Extraction Of Ingredients Research Articles

Mechanism of deep eutectic solvents based extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have exhibited great potential in the extraction of active ingredients from flowers. In this study, ternary DESs were designed for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals. When the molar ratio of ChCl:EG:U was 1:2:2, and the water content was 30 %, the maximum extraction yields of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were achieved, reaching 109.30 mg GAE/g and 56.93 mg RE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, cellulose nanofibers were prepared. The relationship model with extraction yield as the target was established by multivariate analysis. The model indicated that the property parameters of the HBD had a significant impact on the extraction yields of TPC and TFC. At the molecular level, Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to explore the extraction mechanism. The analysis revealed that hydrogen bonding was the main interaction force. The maximum binding energy between DES and rutin was −89.03 kcal/mol. This study provides an efficient extraction solvent and insights into the mechanism of extracting the phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals.

Native Medicinal Plants and Their Effects on Anti-biofilm and Anti-quorum Sensing Activity

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with a high mortality rate, particularly among immunocompromised patients. The increase in antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples has prompted researchers to seek alternative ways to reduce the pathogenicity of this microorganism. Targeting quorum sensing (QS) presents a promising approach for limiting infections caused by this bacterium. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate mechanisms for reducing QS and controlling bacterial growth using various medicinal plants. Methods: In this study, the anti-QS effects of seven plant extracts—thyme (Thymus vulgaris), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), sumac (Rhus coriaria), ginger (Zingiber officinale), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), rosehip (Echinacea angustifolia), and marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)—were investigated against P. aeruginosa. A total of 180 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were examined. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was then used to detect phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the seven extracts. The presence of quorum-sensing genes (lasR, rhlR, and rhlI) was also evaluated. In addition, pyocyanin quantification, swarming motility assays, and biofilm formation assays were conducted with the herbal extracts. Results: The HPLC analysis results were determined based on relative times and peak areas, revealing specific peaks at different points. Molecular methods confirmed the presence of QS genes, including LasI (54%), lasR (34%), rhlR (12%), and rhlI (4%), which were used in anti-QS screening. Expression of the LasI gene decreased in P. aeruginosa strains treated with herbal extracts compared to untreated strains. Notably, Thymus vulgaris extract demonstrated the strongest inhibition, reducing violacein production by 70.5%, suppressing pyocyanin by 94%, and inhibiting swarming motility and biofilm formation by 80.3%. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that herbal extracts influence virulence factors and gene expression, particularly targeting the las gene, in P. aeruginosa isolates. We recommend further research on the extraction and identification of active ingredients, which may hold potential as therapeutic agents.

Dracocephalum Moldavica L.-derived carbon dots for effective periodontitis treatment via reprogramming energy metabolism in macrophages

Dracocephalum Moldavica L. (DML), a Chinese traditional medicine rich in flavone compounds (e.g., tilianin), has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential for alleviating inflammatory disorders. However, the extraction of active ingredients of DML is complex, and these extracts usually act synergistically to treat inflammatory diseases. In this study, the carbon dots derived from DML (T-CDs) were rapidly prepared via the one-pot method and showed good performance in biocompatibility and free radical scavenging capacity. Then, the T-CDs were loaded into the hydrogel and applied to treat periodontitis. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that T-CDs could promote the inflammation resolution of and the alveolar bone reparation in the periodontitis model after periodontal injection. With further investigation, it could be found that T-CDs involved the alternative polarization of macrophage by rebalancing glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Overall, it was the first time DML had been used to prepare carbon dots with anti-inflammation. This study provided an effective drug candidate for the treatment of periodontitis and offered an in-depth understanding of the therapeutic mechanism of T-CDs in periodontitis through macrophage immunomodulation.

Supramolecular deep eutectic solvents as green media for efficient extraction of tea polyphenols and its application in bio-active film

Ultrasonic-assisted supramolecular deep eutectic solvents (SUPRADESs) extraction of active ingredients from plants is a novel green extraction method. In this study, a series of SUPRADESs combined with cyclodextrins (CDs) and organic acids or polyols were synthesized and used to extract the tea polyphenols (TP). SUPRADESs, consisting of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and L-lactic acid (LA) with a mass ratio of 1:5, contributed to achieving the maximum extraction efficiency of TP. Then, the extraction rate was optimized by different experimental conditions, and the optimal extraction yield of TP was (111.36 ± 2.31 mg/g). Then, the biofilms were successfully prepared using HP-β-CD/LA extract as a plasticizer for polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of extract and film containing TP was determined using biochemical kits. Finally, the synthesis process of HP-β-CD/LA and the TP extraction were investigated using molecular simulation. The findings indicate that enhanced TP yield could be attributed to an increase in non-covalent bonds between HP-β-CD and TP through the assistance of LA.

