Extraction Of Building Materials Research Articles

“A global perspective on building material recovery incorporating the impact of regional factors”

Recovery of buildings through the extraction of building materials at the end of the building life can contribute to the reduction of construction material consumption and waste generation. The viability of recovering in-situ building materials when they reach the end of their lifespan depends on regional factors such as construction and demolition norms, labour costs, secondary material markets, and general perceptions and culture toward material recovery processes. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of regional factors on building end-of-life strategies. For this study, five different buildings with similar general characteristics from globally distributed locations are selected as case studies. To analyze the impact of regional factors, a previously developed decision-support optimization tool is used that intakes regionally dependent factor data and generates optimal end-of-life options for each building component that reflect market-based practices based on the regional factor data. The study takes a comparative approach to analyze the recovery potential of the chosen building case studies. The results of the study highlight the importance of social economic factors in the decision-making of building component end-of-life strategies alongside material recovery-related policies, incentives, and waste disposal regulations. Labour costs are found to be less impactful than regulations and cultural norms on materials recovery decisions. The findings of this study have important implications for the construction industry, policymakers, and researchers. Construction stakeholders can better assess the feasibility and potential benefits of recovering building components based on each region's specific conditions and consequently develop regionally focused policies and regulations that can more effectively reduce waste generation.

Methodological principles of the selection of a resource-saving technology while developing water-bearing placer deposits

Purpose. The present paper aims to develop methodological principles for the selection of effective parameters of resource-saving technologies while developing water-bearing titanium-zirconium deposits basing on the complex of analytical studies. Methods. The paper applies a complex of research methods: analytical – to analyze and generalize the main differences of the development technology for water-bearing placer deposits and problem statement; technical-economic analysis for identifying the effect of a resource-saving technology on the indices of land use of the open-pit mining and involvement of associate raw materials in the economic activity; forecasting – to determine the influence on complex development of a titanium-zirconium deposit on the operating parameters of the regional nonmetallic raw material open pits. Findings. Effective trends in using the associate raw materials located in the enclosing and overburden rocks of a titanium-zirconium deposit are identified. Key differences between the technologies of associate raw material mining from the overburden rocks and their recovery from the enclosing rocks while mineral mining are defined. Predictive influence of a resource-saving technology of the development of titanium-zirconium deposits on the extraction of building materials from the regional nonmetallic open pits is specified. Volumes of possible associate raw material mining while developing the Motronivskyi GZK open pit during its operation are determined. Originality. New dependences of a land capacity coefficient while mining nonmetallic raw material in the region, prime cost of ore development as well as number of open pits for sand and clay production in the region on the volumes of involved associate raw material of the titanium-zirconium open pits are identified. Practical implications. A structural-logical scheme is elaborated for the selection of a resource-saving technology while operating open pits for the development of titanium-zirconium deposits.

Long term hydrological and environmental monitoring of the Stryi River using remote sensing data and GIS technologies


 
 
