Extraction Of Secondary Metabolites Research Articles

Screening, Identification, and Fermentation of a Biocontrol Strain against Peony Southern Blight and Extraction of Secondary Metabolites

Screening, Identification, and Fermentation of a Biocontrol Strain against Peony Southern Blight and Extraction of Secondary Metabolites

Screening Antibacterial Photodynamic Effect of Monascus Red Yeast Rice (Hong-Qu) and Mycelium Extracts.

The fungus Monascus is a well-known source of secondary metabolites with interesting pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. In particular, Monascus pigments possess awide range of biological activities (e.g. antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antitumoral). To broaden the scope of their possible application, this study focused on testing Monascus pigment extracts as potential photosensitizing agents efficient in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against bacteria. For this purpose, eight different extracts of secondary metabolites from the liquid- and solid-state fermentation of Monascus purpureus DBM 4360 and Monascus sp. DBM 4361 were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative model bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and further screened for ESKAPE pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To the bacterial culture, increasing concentration of extracts was added and it was found that all extracts showed varying antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in dark, which was further increased after irradiation. Gram-negative bacteria were tolerant to the extracts' exposure in the dark but sensitivity to almost all extracts that occurred after irradiation. The Monascus sp. DBM 4361 extracts seemed to be the best potential candidate for aPDT against Gram-positive bacteria, being efficient at low doses, i.e. the lowest total concentration of Monascus pigments exhibiting aPDT effect was 3.92 ± 1.36 mg/L for E.coli. Our results indicate that Monascus spp., forming monascuspiloin as the major yellow pigment and not-forming mycotoxin citrinin, is apromising source of antimicrobials and photoantimicrobials.

Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract from Endohytic Bacteria of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Roots

Aims: This study aims to obtain isolates of endophytic bacteria found in mangosteen roots, determine information regarding the chemical contents of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria, and obtain antioxidant activity data using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted from June to September 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory of Universitas Perintis and the Higher Education Coordinating Board Region X, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Methodology: Isolation of endophytic bacteria, secondary metabolite production by endophytic bacteria, phytochemical screening, and antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method. Results: The results of measuring the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolite extracts from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen rootsusing the DPPH method yielded an IC50 of 14,047.912 g/ml and gallic acid solution of 2,498 g/ml. Furthermore, the T-test analysis between the % inhibition of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen roots and gallic acid yielded a significant value of 0.013. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen roots is considered weak and cannot be an alternative or solution for antioxidant production.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Secondary Metabolites Using Ethyl Lactate Green Solvent from Ambrosia arborescens: LC/ESI-MS/MS and Antioxidant Activity.

Alternative solvents are being tested as green solvents to replace the traditional organic solvents used in both academy and industry. Some of these are already available, such as ethyl lactate, cyrene, limonene, glycerol, and others. This alternative explores eco-friendly processes for extracting secondary metabolites from nature, thus increasing the number of unconventional extraction methods with lower environmental impact over conventional methods. In this context, the Peruvian Ambrosia arborescens was our model while exploring a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) approach over maceration. The objective of this study was to perform a phytochemical study including UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antioxidant activity of Ambrosia arborescens, using sustainable strategies by mixing both microwaves and ethyl lactate as a green solvent. The results showed that ethyl lactate/MAE (15.07%) achieved a higher extraction yield than methanol/maceration (12.6%). In the case of the isolation of psilostachyin, it was similar to ethyl lactate (0.44%) when compared to methanol (0.40%). Regarding UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS studies, the results were similar. Twenty-eight compounds were identified in the ethyl lactate/MAE and methanol/maceration extracts, except for the tentative identification of two additional amino acids (peaks 4 and 6) in the MeOH extract. In relation to the antioxidant assay, the activity of the ethyl lactate extract was a little higher than the methanol extract in terms of ORAC (715.38 ± 3.2) and DPPH (263.04 ± 2.8). This study on A. arborescens demonstrated that the unconventional techniques, such as MAE related to ethyl lactate, could replace maceration/MeOH for the extraction and isolation of metabolites from diverse sources. This finding showed the potential of unconventional methods with green solvents to provide eco-friendly methods based on green chemistry.