Identifying the active antioxidant ingredients in Arisaema Cum Bile aqueous extract on the basis of spectrum-effect relationships

At present, the research on Arisaema Cum Bile mainly focuses on the analysis of its components and changes in pharmacological effects. The chemical composition of the water extract, the material basis and mechanism of its anti-oxidation and anti-febrile convulsion are still unclear. In this study, fingerprint-pharmacological relationships were used to determine the pharmacodynamic and pharmacological material basis of the antioxodant effects of Arisaema Cum Bile aqueous extract. MethodsThe High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint of the aqueous extract of Arisaema Cum Bile was established by determining the common peaks, recording the peak areas and evaluating the similarities between different batches. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity of each batch of processed Arisaema Cum Bile extracts was determined, and spectrum-effect relationship analysis and screening were conducted on the basis of the fingerprint. The antioxidant activities of the Arisaema Cum Bile aqueous extract ingredients were verified by evaluating the isolated compounds. ResultsThe HPLC fingerprints of 15 batches of aqueous extracts of Arisaema Cum Bile aqueous extracts were established via ultraviolet (UV) and evaporative light scattering detection methods. There was a total of 22 common peaks, 11 of which were identified as uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uridine, guanosine, adenosine, shaftoside, isoschaftoside, taurohyodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycinechenodeoxycholic acid. Spectrum-effect relationship analysis revealed that shaftoside, isoschaftoside, taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid may be the active antioxidant ingredients in this extract, which was verified since all four ingredients displayed dose-dependent antioxidant effects when tested individually. ConclusionA fingerprint of the aqueous extract of Arisaema Cum Bile aqueous extract was established, the antioxidant capacities of the extracts were measured, and the active antioxidant ingredients were identified through spectrum-effect relationship analysis.

Nutshell Materials as a Potential Eco-Friendly Biosorbent for the Effective Extraction of UV Filters and Parabens from Water Samples.

UV filters and parabens, as ingredients of cosmetics, are commonly occurring water pollutants. In our work, nutshells were used as biosorbents in the developed analytical procedure for the determination of UV filters and parabens in water samples. The shells obtained from walnuts, hazelnuts, peanuts and pistachios were applied as biosorbents. The proposed analytical method can be used as a powerful alternative to other methods for the analysis of UV filters and parabens in water samples. A method of carrying out the sorption step and its parameters, i.e., the effect of time, pH, and salt addition, was developed. A method for the desorption of analytes was also developed, in which the type and volume of solvent, and the desorption time, were established. The recoveries were in the range of 59-117% for benzophenones and lower recoveries from 14 to 75% for parabens. The results showed that nutshells can be used as low-cost, efficient and eco-friendly biosorbents for the determination of parabens and UV filters in water samples. These materials can be used as a 'greener' replacement for the commercially available adsorbents for the extraction of cosmetic ingredients from the environment.

Flavonoids from Camellia oleifera flower ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus by regulating the p53 pathway

BackgroundCamellia oleifera flower (COF) is rich in flavonoids and polyphenols, strongly preventing postprandial hyperglycemia and improving diabetes. However, research on the effective ingredients in COF extracts that have hypoglycemic effects is limited, and the mechanism by which COF extracts improve liver insulin resistance and glucose and lipid metabolism still needs to be clarified, requiring further investigation. AimTo systematically clarify the role of COF extracts in improving insulin resistance in diabetes mice and to explore their key targets and mechanisms in anti-type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Materials and methodsUltrafiltration combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-MS) was used to analyze α-glucosidase inhibitors in COF extracts qualitatively. Blood glucose, lipid, oxidative stress, and liver function indicators were detected in the db/db type 2 diabetes mouse model. Then, RNA-seq was used to identify differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) in the liver, screen for key genes and metabolic pathways, and validate the results' accuracy through qPCR experiments. Results17 α-glucosidase inhibitors were identified as flavonoids from COF. Through db/db type 2 diabetes mouse model, it was indicated that COF could significantly improve symptoms of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, alleviate oxidative stress, and protect liver and pancreatic tissues by regulating key differential genes expressed, including Nek2, Cdk1, Ccnb1, and Ccnb2 via the p53 signaling pathway and ameliorate the insulin resistance effect. ConclusionThis study demonstrated the anti-diabetic effect of COF, explored its potential hypoglycemic target, and provided data support for future T2DM prevention and drug treatment.

