Extraction Of Organic Materials Research Articles

Effect of functionality and loading procedure of liquid butadiene rubber on properties of silica-filled tire tread compounds

This study explores the utilization of liquid butadiene rubber (LqBR) as a processing aid in tire tread compounds, as a replacement for treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil, which is known to contribute to the extraction of organic materials during tire aging. Additionally, the influence of the silane-terminated functional group in LqBR and the procedure of LqBR addition are investigated. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in organic extraction when employing silane-terminated LqBR as a processing aid. Moreover, the performance of tire tread compounds is comparable or even superior to those incorporating TDAE oil, particularly when 80 % silane-terminated LqBR is added after the mixing of silica and coupling agent. The enhanced performance is attributed to homogeneous silica dispersion and robust filler-rubber interaction. These findings offer valuable insights into the optimization procedure for developing tire tread compounds utilizing functionalized LqBR as a processing aid, with the aim of improving tire tread applications.

Bone-related behaviours of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) during two excavating experiments

After stone tools, bone tools are the most abundant artefact type in the Early Pleistocene archaeological record. That said, they are still relatively scarce, which limits our understanding of the behaviours that led to their production and use. Observations of extant primates constitute a unique source of behavioural data with which to construct hypotheses about the technological forms and repertoires exhibited by our hominin ancestors. We conducted two different experiments to investigate the behavioural responses of two groups of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes; n = 33 and n = 9) to disarticulated, defleshed, ungulate bones while participating in a foraging task aimed at eliciting excavating behaviour. Each chimpanzee group was provided with bone specimens with different characteristics, and the two groups differed in their respective experience levels with excavating plant tools. We found that several individuals from the inexperienced group used the provided bones as tools during the task. In contrast, none of the individuals from the experienced group used bones as excavating tools, but instead continued using plant tools. These chimpanzees also performed non-excavating bone behaviours such as percussion and tool-assisted extraction of organic material from the medullary cavity. Our findings serve as a proof-of-concept that chimpanzees can be used to investigate spontaneous bone tool behaviours such as bone-assisted excavation. Furthermore, our results raise interesting questions regarding the role that bone characteristics, as well as previous tool-assisted excavating experience with other raw materials, might have in the expression of bone tool-assisted excavation.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Vegetable Materials

The paper presents the base and conditions for the extraction of organic materials with solvents in the supercritical state with particular attention to use of CO2 as the extraction agent. The advantages and disadvantages of this process are described. The examples of extraction of organic materials using supercritical of CO2 are presented.

Extraction of organic materials from red water by metal-impregnated lignite activated carbon

Extraction of organic materials from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water by lignite activated carbon (LAC) impregnated with Cu2+, Ba2+, Sn2+, Fe3+, Ca2+ and Ag+ was investigated. The affinity to organic materials in red water was found to follow the order: Cu/LAC>Sn/LAC>Ag/LAC>Ba/LAC>Fe/LAC>Ca/LAC, which was explained by the hard and soft acid base (HSAB) theory. Cu2+ showed the best performance and several parameters were further studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verified effective loading of Cu2+ on the LAC surface. The water quality before and after treated by Cu/LAC was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatograph, Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS), UV–vis spectroscopy and other analyses. The extraction performances and mechanism of organic materials on Cu/LAC were investigated through static methods. The experimental results showed that Cu/LAC possessed stronger extraction ability for the sulfonated nitrotoluenes than the non-sulfonated nitrotoluenes, the kinetic data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. In addition, the leaching out of Cu2+ from Cu/LAC was found much lower in the 100 times diluted red water (0.074%) than in the raw water (10.201%). Column adsorptions with more concentrated red water were also studied. Finally, Cu/LAC was observed to possess excellent reusability as well.

Crystallographically engineered, hydrothermally crystallized hydroxyapatite films: an in vitro study of bioactivity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite films composed of hexagonal single crystals that display {1010} and {0001} crystallographic faces. The effect of engineered [0001] crystallographic orientation was investigated in parallel. Films were deposited by triethyl phosphate/ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid doubly regulated hydrothermal crystallization on Ti6Al4V substrates (10, 14, 24 h). Bioactivity was investigated by analysis of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast spreading using scanning electron microscopy and quantitative analysis of cell metabolic activity (Alamar Blue) (0-28 days). Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the ability of films to support the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts into matrix-secreting, mineralizing osteoblasts. Results demonstrated that all films enabled MC3T3-E1 cells to spread, grow, and differentiate into matrix-secreting osteoblasts, which deposited biomineral that could not be removed after extraction of organic material. Differences in [0001] HA crystallographic orientation were not, however, found to significantly affect bioactivity. Based on these results, it is concluded that these hydrothermal hydroxyapatite films are non-toxic, bioactive, osteoconductive, and biomineral bonding. The lack of a relationship between reported hydroxyapatite crystallographic face specific protein adsorption and bulk HA bioactivity are discussed in terms of crystallographic texture, surface roughness, assay robustness, and competitive protein adsorption.