A comprehensive study on Geranium robertianum L. antibacterial potential.

The research aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of secondary metabolites and the antibacterial activity of the plant species Geranium robertianum. The phytochemical profiles of the optimized extracts, as well as their antibacterial and synergistic activity with an antibiotic and their potential mechanisms of action and cytotoxicity, were examined. Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize extraction conditions. Optimized ethanol and acetone extracts were tested via microdilution, checkerboard, time-kill kinetics, and cell membrane permeability methods. The extracts displayed broad antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20mg ml-1. In addition, the extract synergistically reacted with gentamicin against gentamicin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, enhancing the efficacy of the antibiotic up to 32-fold. The extracts demonstrated strain-dependent bactericidal activity in a 24-h time interval. They increase the permeability of the cell membrane, thus disrupting its normal functioning. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) on human keratinocytes was 1771.24±5.78µg ml-1 for ethanol extract, and 958.01±6.14µg ml-1 for acetone extract. Kaempferol, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin were recognized as the main components in both extracts. The findings of this study indicate that the extracts of G. robertianum can be considered as potential natural antibacterial agents in the control of microorganisms.

Quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenolics extracted from Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. for their anti-hyperglycemic potential

Background: Hyperglycemia arises from excessive blood glucose due to starch hydrolysis by α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Drugs like acarbose inhibit these enzymes to manage hyperglycemia, but long-term use poses risks. Fern species Diplazium esculentum metabolites show promise as acarbose alternatives. Methods: Sequential extraction of secondary metabolites from D. esculentum involved solvents in successive stages: hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Subsequently, an assessment of phenolic and flavonoid concentrations within the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts was conducted. Furthermore, the investigation encompassed the evaluation of % inhibition and IC50 values pertaining to the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Results: The findings indicated that the flavonoid concentrations in the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were 146.90 ± 27.20 µg quercetin equivalent per gram of fresh weight (eq./g FW) and 101.95 ± 40.62 µg quercetin eq./g FW, respectively. In terms of total phenolic content, the ethyl acetate extract contained 121.25 ± 8.29 µg of gallic acid eq./g FW, whereas the aqueous extract had 109.90 ± 7.22 µg gallic acid eq./g FW. The IC50 values demonstrated that the aqueous extract had moderate inhibitory effects on α-amylase with a value of 108.05 µg/mL, while acarbose exhibited very strong inhibition with a value of 3.12. Conclusion: Ferns are relatively ineffective in treating hyperglycemia.

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity evaluation of the Endophytic Fungus, Fusarium equiseti, isolated from the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum

Antioxidants serve as defense mechanisms which protects against oxidative damage through preventing or retarding oxidation caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with an odd number of electrons generated from oxygen capable of damaging various cellular structures. Endophytes have shown capacity to create beneficial biologically active molecules with a wide range of pharmacological properties usually identical to those of the host plant. Their feature has continued to gain fame due to their ability to produce metabolites within the host system without causing harm to the host while sequestering reactive oxygen species within the host systems. Endophytic fungal isolation, fungal fermentation, extraction of secondary metabolites, antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies were carried out using standard laboratory methods. Therefore, this study evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of fusarium equiseti previously isolated from Ocimum gratissimum. The findings revealed that the crude extract of an endophyte associated with O. gratissimum called F. equiseti produced substances that have strong antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The antioxidant and cytotoxic potential were due to presence of compounds previously reported for cytotoxic activity, such as Enniatins and Sarasinoside H1 and while the antioxidant activity was due to presence of Orientin a compound known to have shown antioxidant property. Therefore, this endophyte may serve as a source of new substances with potential for use in pharmaceutical applications for diseases associated with reactive oxygen species.

Exploring the Significance, Extraction, and Characterization of Plant-Derived Secondary Metabolites in Complex Mixtures.

