after filtering the pulp, and the evaporated salt of the liquid part is anhydrous aluminum sulfate (millosevichite mineral).

DEVELOPMENT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE BRINES TECHNOLOGY FROM HALITE WASTE

The results of a study of the composition of solid halite waste (halite dump and quarry salt) from potash production were presented in the work. The form of calcium sulfate and its localization in solid halite waste have been determined. It was established that in the quarry salt calcium sulfate was presented in the form of anhydrite and dihydrate, and in the halite dump the impurity was only in the form of anhydrite. Photomicroscopic photography of the surface of large halite crystals showed that calcium sulfate in the halite dump was localized mainly on the surface of halite, and on particles of quarry salt. Calcium sulfate crystals were pressed into the crystalline surface of halite due to the processes of dissolution - crystallization occurring under the influence of atmospheric precipitation and changes temperatures. An assessment of the influence of ultrasonic and hydromechanical effects on the treated aqueous suspension of halite waste for purification of calcium sulfate impurities was presented. The possibility of removing most of the CaSO4 without additional reagent treatment of the halite suspension has been proven. The optimal technological parameters for the duration and intensity of ultrasonic and hydromechanical effects on the treated environment have been found. It was found that ultrasonic treatment of halite in a saturated salt brine of sodium chloride at a ratio of L:S = 5:1 for 6 min with a frequency of 22 kHz, intensity of 9.4 W/cm2, amplitude of ultrasonic vibrations of 80 μm and intensive stirring allows to achieve 80% extraction of calcium sulfate from both quarry salt and halite dump. Based on the results obtained, the feasibility of using ultrasonic treatment was demonstrated and an effective technology was proposed for the preparation of sodium chloride and (or) technical salt brines with a residual calcium sulfate impurity content of less than 0.5 wt.%, which can subsequently be used in various industries.

Carbonate Associated Sulfate Extraction Method Using Weakly Acidic Cation Exchange Resins

The sulfur (S) mass fraction of carbonate minerals can be used to reconstruct the environmental conditions and S sources at the time of precipitation. As S is present in a wide range of host materials, there is an urgent need to develop a method to extract S from a single mineral phase. We have developed a method to extract structurally substituted sulfate, termed carbonate‐associated sulfate (CAS), from geological and biogenic carbonate minerals using weakly acidic cation exchange resins. Two types of weakly acidic cation exchange resin (methacrylic acid and acrylic acid types) were tested to minimise the blank S contents and decompose carbonate. After repeated cleaning of the resins with high‐purity water or HCl, the blank S contents were reduced to < 0.1 μg, which is < 0.1% of the CAS in the samples. The cleaned resin was used to dissolve 10 and 25 mg of the JCp‐1 carbonate certified reference material (CRM; Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST). Samples and resin were added to 8 ml of high‐purity water at resin/sample ratios of 2, 5, 10 and 20, set on a shaking table, and reacted. The supernatant solutions were sampled sequentially from 0.5 h to 87 h after the start of experiments. The results show that the optimal conditions for decomposing 10 mg of carbonate is a resin/sample ratio of ≥ 10 with a reaction time of ≥ 40 h. Carbonate‐associated S mass fractions were measured for six geological and biogenic carbonate CRMs. The coefficient of variation in carbonate‐associated S mass fractions was ≤ 7%, regardless of the type of resins used. The mass fractions determined with this method recover 74–94% of the total S mass fractions reported in previous studies, suggesting that this method dissolved carbonate, and did not leach other S‐bearing fractions that are not resistant to weak acids. Another benefit of this method is that the decomposed solution can be introduced directly into the ion chromatograph, allowing for more sensitive analyses. We emphasise that this method can also be used for S isotopic measurements, as S contamination from other S‐bearing mineral phases is low.