Screening the effective components of Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim. on the treatment of LPS induced acute lung injury mice by integrated UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and network pharmacology

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAcute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory reaction produced through various injury-causing factors acting on the lungs in a direct or indirect way, with a high morbidity and mortality rate. A review of clinical experience has revealed that Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim (LP) has a significant therapeutic effect on ALI. However, the comprehensive effective components of LP are uncertain, and the mechanisms, especially the potential therapeutic target for anti-ALI, are still unknown. Aims of the studyIn vitro and in vivo validation of the pharmacodynamics of LP in the treatment of ALI and exploration of its potential mechanism of action based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation. Materials and methodsUltra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed to identify the ingredients of LP extracts. The potential bioactive ingredients, key targets and signalling pathways were identified by network pharmacology, based on the results of the mass spectrometry analysis. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed on the screened core components and key targets to calculate their molecular binding energies and binding potentials, and to explore the mutual binding modes of small-molecule ligands and large-molecule proteins. Finally, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell model and ALI mice model were used to validate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of LP extract towards ALI. ResultsFrom the mass spectrometry results of LP extracts, a total of 89 chemical components were identified, including 46 phenylethanol glycosides, 26 flavonoids, 9 organic acids and their derivatives and 8 other compounds. And furthermore 39 core active components were screened by network pharmacology. The top 10 core components (4 phenylethanol glycosides, 6 flavonoids) have been screened in the composition -target-disease network, and 37 core targets related to LP efficacy were obtained by fitting PPI network analysis. 10 signalling pathways and their targets associated with LP treatment of ALI were obtained by GO/KEGG analysis, indicating that LP could regulate TLR4 and NF-κB signalling pathways through 4 key targets, namely NFKB1, RELA, TLR4 and TNF. The results of the molecular docking procedure indicated a strong affinity, with the binding energies between each component and the target site being less than −6 kcal/mol. The binding modes included Hydrogen Bonds, Pi-Pi interaction, Hydrophobic Interactions, Salt Bridges, Pi-cation interactions. These observations were subsequently validated in vitro and in vivo experiments. The outcomes of in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that LP was effective in reducing the infiltration of inflammatory bacteria in lung tissues and attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated mice bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, LP inhibited the expression and phosphorylation of TLR4 protein and NF-κB protein, thus playing a role in the prevention of ALI. ConclusionsIn this study, mass spectrometry analysis was combined with biomolecular networks to initially elucidate the potential of LP to treat ALI by modulating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. This offers a definitive experimental basis for the development of new LP drugs.

Overview and Toxicity Assessment of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Ingredients from Plants.

In different food technology unit operations, toxicity can be increased due to unwanted side reactions and is typically associated with the increased thermal energy that facilitates the latter. Authorities in food technology have not provided clear guidelines on using ultrasound (US), but they also have not prohibited its use in food processing. In this study, the source materials and ultrasound-assisted reactions reported in the literature were reviewed to investigate potential side reactions in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Industrial or pilot-scale processes published in the open literature and in industry patents were also examined. UAE is a highly effective extraction method that significantly increases extraction yields. According to the literature, there is no direct evidence of the formation of toxic compounds from natural food ingredients caused by UAE. However, experimental studies are urgently needed to assess the potential accumulation of toxic substances, especially in the case of certain plants.