Secondary metabolites are essential components for the survival of plants. Secondary metabolites in complex mixtures from plants have been adopted and documented by different traditional medicinal systems worldwide for the treatment of various human diseases. The extraction strategies are the key components for therapeutic development from natural sources. Polarity-dependent solvent-selective extraction, acidic and basic solution-based extraction, and microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction are some of the most important strategies for the extraction of natural products from plants. The method needs to be optimized to isolate a specific class of compounds. Therefore, to establish the mechanism of action, the characterization of the secondary metabolites, in a mixture or in their pure forms, is equally important. LC-MS, GC-MS, and extensive NMR spectroscopic strategies are established techniques for the profiling of metabolites in crude extracts. Various protocols for the extraction and characterization of a wide range of classes of compounds have been developed by various research groups and are described in this review. Additionally, the possible means of characterizing the compounds in the mixture and their uniqueness are also discussed. Hyphenated techniques are crucial for profiling because of their ability to analyze a vast range of compounds. In contrast, inherent chemical shifts make NMR an indispensable tool for structure elucidation in complex mixtures.

Effects of Different Solvents on the Extraction of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds, and Antioxidant Activities, in Scutellaria baicalensis Hairy Roots

The hairy roots (HRs) of Scutellaria baicalensis are widely used and consumed worldwide as a medicine, especially in Asian countries, due to their biological and pharmacological activities. The HRs of this plant are rich in secondary metabolites. However, the optimal method and solvents for the extraction of secondary metabolites from S. baicalensis HRs have not been well studied. Therefore, in this study, S. baicalensis HRs were extracted with different solvents, including water (WE), 99.9% pure methanol (PM), 70% aqueous methanol (AM), 99.9% pure ethanol (PE), and 70% aqueous ethanol (AE). The phenolic and flavonoid compounds and various antioxidant activities of each extract were measured. The AE extract (16.85 ± 0.15%) had a higher yield, which led to the highest accumulation of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. The TPC and TFC were highest in AE (66.03 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g and 40.11 ± 1.31 mg QE/g, respectively), whereas WE, PM, and PE showed lower values in all assays. In addition, the highest antioxidant activities, such as DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like scavenging activities and reducing power, were achieved in the AE extract compared to the other solvent extracts. Based on these results, the AE extract showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid accumulation and antioxidant activities, highlighting its potential use in the manufacture of useful materials from S. baicalensis HRs and its novel applications.

Downstream Processing of Secondary Metabolite Extraction from Medicinal Plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Asparagus racemosus, Bacopa monnieri): Optimization and Equipment Utilization

Tinosoporacordifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum,Asparagus racemosus and Bacopa monnieri are all important and plants with significant medicinal propertiesfrom these plants secondary metabolites extracts were derived and TLC characterization was done. This paper delves into the intricate downstream processing steps and the utilization of specialized equipment in the extraction and purification of secondary metabolites from four medicinal plants: Tinospora cordifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Asparagus racemosus, and Bacopa monnieri. The study emphasizes the optimization of extraction methods, purification techniques, and the role of specific equipment in enhancing the efficiency of the downstream processing workflow.

Synthesis and characterization of Restricted Access Magnetic Nanotubes (M-RACNTs) for the extraction of secondary metabolites from Lasiodiplodia sp. fermentation broth

This work proposed the synthesis and the characterization of Restricted Access Magnetic Nanotubes (M-RACNTs) to be used as sorbent in the magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction (MDSPE) of organic compounds from the fermentation broth of the endophyte Lasiodiplodia sp. Synthesis was performed by functionalizing commercial multiple-walled carbon nanotubes with magnetic nanoparticles (M-CNTs) and by coating the M-CNTs with a layer of bovine serum albumin. The materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier Transform, thermogravimetry, zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy. Different crude extracts were obtained, depending on the sample pH and the elution solvent tested. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts showed activity against a Gram-positive pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus). The crude extract's constitution was investigated. By GC/MS analysis were found hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, among others, while by LC-MS/MS analysis were found flavonoids, macrocyclic lactones, oleic acids, jasmonic acid derivatives and amino acids. A multivariate optimization, through fractional factorial planning, for four independent variables, was performed for a hydrocarbon (hexadecane) and one possible jasmonic acid derivative, both with antimicrobial activity related in the literature. The results showed that it was possible to obtain crude extracts with high concentrations of these analytes in a single extraction procedure. The increase in the analytical signal was 3.7 times for hexadecane and 1.4 times for the possible jasmonic acid derivative. The M-RACNTs also demonstrated their ability to prevent the adsorption of macromolecules, such as lysozyme, which was confirmed through SDS-PAGE analysis.