 The proposed research sets the task of conducting monitoring aimed at determining the horizontal displacements of the channel of the Stryi River the largest right-bank tributary of the Dniester River. For this purpose, the river was zoned according to morphometric and hydrological characteristics. Three parts were identified, namely highland, piedmont and lowland ones, which radically vary in the nature of the flow and the amount of the displacement. The main research purpose consists in analyzing the impact of anthropogenic factors on the hydrological regime of the Stryi River, as well as studying the effect of the Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep (UCF) and the Stryi Deep on the mode of horizontal displacements. The research object is processes occurring within the Stryi River channel. Considering main natural factors affecting the channel’s horizontal displacements, special attention is paid to the geological and sedimentological structures located in the region where the Stryi River and its tributaries flow; among the anthropogenic factors, deforestation and the extraction of building materials from the river channel are highlighted. Topographic, geological, soil maps and satellite images of various periods uploaded into ArcGIS software allowed us to monitor displacements observed for as long as 140 years ago. To monitoring the Stryi River channel displacements, such materials as topographic maps scaled 1: 75000 (Austrian period – 1874), 1: 100000 (Polish period – 1933, Soviet period – 1990); satellite images of Sentinel-2 (2019 and 2020 (after the flood)); a map of Quaternary sediments and a soil map scaled 1: 200000 were used. The Stryi River flows between two structures, i.e. the Skybovi Carpathians and the UCF. The right-bank tributaries (Bystrytsia, Limnitsia, Stryi, etc.), which begin in the Carpathians, cross the outer and inner boundaries of the UCF and are characterized by the stable river channel in its mountainous part, multi-braided in its piedmont part, as well as perennial and significant meandering within the Pre-Carpathian region. Lithological deposits have a significant impact at the mouth of the Stryi River. According to the research study results, displacements of up to 1,350m are measured in this area. The research includes an analysis of the influence of geological and sedimentological structures on the Stryi River displacement and the nature of its flow. It has been established that deforestation in the river basin, as well as unauthorized extraction of gravel materials, creates a significant environmental problem in this region. The results of monitoring of the channel deformation processes should be taken into account when solving problems related to river channel processes, namely the construction of hydraulic structures, the design of power transmission networks crossing rivers, the development of gas pipelines, the identification of hazardous flooding zones, the determination of consequences of destruction after floods, the establishment of boundaries of water protection zones, the management of recreational activities, monitoring of border lands and the establishment of an interstate border along rivers.
 
 

МИФ О РАЗРУШЕНИИ ХЕРСОНЕСА: ЭПИЗОД ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО ОСВОЕНИЯ КРЫМА

In travel literature of the 19th century (P.I. Sumarokov, V.B. Bronevsky, I.M. Muraviev-Apostol, E.D. Clark, F. Dubois de Montpere, K. Omer de Gell and others), there was a legend that ancient Chersonesus was destroyed to extract building materials for the construction of Sevastopol. The objective data analysis shows that it is a literary myth that originates from the work of P.S. Pallas “Observations Made During Traveling Over Southern Provinces of the Russian State in 1793–1794” (1799–1801). The scholar argued that the “destruction” of Chersonesus was a consequence of the active construction of Sevastopol in the 1780s–1790s. In 1818, P.S. Pallas’s viepoint was supported by N.M. Karamzin, whose History of the Russian State tells (with reference to P.S. Pallas) that Chersonesus was destroyed “to take stones to construct houses in Sevastopol”. Since then, this version of the events has become a commonplace in almost any text about Chersonesus. At the same time, some European authors (E.D. Clark, K. Omer de Gell) used this “common place” as an instrument of political propaganda. It has been documented that only four objects of modest scale were built out of Chersonesus stone in 1783: a chapel, a smithy, a pier and an admiral’s house. Then, they started to produce building materials in F.F. Mekenzi’s estate and in the Inkerman quarries, which made the industrial extraction of stone in Chersonesus impractical. Why did the experience of the first city constructions entail such generalizing conclusions in P.S. Pallas’s book? The reconstruction of the historical situation allows to single out two main reasons. That time Crimea was considered a fragment of classical antiquity acquired by Russia. The remains of ancient constructions became the primary object of literary and research interests. However, the first travelers were deceived in their expectations, since in Crimea they mostly found medieval monuments erected on the site of ancient ones. Modern archaeologists know that in the 6th – 7th centuries ancient Chersonesus was completely rebuilt, which explains the scantiness of ancient traces. However, in the era of P.S. Pallas, it was easier to explain the absence of antique artifacts by the destruction caused by those who built Sevastopol. Yet there was another reason. Sevastopol quickly became the most populous city on the peninsula. This led to spontaneous development and unauthorized extraction of building materials, including the territory of Chersonesus. It was impossible to tackle the problem of protecting ancient monument at the level of local initiatives and funds. The exaggerations found in P.S. Pallas’s writing can be explained by the awareness of the spontaneous threat to the ruins of the ancient polis. A small fragment of the text written by P.S. Pallas about the destruction of Chersonesus was rather a signal of alarm calling for measures to preserve the settlement, than a strictly historical statement. This signal, relayed by many literary texts, eventually caused the required reaction – Chersonesus became an object of historical heritage protection. However, at the same time, P.S. Pallas’s text turned into a mythologeme, firmly entrenched in literary ideas about the history of Chersonesus and Sevastopol.