Dielectric properties of Jordanian oil shales

Microwave heating has been suggested by various authors as a suitable technology for extraction of organic material from oil shales. However, one of the limiting factors in the development of this technology is a lack of accurate dielectric property data for design purposes. In this study the dielectric behaviour of El-lajun oil shale is quantified. The dielectric constant and loss factor of El-lajun oil shale were measured at 2470 and 912 MHz using the cavity perturbation technique. The effects of organic content, temperature, and moisture content on the microwave heating efficiency were quantified. Coaxial probe technique was also employed to study the effect of frequency on dielectric properties of oil shale. Generally, it was found that all samples were of low dielectric loss at room temperature with the imaginary part of permittivity falling significantly after the moisture was removed. This suggests that the major contribution in the dielectric loss is due to the presence of free and/or interlayer water. It was found that both the real and imaginary part of complex permittivity increased with a rise in temperature from 20 up to 80 °C, then dropped significantly at about 100 °C before staying approximately constant up to a temperature of about 480 °C. From this temperature both the real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity increased sharply with further increase in temperature. An attempt was also made to correlate the dielectric properties of the bulk shale sample with the organic content. However, no correlation between dielectric properties and organic matter content was found.

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments (SSs), a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials (OMs) in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH 2OH · HCl (0.1 mol/L) + HNO 3 (0.1 mol/L), (NH 4) 2C 2O 4 (0.2 mol/L) + H 2C 2O 4 (pH 3.0), and 30% of H 2O 2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%–93.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%–101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%–102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.

Water repellency of volcanic ash soils from Ecuadorian páramo: effect of water content and characteristics of hydrophobic organic matter

SummaryWater repellency of volcanic ash soils from the Ecuadorian páramo was studied by a combination of extraction and analysis of water‐repellent products, Molarity Ethanol Droplet values, water contact‐angle measurements by capillary rise, and N2 adsorption isotherms. The undried samples studied are hydrophilic, but exhibit water repellency after moderate drying (48 hours at 30°C). The advancing water contact‐angle measured by capillary rise varies from 78° to 89°. These water contact‐angles decrease strongly after extraction of organic materials by an isopropanol–water mixture. Elemental analysis, infrared spectra and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses were used to characterize the extracts. The results show that long‐chain fatty acids and more complex non‐polar alkyl components (waxes) are the main water‐repellent materials. The deposition of such extracted materials onto hydrophilic sand leads to the rapid increase of water contact‐angle until values close to those measured on the soil samples are achieved. Assuming a coating of the mineral surface by organic hydrophobic products and using Cassie's law, the water contact‐angle of extracted materials was computed. The values ranged from 100° to 157°. Nitrogen specific surface areas of the soils studied were very small, indicating a low adsorbent–adsorbate interaction on hydrophobic surfaces. These results partially validate the hypothesis of water‐repellent materials that occur as coatings at least after a drying process.

Mutagenic characteristics of river waters flowing through large metropolitan areas in North America

The hanging technique using blue rayon, which specifically adsorbs mutagens with multicyclic planar structures, has the advantages over most conventional methods of not having to bring large volumes of water back to the laboratory for extraction of organic materials. Therefore, for the same effort the hanging blue rayon technique allows for the analysis of more samples from remote sites, although it has a disadvantage of not allowing quantitative analysis. In this study, the blue rayon hanging technique was used to collect organic mutagens in river waters that flow through metropolitan areas in northeastern North America. Monitoring was performed at a total of 21 sites: the Providence River system (4 sites), the Charles River (2 sites), the Potomac River (6 sites), the St. Lawrence River (5 sites), the Hudson River (3 sites), and the East River (1 site). Mutagenicity was evaluated using the Salmonella assay with strains TA98, TA100, YG1024, YG1041, and YG1042 with and without metabolic activation. The results demonstrated that strains YG1041 and YG1024 were much more sensitive than TA98 with S9 mix. Fifteen samples out of 21 were positive in YG1041 with S9 mix. Six samples gave 5000–18,400 revertants/g blue rayon equivalent. YG1042 was also much more sensitive than TA100. Eight samples were positive in YG1042 with S9 mix. The highest activity was 10,200 revertants/g blue rayon equivalent. The overall results showed that rivers flowing through major cities in North America contain frameshift-type, aromatic amine-like mutagenic activity. However, the levels of mutagenic activity in these rivers were much lower than expected based on prior analyses and calculated population-to-discharge ratios. Further research, such as detailed chemical analyses and/or simultaneous comparisons of several different adsorbents (e.g. XAD and blue rayon), will be needed to clarify the observed differences between North American blue rayon values and published values for European and Asian river systems.