Evaluation secondary metabolite extract produced by Aspergillus terreus isolated from poultry droppings as antimicrobial agent

Evaluation secondary metabolite extract produced by Aspergillus terreus isolated from poultry droppings as antimicrobial agent

Antibacterial and Anti Diabetic Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Lactobacillus Isolated from Cow and Goat Milk

ABSTRACT: Antibiotics are one of our most important weapons in fighting with bacterial infections and diabetics. Drugs were derived from natural sources that play an important role in the treatment and prevention of human diseases. Traditional fermented foods containing lactic acid bacteria such as milk, yogurt, curd, etc., have historically been consumed by human. Lactobacilli are well known friendly bacteria for their probiotic activities against pathogens. In this investigation cow and goat milk samples were selected and collected for the study. The gram stain was used for morphological identification of Lactobacillus sp. in the two samples. The two isolated Lactobacillus sp. from goat and cow milk samples were subjected to the extraction of secondary metabolites using the solvent ethyl acetate. The two extracts of Lactobacillus spp. those were isolated from cow and goat milk samples, showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition was assessed by mm. The good results of zones were observed at 1000 and 2000 µg in cow milk and 2000 µg in goat milk extraction. These metabolites were also showed good results in antidiabetic activity using the alpha amylase inhibition activity. The IC50 value has showed moderate activity in the two crude extractions when compared to acarbose standard drug. Therefore, in this investigation the Lactobacillus sp. producing secondary metabolites was good source for the activity of antibacterial and antidiabetic activity.

Toxity Test Of Primary And Secondary Metabolite Extracts On Caulerpasp. Which Is Cultivated By The Community Of The District Takalar

Lawi-lawi (Caulerpa sp) has economic value for some coastal communities who cultivate it. Apart from having the opportunity to be exported abroad as a complement to processed seafood, it turns out that lawi-lawi can also be used as an antidote to cancer or malignant diseases. This research is about the level of toxicity of the seaweed extract fraction (Caulerpa sp) on Artemia salina Leach larvae, method while for screening anticancer activity used the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. In methanol extract Caulerpa sp based on the results of toxicity test measurements using the BSLT method, it is included in the toxic category. Primary extract In Caulerpa sp based on the results of toxicity test measurements using the BSLT method, it is included in the very toxic category.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale Against the Milk-Borne Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.

Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen that causes listeriosis and has a high case fatality rate despite its low incidence. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have been identified as potential antibacterial substances, serving as replacements for synthetic chemical compounds. The present studies emphasize two significant medicinal plants, Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale, and their efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Firstly, a bacterial isolate was obtained from milk and identified through morphology and biochemical reactions. The species of the isolate were further confirmed through 16S rRNA analysis. Furthermore, polar solvents such as methanol and ethanol were used for the extraction of secondary metabolites from A. cepa and Z. officinale. Crude phytochemical components were identified using phytochemical tests, FTIR, and GC-MS. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the crude extract and its various concentrations were tested against L. monocytogenes. Among all, A. cepa in methanolic extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Since, the A. cepa for methanolic crude extract was used to perform autography to assess its bactericidal activity. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed to determine the specific compound inhibition. The docking results revealed that four compounds displayed strong binding affinity with the virulence factor Listeriolysin-O of L. monocytogenes. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the medicinal plant A. cepa has potential antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes, particularly targeting its virulence.