Continuous design and techno-economic assessment of a biorefinery process for heparan sulfate extraction from Nodipecten nodosus viscera waste

This work proposes the design of a biorefinery process, based on pilot plant information, able to convert waste from Nodipecten nodosus viscera into heparan sulfate (HS), a compound with important biological functions, and applications in wound healing, growth factor regulation, and topical formulations for skin damage. Techno-economic assessments might be conducted through process simulation tools to evaluate the feasibility of implementing large-scale biorefineries facilities, even though the feasibility of biowaste-based biorefineries is limited due to fluctuations in feedstock supply and composition. Process modeling, simulation, and cost evaluation were performed considering raising capacities from 6 to 192 t/y, resulting in HS minimum selling price (MSP) of around 10 % of low molecular weight heparin, a potential commercial competitor. Results indicated that increasing the plant capacity leads to a reduction of around 65 % in the MSP, increasing HS commercial attractiveness. Risk analysis shows similar results for the considered scenarios, mainly due to HS selling price but also to CAPEX estimated uncertainties.

Valorization of sturgeon notochord to obtain antioxidant non-collagenous peptides from the purification process of chondroitin sulfate

Notochord is a cartilage-related by-product of sturgeon processing. To increase the utilization of notochord, we have developed an efficient and eco-friendly extraction process that could recycle non-collagenous peptides during chondroitin sulfate (CS) extraction. Alkaline treatment and ultrafiltration were the two critical steps in the overall extraction process. The results of SDS-PAGE and amino acid composition analysis demonstrated that peptides in low molecular fraction were mainly derived from non-collagenous protein. The non-collagenous peptides exhibited high antioxidant activity. The structural analysis (UV, FTIR, 1H NMR and SAX-HPLC) of CS in high molecular fraction proved high purity CS was obtained using new extraction process. The yield of non-collagenous peptides and CS were 16.8% and 14.5%, respectively. Including undenatured type II collagen, the total utilization rate of notochord was increased to 75.6%. It truly realized the maximum utilization of sturgeon notochord. This extraction process can be used as a reference for other cartilage-related by-products.

LAMA5-inspired adhesive dodecapeptide facilitates efficient dentine regeneration: An in vitro and in vivo study.

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the potential effects of A5G81 in inducing reparative dentine (RD) formation both in vitro and in vivo. Cell adhesion was observed by crystal violet staining and quantified by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) extraction. Cell proliferation was investigated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Spreading of cytoskeleton was visualized using immunofluorescence staining. Protein expression level of Akt signalling pathway was compared in a human Akt pathway phosphorylation array. Genes that were up or downregulated by A5G81 were identified by RNA sequencing. The mRNA expression of odontoblastic markers was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Moreover, mineralization of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) was visualized by alizarin red staining and quantified using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). A direct pulp-capping model was established in SD rats and the RD formation at 2 weeks after operation was observed using HE staining. A5G81 (optimal coating concentration: 0.5 mg/mL) promoted hDPCs adhesion and proliferation to a level that was similar to Type I collagen (COL-1). Meanwhile, A5G81 activated Akt signalling pathway, albeit to a lesser extent than COL-1. An inhibition test indicated that A5G81 induced hDPCs adhesion by activating PI3K pathway. A5G81 induced the expression of ECM remodelling genes and odontoblastic genes, which were demonstrated by RNA-seq and qPCR, respectively. In addition, A5G81 efficiently accelerated the mineralization of hDPCs in both immobilized and soluble forms, a property that makes it more applicable in dental clinic. Finally, the pulp-capping study in rats suggested that use of A5G81 could successfully induce the formation of RD within 2 weeks. Coating of A5G81 to non-tissue culture-treated polystyrene facilitates spreading, proliferation and differentiation of hDPCs, resulting in rapid RD formation in artificially exposed pulp.

The unique Kuchuk lake salt deposit and legal aspects of its exploitation

Data on the processes of mineral redistribution in the Kuchuk lake salt deposit are presented, and the difficulties arising in this regard during the mineral reserve accounting and write-off are discussed. Lake salt deposits are quite unusual objects with individual specifics. A unique technology using a geotechnological method for the sodium sulfate extraction with minimal environment impact has been developed for the Kuchuk deposit. This method allows one to change the volume of extraction of the main mineral without a damage for the deposit and the environment.