99/02679 Re-use of tar/oil sludges. Problems and solutions

The total absorption efficiency (TAE: relative to the total seston filtered) and the organic absorption efficiency (OAE: relative to the organic fraction of the seston filtered) of Phallusia mammillata (Cuvier, 1815) were estimated for naturally low concentrations of seston.TAE and OAE increase with the percentage of organic matter in the ingested seston. No absorption seems to occur below 4–10% organic matter according to seasonal variations. Maximal values of 48% for TAE and 95% for OAE were obtained for an organic percentage of seston of 51%. A comparison with the results presented for other filter-feeders fed on natural seston or for P. mammillata fed on algal suspensions, indicates that this organism optimizes the extraction of organic material and seems to be well adapted to feed in areas characterized by low concentrations of seston.

Extraction of organic material in mineral coal by using supercritical fluid extraction, soxhlet, and sonication methods

Soxhlet and sonication techniques have been widely used for extracting semivolatile organic compounds from solid matrices regardless of the fact that these methods are time consuming and costly in amount of solvent required. In recent years, supercritical fluids have gained increased interest as extraction solvents for organic compounds due to their unique and well-known properties. This article describes the preliminary results of the use of Soxhlet, sonication, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods for the recovery of organic compounds from a high-ash Brazilian mineral coal. In both Soxhlet and sonication extractions the solvent was dichloromethane. Supercritical isopropanol was utilized for SFE. The extracts were fractionated by the preparative liquid chromatography (PLC-8) method into eight well-defined fractions. Although all three extracts presented almost the same qualitative profile, SFE was more efficient than Soxhlet and sonication extractions. Moreover, SFE was faster and more convenient than the two conventional methods. Quantitative analyses are being carried out and will be presented elsewhere. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 10: 259–263, 1998

Refractory organic carbon and sulfur in the biotransformed by-products in commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS)

The biodegradation of dialkyltetralinesulfonate (DATS) with 12 non-aromatic carbon atoms (C 12 -DATS) and branched-chain alkylbenzenesulfonate (bABS) was examined on a laboratory trickling filter in a test to detect refractory organic carbon (ROC) as DOC. ROC represented 66 % and 57% of the added carbon from C 12 -DATS and bABS, respectively. Dissolved organic sulfur in ROC was determined, after solid phase extraction of organic material, by inductively coupled plasma-optical atomic emission spectrometry. ROC was derivatized to the 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ester and examined by GC-MS. ROC from C 12 -DATS, bABS and four commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) were examined and found to contain extensive amounts of tentative arylsulfonates. Analyses by GC-MS showed that parent compounds in these experiments disappeared quantitatively and confirmed that refractory aromatic sulfonates were formed. We deduce that the major refractory compounds from commercial LAS are, firstly, substituted (4-sulfophenyl)carboxylates carrying subterminal methyl groups, e.g. 2-methyl-2(4-sulfophenyl)propionate, and secondly, carboxylated DATS.

The role of Ca-organic interactions in soil aggregate stability .III. Mechanisms and models

Serial additions of glucose after drying-wetting cycles led to substantial aggregation of the surface soil from a red-brown earth. Addition of glucose and Ca compounds resulted in up to 80% of the soil bound in particles >2000�m with only a small portion of the soil in particles 4 0 �m. Treatment of the soils with Na4P2O7 caused dispersion of most of the clay but did not disrupt larger aggregates. More disaggregation was caused by treatments with HCI (0.02 M and 0.1 M), indicating the presence of pyrophosphate-resistant binding mechanisms which were presumed to be due to Ca bridging. Addition of Ca to the soil reduced the efficiency of extraction of organic materials by NaOH. This effect was eliminated by a pretreatment with 1 M HCl, indicating a 'bridging' effect of Ca between polycarboxylic macromolecules (humic acids) and clays. The role of Ca in clay and organic matter flocculation, the bridging of clay aggregates to organic materials and interactions of these colloidal aggregates with the biologic cycle is illustrated in some pictorial models.