Secondary metabolites of mangrove-derived endophytic fungus, Pseudopestalotiopsis species investigated for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

Attention is being diverted toward the bioprospecting of newer bioactive compounds from marine endophytic fungi. This is because marine fungi have shown a large chemo-diversity of untapped important secondary metabolites needed for drug development. In the present study, the secondary metabolites of a mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Pseudopestalotiopsis species isolated from the root of Rhizophora racemosa were investigated for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The fungal isolation, taxonomic identification, fermentation, extraction, and isolation of the fungal secondary metabolites were carried out using standard techniques. The fermentation product was subjected to fractionation. The crude extract and its fractions were screened for antimicrobial and antioxidant assays. The active extracts and fractions exhibited good antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas oleaginous, and Candida albicans with MIC values that ranged between 0.06 to 1 mg/mL. The Gram negatives were the most susceptible bacteria while C. albicans was the most susceptible fungi. Moderately low antioxidant activities were recorded in the DPPH and FRAP assays. The chromatographic separation and HPLC analysis of the fungal secondary metabolites yielded compounds: Palitantin (A), Cytosporin D (B), Cytosporin K (C), and Fusarielin (D). These compounds have been previously reported to possess varying pharmacological activities which include antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Thus, The results of this study show that these compounds may, in part, account for the anti-microbial and antioxidant effect of the root of Rhizophora racemosa ethno medically.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of the crude extract of the endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (SS93) isolated from Sapindus saponaria L.

Endophytes colonize the interior of plant tissues without causing any damage to their hosts. The plant Sapindus saponaria L., popularly known as ‘sabão-de-soldado’, presents a diversified endophytic microbiota and also medicinal properties. Endophytic microorganisms may produce secondary metabolites with different biotechnological properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal capacity of the crude extract of secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic bacteria P. aeruginosa SS93 isolated from S. saponaria leaves. The metabolites extract was obtained using the organic solvent ethyl acetate, and the antimicrobial activities were tested against six pathogenic bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC 29212], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ATCC 27853], Shigella flexneri [ATCC 12022], Salmonella enterica [CCCD a016], Escherichia coli [ATCC 25922], and Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC 25923]), and pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Glomerella sp., Sphaceloma sp., Fusarium solani, Maniliophtora perniciosa, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), by agar diffusion method. In the antibacterial assay, the best results were obtained against E. faecalis and S. aureus, where the formation of inhibition halos was observed in all tested concentrations, especially at 500 and 700 µg mL-1. Positive inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi was observed, with the highest inhibition recorded against F. oxysporum (61.1%), followed by Sphaceloma sp. (55.7%), M. perniciosa (35.6%), F. solani (34.4%), and Glomerella sp. (30.4%).

Molecular Identification of Juglans Regia Endophyte LTL-G3, Its Antifungal Potential and Bioactive Substances.

Endophyte is one of the potential biocontrol agents for inhibiting plant pathogens. However, the mechanisms and characteristics involved in the inhibition of different phytopathogenic fungi by endophytes, especially walnut endophytes, are still largely unknown. The present study aimed to identify the walnut endophytic fungus LTL-G3 from a genetic point of view, assess the strain's antifungal activity, and determine the bioactivities of the substances it produces against plant pathogens. The homologous sequence of strain LTL-G3 was examined, and typical strains of the Trichoderma virens group were used to build NJ phylogenetic trees and analyze the taxonomic position of the strain. The biocontrol agent's antagonistic potential for many plant pathogenic fungi. By using silica gel G chromatography, the active components of the strain were separated and purified. The active components were identified using GC-MS and NMR. The strain LTL-G3 was identified as Trichoderma virens. Its fermentation and secondary metabolite extracts had a broad spectrum and strong inhibitory effect on the spread of six plant pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Gloeosporium fructigenum, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, and Valsa mali) evaluated, of which, its inhibition rate against Valsa mali reached 76.6% (fermentation extract) and 100% (ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts). On silica gel G chromatography, bioactive compounds were divided into 6 fractions and 7 sub-fractions. Fr.2-2 was the sub-fraction that showed the greatest inhibitory against V. mali, as an inhibition percentage of 89.36% in 1 mg. mL-1. Fifteen key inhibitory chemicals identified using GC-MS. By examining the NMR data, the chemical make-up of the precipitated white solid was identified. The inhibition rate against V. mali increased by over 95% at a dosage of 1 mg. mL-1, indicating a significant linear association between compound A and that rate. The strain LTL-G3 can be applied as an efficient biological control agent against V. mali, and its highly inhibitive secondary metabolites provide the mechanism for this action.