Extraction of dermatan sulfate using ionic liquid-assisted enzymatic digestion: An efficient approach

Dermatan sulfate is one of the major glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present in the animal hides, which is a waste/byproduct from meat industry. Efficient utilization of these meat industry wastes is garnering attention because these wastes render a possibility for their conversion into useful products. With the increased concerns over health, various initiatives have been developed to permit more efficient utilization of these by-products and thereby directly impacting environmental sustainability. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time an efficient and environmentally safe ionic liquid-assisted enzymatic process for the extraction of dermatan sulfate from buffalo hides. Dermatan sulfate has been extracted, separated, and purified from the GAG mixture using IL-assisted enzymatic digestions and chromatographic separations. NMR, FT-IR, and ESI-MS measurements showed typical characteristic peaks for dermatan sulfate. The advantages of this eco-friendly process adopted include i) use of fewer chemicals, ii) elimination of harsh chemicals, iii) elimination of various steps and sub-steps, iv) reduction in process time (12 h), and v) increase in extraction yield by 75% when compared to conventional enzymatic process (57%). Thus, the use of ionic liquids alongside enzymes will serve as an efficient methodology for the futuristic development of these derived GAGs for their potential applications.

Optimised protocols for RNA extraction from a broad taxonomic range of algae

AbstractDespite advancements in RNA extraction methods, RNA extraction from sources rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides such as algae and seagrasses remains a challenge. Here we present a RNA extraction strategy using a hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction buffer and demonstrate its effectiveness on a broad range of red, green, and brown algae, as well as on the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis and the seagrass Zostera marina. For the vast majority of tested samples we achieved high yields of RNA comparable to those obtained from higher plants by commercially available kits (ranging from 3.9 to 125.9 µg RNA g−1 fresh weight). Analysis by UV/Vis spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis revealed high purity and integrity of obtained RNA extracts. For highly challenging species of brown algae like Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus and Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus, we established an alternative procedure using a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extraction buffer in combination with a commercial kit. With this protocol, even higher RNA yields up to 317.0 µg g−1 fresh weight were extracted from polysaccharide-rich brown algae tissues. This study can serve as a guideline and starting point for the development of RNA extraction protocols for so far unstudied algal species from very diverse taxa.

Balancing read length and sequencing depth: Optimizing Nanopore long-read sequencing for monocots with an emphasis on the Liliales.

We present approaches used to generate long-read Nanopore sequencing reads for the Liliales and demonstrate how modifications to standard protocols directly impact read length and total output. The goal is to help those interested in generating long-read sequencing data determine which steps may be necessary for optimizing output and results. Four species of Calochortus (Liliaceae) were sequenced. Modifications made to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extractions and cleanup protocols included grinding with a mortar and pestle, using cut or wide-bore tips, chloroform cleaning, bead cleaning, eliminating short fragments, and using highly purified DNA. Steps taken to maximize read length can decrease overall output. Notably, the number of pores in a flow cell is correlated with the overall output, yet we did not see an association between the pore number and the read length or the number of reads produced. Many factors contribute to the overall success of a Nanopore sequencing run. We showed the direct impact that several modifications to the DNA extraction and cleaning steps have on the total sequencing output, read size, and number of reads generated. We show a tradeoff between read length and the number of reads and, to a lesser extent, the total sequencing output, all of which are important factors for successful de novo genome assembly.

Green extraction and purification of chondroitin sulfate from jumbo squid cartilage by a novel procedure combined with enzyme, ultrasound and hollow fiber dialysis.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05701-7.