The Effects of Red Palm Oil, Koja Bay Leaves, and Passion Fruit Seeds Formulation on Antioxidant Activity, Antihyperlipidemia, BDNF, and Lipase Enzyme Activity on Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Local wisdom food ingredients in North Sumatra, Indonesia, are a source of phenolics which have antioxidant, antihyperlipidemia, neuronal survival, and growth. Administering products with antioxidant properties can provide a supporting effect in preventing inflammation and neurodegenerative process. The main objective of this study was to analyze the formulation of red palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), koja bay leaves (Murraya koenigii L Spreng), and passion fruit seeds (Passiflora edulis Sims) to improve lipid profile, antioxidant activity, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and lipase enzyme activity of Sprague-Dawley rats. This study was an in vivo and pre-post experimental study, starting with analyzing flavonoid of the three extract ingredients, then tested by giving it to rats for 14 days and ending with induction administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for two days. This pre-post study on animals involved 36 rats divided into 6 groups. At the end of the study, termination and examination of malondialdehyde, lipid profile, glucose, BDNF, lipase enzyme activity and histopathological examination were carried out. The study results showed that there were significant values in several parameters, which were body weight, LDL, LDL/HDL ratio, BDNF, and lipase enzyme activity especially in the group of rats given LPS and the group with high calories-fat-protein. This study showed that there were significant differences in body weight, LDL levels, and LDL/HDL ratio in each group of rats, especially in the group given the formulation of the three extract ingredients, the significant dose showed in 300mg/kg body weight (p < 0.001). The formulation of red palm oil, koja bay leaves, and passion fruit seeds showed significant reduction in LDL levels, LDL/HDL ratio, BDNF, and lipase enzyme activity.

Nigella sativa extract abrogates traumatic brain injury-induced memory impairment in adult mice

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is an increasing widespread cause of disability and mortality, typically leading to dementia and memory impairment. ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the neuroprotective potential of Nigella sativa extract against TBI induced memory impairment in adult albino mice. MethodsAdult male mice were divided into four groups randomly: Control, Nigella sativa extract alone, TBI alone and TBI plus Nigella sativa extract. TBI induction was carried out in mice using a weight dropping method then Nigella sativa extract (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for two weeks. Morris water maze and Y-maze tests were used to measure memory improvement ability and Western blot technique was used to analyse the neuroinflammatory and synaptic protein markers. ResultsNigella sativa extract significantly decreased phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) proteins to reduce TBI-induced neuroinflammation accompanied by the restoration of both pre- and post-synaptic protein expression in adult mice model. Furthermore, Nigella sativa extract enhanced both short and long-term spatial memory against TBI in adult mice model. ConclusionNigella sativa extract abrogated neuroinflammation mediated memory impairment in TBI mice model. Further research is needed to determine Nigella sativa extract ingredients detail completely and to understand its mechanisms of neuroprotection in reducing memory impairments associated with traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative diseases.

CRITICAL REVIEW ON PUNARNAVASHTAK KWATHA: AN AYURVEDIC POLYHERBAL FORMULATION

Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, represents a vast reservoir of knowledge that is not only historically rich but also profoundly intricate and deep. Far from being a primitive practice, Ayurveda focuses on the preventive aspects of health, emphasizing the importance of maintaining balance and harmony in the body to avoid diseases. This holistic approach involves detailed discussions on the diagnosis and management of a wide range of physical and mental disorders, offering a comprehensive framework for health and well-being. One notable formulation within this traditional system is Punarnavashtak Kwatha. This herbal decoction has garnered significant attention for its efficacy in treating conditions such as shotha (inflammation) and pandu (anemia). The formulation's name, "Punarnavashtak," refers to its primary ingredient, Punarnava, a herb renowned for its rejuvenating properties. The Kwatha, or decoction, form is a widely used and trusted method of preparing Ayurvedic medicines, allowing for the active ingredients of herbs to be effectively extracted and utilized. Punarnavashtak Kwatha exemplifies the importance of Kwatha Kalpana, a widely used dosage form in Ayurvedic medicine that ensures effective extraction and utilization of herbal active ingredients. Ancient Ayurvedic texts provide extensive references to this formulation, detailing its preparation, dosage, and therapeutic applications. Its historical significance, combined with modern therapeutic success, underscores the enduring benefits of Ayurvedic medicine. This formulation not only reflects the depth and richness of Ayurvedic knowledge but also its practical application in promoting health and treating diseases effectively in today's world.

Isolation of an α-glucosidase Inhibitor from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and Its In vitro and In vivo Hypoglycemic Bioactivity.