<i>Lonicera caerulea</i> L. Comparative metabolomics study of polyphenolic composition by tandem mass spectrometry of four varieties of Far Eastern honeysuckle

Relevance. The article presents a comparative metabolomic study of blue honeysuckle (L. caerulea) berries, varieties Volhova, Tomichka, Goluboe vereteno, Amfora, presented in the collection of the Far Eastern Experimental Station of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources.Methods. To determine the complex of secondary metabolites in extracts of blue honeysuckle berries. used the method of tandem mass spectrometry. Fractional maceration was used to obtain highly concentrated extracts. In extracts of L. caerulea berries, 75 compounds of the polyphenol group were reliably identified by tandem mass spectrometry.Results. Based on the results of the qualitative identification of the component composition of blue honeysuckle berry extracts, a Venn diagram was constructed showing the similarity and difference in polyphenol groups of various L. caerulea varieties. Berries of L. caerulea contain a large amount of biologically active substances, in particular, they have a large number of compounds with antioxidant activity. The isolated polyphenol complex included compounds of the following groups: flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, anthocyanins, stilbenes, coumarins, phenolic acids. Also, for the first time in the extracts of L. caerulea berries, 30 chemical compounds of the polyphenol group were identified (flavones Pentahydroxydimethoxyflavone, Cirsiliol, jaceosidin, Sophoraisoflavone A, Dihydroxy tetramethoxyflavone, Chrysoeriol-O-hexoside, Formononetin-7-O-glucoside, flavon-3-ols (epi)-Afzelechin, (epi)-Catechin gallate, stilbenes Pinosylvin, Resveratrol, Dihydroresveratrol, coumarins Fraxetin, Umbelliferone, etc.), not previously mentioned in studies on L. caerulea.

Chemical characterization, anti-struvite crystal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidepressant activities of Papaver rhoeas L. root and leaf extracts

Ethnopharmacological relevancePapaver rhoeas L. (P. rhoeas) is used to treat a wide range of pathologies. But there is no data on the anti-struvite, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-depressant effects of root and leaf extracts from this medicinal plant.Aim of the study: This study aimed to chemically characterize and determine the antidepressant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-struvite activities of the root extract (RE) and leaf extract (LE) of P. rhoeas, a wild plant. Materials and methodsThe extraction of secondary metabolites and phytochemical screening were carried out using standard methods. The anti-struvite effect of our samples was assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and microscopic observation. For the anti-inflammatory impact, we used the carrageenan-induced paw edema technique in rats. To assess the analgesic effect of the extracts, we recorded the resulting abdominal contraction after intraperitoneal (IP) acetic acid injection. Finally, we assessed the antidepressant effect by conducting the Forced Swimming Test (FST). ResultsPhytochemical screening results revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, coumarins, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Extraction results confirmed that our extracts were rich in secondary metabolites. Both P. rhoeas extracts limited struvite crystal development by reducing the size and number of crystals, as indicated by FT-IR analysis and microscopic observation. Additionally, the anti-struvite effects of the LE sample were greater than those of the RE sample. The results of the anti-inflammatory capacity of our extracts demonstrate the maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced edema following 6 h (T6) of injection, ranging from 72.73 ± 7.7% for LE (400 mg/kg) to 95.45 ± 6.42% for the RE sample (400 mg/kg). On the other hand, the results for analgesic activity showed that the number of abdominal contractions in rats treated with RE and LE ranged from 11 ± 1.73 for RE (400 mg/kg) to 18 ± 1.50 for LE (200 mg/kg), while that of aspirin was 10.33 ± 0.57. Furthermore, the FST results show that the immobility time in rats treated with RE and LE varied from 91.98 ± 4.24 s for LE-treated rats (300 mg/kg) to 123.54 ± 7.83 s for RE-treated rats (150 mg/kg). ConclusionBased on these results, the roots and leaves of the studied plant can be considered a significant source of biologically active molecules for use in the pharmaceutical industry.