DEVELOPMENT OF AMMONIA-ALKALINE METHOD OF COMPLEX PROCESSING OF ALUNITE ORE

The results of research in the field of development of complex processing of alunite ore from the Zaglig deposit of Azerbaijan are presented. An ammonia-alkaline ore processing method is proposed, which provides for the extraction of alkali metal sulfates (K2SO4, Na2SO4) at the beginning of the technological process during the leaching of alunite ore. To recover alkali metal sulfates from dehydrated ore to ammonia processing, the dehydration product is leached with a slightly alkaline (0.5% NaOH) solution. After extraction of alkali sulfates from the ore, the solid insoluble residue is subjected to ammonia leaching. In this case, only ammonium sulfate passes into the solution, which is used as a fertilizer. Thus, the separation of alkali metal sulfates from the ore at the beginning of processing improves the conditions for subsequent hydrochemical processes. the following average values of the degrees of extraction of alkali metals and aluminum into the solution from leaching were determined, (%): Na+ = 90.93; K+ = 96.42; Al+3 = 0.055. Aluminum oxide, which is part of alunite, remains in the sediment under optimal leaching conditions. Aluminum oxide, which is not part of the alum part of alunite, that is, associated with silicate in kaolinite, is also not extracted and remains in the undissolved precipitate

Anion-exchange facilitated selective extraction of sulfate and phosphate by overcoming the Hofmeister bias.

Selective recognition and removal of sulfate and phosphates from aqueous media in the presence of highly competing anions is very demanding because of their biological and environmental implications. In this paper, we present the anion recognition approach for the selective and efficient extraction of sulfate by nitrophenyl-functionalized tris-urea receptors (L1-L2) from highly competitive aqueous media with an equivalent concentration of nitrate and other anions. Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide has been used for the first time as a phase transfer anionic extractant for sulfate-exchange from the aqueous phase to the organic phase (dichloromethane) containing a tris-urea receptor (L1-L3). The sulfate extraction efficacy of L2 (≈84-90%) was observed to be higher than those of L1 (≈76-82%) and L3 (≈68-75%) in competitive extraction experiments. In contrast, an analogous nitrophenyl-functionalized tris-thiourea receptor (L4) has been recognized for the selective and efficient extraction of phosphates from aqueous media in the presence of several competing anions including sulfate and nitrate, with ≈85-92% extraction efficiency. In this case, tetrabutylammonium acetate has been used as a phase transfer anionic extractant for phosphate exchange between the two immiscible phases. Due to the higher acidity of tris-thiourea -NH groups in comparison to the analogous tris-urea, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide could deprotonate a hydrogen bond donating -NH group of the thiourea receptor and phosphate extraction was observed to be inefficient in such a case. Several liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) experiments have been carried out to establish the selective removal of sulfate and phosphates by the tripodal receptors from competitive aqueous media having different combinations of two or more anions. The LLE products obtained from organic phases were characterized by NMR (1H, 13C, 31P, and 19F) spectroscopy to affirm the oxoanion selectivity of the receptors and purity of the complexes. The tripodal receptors can easily be recycled for successive extraction cycles by simply washing the LLE products (oxoanion complexes) with a methanol-water (1 : 1, v/v) solvent system followed by filtration.

Extraction and Isolation of Cricket Protein Isolate with Ammonium Sulfate Addition Method and Its Effect on The Functional Properties of The Proteins

Cricket insect contains a high quality of protein. To be able to use the proteins in food industry, extraction and isolation steps are necessary to elevate the protein content. The objective of this study was to extract and isolate protein of cricket insect and to assess its functional properties. The extraction and isolation steps were carried out by using alkaline extraction-acid precipitation (AEAP) with varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate (0, 20,40, and 60% w/v). It was found that extraction method with 60% ammonium sulphate inclusion showed the highest yield and obtained maximum protein content (92.41%), which could be characterized as cricket protein isolate (CPI). This extraction and inclusion of ammonium sulphate affected physicochemical properties, including water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsifying properties, and foaming properties of CPI. In conclusion, the extraction, isolation, and addition of ammonium sulfate could be used for isolating the CPI containing high protein content and can be further used in food manufactures as an alternative protein in the future.