The Houttuynia cordata Thunb. belongs to the Saururaceae family and is a well-known medicine and food homologous plant. Herein, the isolation of an α-glucosidase inhibitor from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and characterization of its in vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic bioactivities are reported. We optimized the extraction conditions and isolated neochlorogenic acid (nCGA), which has α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. for the first time. nCGA competed with glucose for the α-glucosidase binding site, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.711mg/mL. In vivo experiments in zebrafish showed that effects of nCGA on blood glucose varied by its concentrations. In particular, 4mg/L nCGA significantly decreased the blood glucose level and inhibited effects of α-glucosidase in zebrafish. This work provides a theoretical basis for the extraction of hypoglycemic active ingredients from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and a foundation for the development of natural and effective α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Antioxidation Activity Enhancement by Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond and Non-Browning Mechanism of Active Ingredients in Rosemary: Carnosic Acid and Carnosol.

Rosemary is one of the most promising, versatile, and studied natural preservatives. Carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CARN), as the primary active ingredients of rosemary extracts, have little difference in structure, but their antioxidant activities vary significantly, depending on the system studied. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. By means of optical spectroscopies, stopped-flow, laser photolysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have compared CA and CARN between their reaction dynamics of radical scavenging, metal ion chelation, and oxidation inhibition in lipid emulsion and beef, as well as between their interactions with β-carotene (β-Car). For reference, 3-isopropyl catechol (IC), which is structurally similar to the active groups of CA and CARN, was studied in parallel. It is found for CA that the intramolecular hydrogen bond can boost the acidity of its phenol hydroxyl and that the synergistic effect with β-Car can substantially enhance its antioxidation activity in the model systems of lipid and meat via the CA-to-β-Car electron transfer reaction. The substitution of A and B rings on the catechol group in both CA and CARN limits browning caused by their formation of oxidative products as antioxidants.

Antioxidant potential of Camellia tetracocca and meitan turquoise bud in inhibiting oxidative degradation of edible oils

Effective antioxidants are crucial for preventing lipid deterioration. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties and inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation of Camellia tetracocca (CT) and Meitan Turquoise Bud (MTB) extracts. The research analyzed the total flavonoids, phenolics, and major components content of the extracts. Additionally, it evaluated the in vitro antioxidant ability (FRAP, DPPH, ABTS assays) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, and calculated the binding energy of the major components and fatty acids. Compared to CT, MTB had higher total flavonoid and phenolic content, along with superior antioxidant activity in vitro. Both extracts effectively inhibited the increase of POV in camphor oil and olive oil containing 74.63% and 69.96% oleic acid, respectively. Interestingly, MTB outperformed CT twelve days earlier, but CT surpassed MTB twelve days later in inhibition rates on these oils. Molecular docking confirmed that the binding energy of the active ingredients in both extracts with oleic acid-type edible oil is higher than that with linoleic and linolenic acid types. These findings indicate that CT and MTB extracts are promising natural antioxidants for oleic acid-rich edible oils. Given their differing impact on the oxidation rate of edible oil, using both extracts together may produce superior outcomes.

Mediterranean Food By-products as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds with Health Properties.

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on the recovery and re-use of waste plant matrices as promising sources of bioactive compounds with health effects. As the Mediterranean diet involves the consumption of great amounts of fruits and vegetables, large quantities of agro-food by-products are generated, causing economic and environmental problems. Such by-products contain a great variety of bioactive compounds whose potential health benefits include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-- cancer, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, antidepressant, cardio- and neuro-protective activities. Therefore, in this review, by-products from the most common fruits and vegetables processed in the Mediterranean area, such as tomato, olive, citrus fruit, almond, pomegranate, carob, date, and grape, were taken into account, pointing out the content of bioactive ingredients in extracts obtained from different parts of plants, fruits, and vegetables. Furthermore, studies performed to assess the beneficial effects of extracts obtained from Mediterranean agro-food by-products were reviewed, highlighting the potential benefits of waste plant matrices re-usage in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic fields.