Effect of hydrofluoric or hydrochloric acid pretreatment on the ultrasonic extraction of organic materials from fly ash for chromatographic analysis

Effect of hydrofluoric or hydrochloric acid pretreatment on the ultrasonic extraction of organic materials from fly ash for chromatographic analysis

Influence of the composition of natural seston upon absorption efficiency of the ascidian PhallusiaMammillata (Cuvier, 1815)

The total absorption efficiency (TAE: relative to the total seston filtered) and the organic absorption efficiency (OAE: relative to the organic fraction of the seston filtered) of Phallusia mammillata (Cuvier, 1815) were estimated for naturally low concentrations of seston. TAE and OAE increase with the percentage of organic matter in the ingested seston. No absorption seems to occur below 4–10% organic matter according to seasonal variations. Maximal values of 48% for TAE and 95% for OAE were obtained for an organic percentage of seston of 51%. A comparison with the results presented for other filter-feeders fed on natural seston or for P. mammillata fed on algal suspensions, indicates that this organism optimizes the extraction of organic material and seems to be well adapted to feed in areas characterized by low concentrations of seston.

Characteristics of fall-out plutonium in soil.

Two kinds of samples have been tested to investigate the adsorption of plutonium in soil under natural conditions. In a soil sample containing only about 5% of organic materials, no significant leaching of plutonium was observed with three kinds of extractants, namely, 1N-ammonium acetate, 5%-EDTA and 0.1N-sodium citrate, while some plutonium was leached with 0.1N-citric acid. The results of solubility tests made with natural soil organic acids, namely, humic and fulvic acids, showed that solubilization of plutonium by these acids is unlikely to occur in this soil sample. On the other hand, in another soil sample rich in organic materials (about 50%), significant leaching of plutonium was observed with all the extractants tested. The leaching of plutonium was especially very high with 0.1N-sodium citrate (about 60%) ; sodium citrate showing an initial pH of 8.4 probably solubilized some of organic materials present. Experiments made on extraction of organic materials with alkali solution also suggested that as much as 60-70% of plutonium in this soil sample was associated with some organic acids, whose carbon content was assumed to be 30-40% of the total organic carbon in the soil sample. This finding is very important from a view point of the uptake of plutonium by plant because plutonium associated with such organic acids is presumed to exist abundantly in cultivated soils which are quite rich in organic materials.

The fine structure of decalcified cartilage and bone: A comparison between decalcification procedures performed before and after embedding

The ultrastructure of calcifying cartilage and bone has been examined under the electron microscope after using three different methods of decalcification. The first was carried out before embedding (by soaking specimens in EDTA or formic acid), the second after embedding (by floating ultrathin sections on formic acid), and the third after embedding (by soaking embedded specimens in EDTA or formic acid), and with later re-embedding. The first procedure invariably induces drastic changes in the fine structure of the cells and calcified matrix, probably as a results of the extraction of organic material along with extraction of mineral. The second and third procedures make it possible to preserve ultrastructural details perfectly in both cells and calcified matrix. Of the two, the third procedure is preferable because of its greater simplicity. In areas that are still calcifying, these post-embedding decalcification techniques reveal the presence of crystal-associated, filamentous organic structures which are not recognizable in specimens decalcified before embedding. These structures, which could have a key role in inducing and regulating crystal formation and growth, are less evident in fully calcified areas (but not at their borders). This may partly be due to the loss of glycan components in the matrix during calcification. The most important determinant, however, seems to be the fact that during calcification the components of the matrix, including collagen fibrils, are involved in an aggregation process which reduces the amounts of free chemical groups available for reaction with the stain solution. Because post-embedding decalcification does not disturb this state of aggregation, the stainability of the matrix and the electron microscopic evidence of its components remain very low.

Continuous extraction of organic materials from water

Continuous extraction of organic materials from water

A Technique for the Study of the Internal Structure of Calcified Tissues

THE investigations of Williams and Trvinel showed that extraction of organic material from bone with ethylenediamine (ED) was superior to ashing with KOH-glycol. Since the anorganic skeleton prepared in the former manner appeared to be intact, the method was utilized by them in studies of trabecular stress patterns. They also noted that less alteration of crystalline structure resulted from preparation of the anorganic bone from ED than from glveolashing methods. Peckham and Losee2 compared the efficiency of ED and KOHglycol extractions of dentin and found that there was a negligible loss of mineral content with the -former method in contrast to an appreciable amount with the latter. This is believed to be due to the relatively low temperature (1180 C.) used in removing the organic fractions with ED in a modified Soxhlet extractor. Because ethylenediamine is readily soluble in water, it can easily be washed out of the anorganic matrix after extraction. Losee3 utilized ED extraction to study the microscopic pathways in enamel and demonstrated the presence of micro-lamellae in human enamel. It was the aim of the present investigation to utilize this improved method of extraction of organic components of calcified tissues in developing a method of studying the internal structure of these tissues.