Crystallization of nickel sulfate and its purification process: towards efficient production of nickel-rich cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

NiSO4·6H2O is an important salt for the battery-making industry. The extraction of nickel sulfate relies on the hydrometallurgical processing of nickel ores as well as the recycling of nickel-containing products. The last step in hydrometallurgical processing is the crystallization of nickel sulfate. Because of the similar ionic radius and ionic charge between nickel and magnesium ions, magnesium undergoes isomorphous substitution and replaces nickel ions in the crystal lattice structure of NiSO4·6H2O. This poses a challenge as achieving the desired metal salt purity is difficult, resulting in an inferior cathode material for nickel-containing batteries. In this work, the removal of magnesium during the purification process of NiSO4·6H2O crystals via a repulping process was thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the impurity uptake mechanisms of magnesium into NiSO4·6H2O crystals were investigated. The results indicated that repulping NiSO4·6H2O crystals with a saturated NiSO4 solution results in 77% removal of magnesium. Using a second-stage repulping process is less effective with only 26% magnesium removal. The purification efficiency of the two repulping stages was quantified by the equilibrium distribution coefficient, which corroborates the trend of decreased removal of magnesium in the second stage of repulping compared with the first stage. The primary impurity uptake mechanisms of magnesium into NiSO4·6H2O crystals were identified to be surface adsorption and lattice substitution (isomorphous substitution).

Purification and characterization of thermostable alpha‐amylase from Geobacillus sp. DS3 from Sikidang Crater, Central Java, Indonesia

Amylases are considered the most essential enzymes in biotechnology since they are widely utilized in the textile, food processing, and detergent industries. It is necessary to explore extracellular enzymatic activity in several microorganisms to discover a new potential application from amylases. In a previous study, thermophilic bacteria Geobacillus sp. DS3 isolated from Sikidang Crater, Dieng Plateau, Central Java, Indonesia showed amylase activity in starch medium at 70 °C. This study aimed to purify and characterize the thermostable alpha‐amylase from Geobacillus sp. DS3. The alpha‐amylase was produced and purified using ammonium sulfate and DEAE Sephadex A‐25 column. The enzyme activity was determined using the 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Geobacillus sp. DS3 optimally produced the alpha‐amylase at 60 °C for 15 h. The alpha‐amylase exhibited high enzymatic activity in 40–60% saturated ammonium sulfate extract. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 58 kDa. The thermostable alpha‐amylase showed activity at the optimum temperature of 50 °C in 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0. The enzyme was inhibited by EDTA, PMSF, 2‐ME, and mostly by HgCl2. The Km and Vmax of the pure enzyme were 235.43 mM and 1428.57 U/mL, respectively. The result suggested that the purified thermostable alpha‐amylase from Geobacillus sp. DS3 offers potential application in areas of the food industry, such as the bakery industry.

Extraction of chondroitin sulfate and type II collagen from sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) notochord and characterization of their hybrid fibrils

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and undenatured type II collagen (Col II) are the two major, biological macromolecules of cartilage-related tissues. In this study, a new extraction. process was developed to obtain CS and Col II simultaneously. By this process, CS. and undenatured Col II were extracted from sturgeon notochord with the yields of 5.34, ± 0.74% and 45.25 ± 5.25%, respectively. The SEC-RI-MALLS result showed that the, average molecular weight of notochord CS was 38.4 kDa. FTIR NMR, and SAX-HPLC, results indicated the notochord CS was mainly composed of CS-A. The new extraction, process had no effect on the triple helical structure of Col II. To analyze the interaction, between the two macromolecules, the effect of CS on Col II fibril formation was, examined using turbidity assay and SEM observation. CS accelerated the completion, of Col II self-assembly and inhibited the lateral aggregation of fibrils. The results of this, study suggested that the sturgeon notochord is a valuable source of CS and Col II. The. new extraction method not only improves the utilization rate of sturgeon notochord, but,also reduces the waste of aquatic resources. CS and Col II derived from sturgeon, notochord have the potential for use in biomedical materials