Optimization of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction process, component analysis, and antioxidant spectral activity correlation of Huoluo Xiaoling Dan

ABSTRACT This study elucidated the optimization conditions, GC-MS analysis conditions, total antioxidant activity, and components closely related to antioxidant activity for supercritical extraction of active ingredients in Huoluo Xiaoling Dan (HLXLD). The yield, octyl acetate content, and total antioxidant activity of HLXLD under different conditions were obtained through orthogonal experiments, and the optimal supercritical extraction conditions were determined to be 45°C, 25 MPa, and 4 h. The supercritical extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis and matched with the WILEY and NIST databases, resulting in the qualitative identification of 37 chemical components with a matching degree above 60. The similarity evaluation system of traditional Chinese medicine fingerprint was used to evaluate all orthogonal experimental samples, with a similarity ranging from 0.522 to 0.989. Thirteen common characteristic peaks were selected, and the quantification of these peaks was performed using peak area normalization method. The combination of the content of common characteristic peaks in different samples and their total antioxidant activity was analyzed using multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis and multiple regression equation. It was found that five components, F3, F2, F5, F7 and F12, among the common characteristic peaks were closely related to antioxidant activity.

Baseline data collections of lipopolysaccharide content in 414 herbal extracts and its role in innate immune activation

Some herbal extracts contain relatively high amounts of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because orally administered LPS activates innate immunity without inducing inflammation, it plays a role as an active ingredient in herbal extracts. However, the LPS content in herbal extracts remains extensively unevaluated. This study aimed to create a database of LPS content in herbal extracts; therefore, the LPS content of 414 herbal extracts was measured and the macrophage activation potential was evaluated. The LPS content of these hot water extracts was determined using the kinetic–turbidimetric method. The LPS concentration ranged from a few ng/g to hundreds of μg/g (Standard Escherichia coli LPS equivalent). Twelve samples had a high-LPS-content of > 100 μg/g, including seven samples from roots and three samples from leaves of the herbal extracts. These samples showed high phagocytosis and NO production capacity, and further investigation using polymyxin B, an LPS inhibitor, significantly inhibited macrophage activation. This study suggests that some herbal extracts contain sufficient LPS concentration to activate innate immunity. Therefore, a new approach to evaluate the efficacy of herbal extracts based on their LPS content was proposed. A database listing the LPS content of different herbal extracts is essential for this approach.

The Potential Activity of Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) Leaf, Flower, and Stem Extracts on the Duration of Wound Healing in Mice (Mus musculus)

Wound is skin tissue damage due to trauma from a sharp object. Kecombrang flower extract is known to be effective in speeding up the healing of wounds because it contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids. The leaves and stems also contain these compounds, so this research was conducted to see the difference in the potential activity of the wound healing process of the kecombrang plant on the time of wound healing. Natural ingredient extracts are wound healing agents that can fight infection and speed up wound healing. This study used 5 treatment groups consisting of control (-) distilled water, control (+) Povidone Iodine 10 %, leaf extract 10 %, flower extract 10 %, and stem extract 10 %. The parameters observed were the length of the wound and the condition of the wound until the wound healed. The obtained data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA for complately randomized factorial designed. The results of the research show that extracts of kecombrang leaves, flowers, and stems have activity in accelerating the healing process of cut wounds and produce different effects on healing time. Wound healing time for leaf extract is 12 days, flower extract and stem extract is 10 days. The conclusion of this study shows that there is a very real difference in wound healing from treatment with the best treatment for wound healing is the flower extract with highest healing score of 6.42.

Formulation, Evaluation and Comparison of Lab made Toothpaste with Marketed Brand of Toothpaste

Toothpaste is a paste or gel useful to maintain dental health and preventing dental disease like cavities and promote oral hygiene it is an abrasive that aids in removing dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis. It contains surfactants and active ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease (gingivitis). Large amounts of swallowed toothpaste can be toxic. The aimed of current research to formulate herbal toothpaste utilizing plant extract like Neem leaves, Guava leaves. The plant extract ingredient posses the anti-bacterial and antiseptic properties. The herbal toothpaste formulated which can satisfy all the required condition to keep the mouth fresh and prevent tooth decay by bacteria. The formulated herbal toothpaste compared with marketed preparation. The formulated herbal toothpaste compared with marketed preparation. Physical examination: Colour-greenish green, smooth in nature, ph-8.2, spreadability- Good and stable formulation. The outcome of this research herbal toothpaste shows equal patronizing and engrossing passion over the marketed preparation it was consider after the comparing the marketed preparation(Colgate, Dabur Red, Dantkanti) with formulated herbal toothpaste. It has been good scope in future dental research and dental health of public.