Assessment of carbon footprint in the construction phase of high-rise constructions in Tehran

This study, with the life-cycle approach, examines the carbon footprint of a residential tower in the Tehran Metropolitan City in the construction phase. This paper assessed all sources of carbon emissions in the construction phase, including emissions from manufacturing and extraction of building materials, transportation of building materials, construction equipment, vegetation cover around the building, and transportation of construction waste. According to the results, the highest amounts of carbon footprint were estimated at 83% and 14%, which were, respectively, related to the emissions from transportation of materials and construction wastes. The emissions from the construction phase accounted for the 3% of the total footprints. Also in the manufacturing process of building materials, the highest contributions in CO2 emissions were 78%, 10%, and 6%, belonging to concrete, rebar, and cement mortar, respectively. The results of this study can be used as a criterion for comparing and assessing the preventative measures to reduce and manage CO2 emissions in the construction of similar buildings. The approaches that exist for reducing CO2 emissions in construction include management of amount of waste generated and choosing the types of environmentally friendly building materials and providing materials from factories near the site.

NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC IRREVERSIBLE VERTICAL RIVERBED DEFORMATIONS

Irreversible vertical deformation implies the systematic incision or sediment deposition within a considerable length of the river, in the course of which rise or lowering of river long profile and change of its general shape occur. Contemporary deformations occur in time intervals documented by historical materials and direct observations, that span several centuries, develop under the human influence or have a purely anthropogenic origin, although natural deformations due to tectonics and climate change play some role as well. To analyze the dynamics of the riverbed vertical deformations process, published sources for several rivers over the World were used as well as authors’ own studies in a number of rivers: Ob river upstream and downstream of Novosibirsk reservoir, Kama river downstream of the Votkinsk dam, Selected reaches in rivers Tom’, Oka, Belaya Rivers with a large scale in-stream mines. Dam construction and creation of reservoirs as well as in-stream extraction of building materials most notably contribute to the development of vertical deformations. Results show that both the process of incision downstream of dam and in sections with in-stream mines and the process of regressive accumulation upstream of the reservoirs are described by an exponential relationship reflecting the asymptotic nature of the lowering or rise of the riverbed. The relationship coefficients depend on the mobility of the channel. In the course of incision, riverbed becomes less movable, and its recovery may occur in other hydrological and geomorphological setting.

Variability of PM10 in industrialized-urban areas. New coefficients to establish significant differences between sampling points.

One of the main problems that arise in the assessment of air quality in an area is to estimate the number of representative sampling points of each microenvironment within it. We present a new model that reduces the variability and increases the quality of the comparison of the sampling points. The study is based on the comparison between a city in eastern Spain, Vila-real, a macro city in México, Monterrey and the Piemonte region regarding the assessment of PM10 in microenvironments. Vila-real is located in the province of Castellón. This province is a strategic area in the framework of European Union (EU) pollution control. On the other hand, Monterrey in México, located in the northern state of Nuevo León, has several problems with particulate material in the atmosphere produced by the extraction of building materials in the hill that surround the city. Finally, the Piemonte region, which is located in the north of Italy, has to be in consideration due to higher concentrations of PM10 in the Po river basin. In the case of Vila-real the PM10 samples were collected by a medium volume sampler according to European regulations. Particle concentration levels were determined gravimetrically (EN 12341:1999). In the case of Monterrey the PM10 concentrations were determined by Beta Ray Attenuation according to US-EPA regulations. In the Piemonte region, the average concentration of PM10 was also obtained by means of the Beta Ray Attenuation as well as using gravimetric instruments. The methodology carried out in this paper is a useful tool for developing future Air Quality Plans in other industrialised areas.

Coastal-marine nature management in Pacific Russia and Northern Vietnam: Notions, structural features, and types

Coastal-marine nature management is treated as a spatiotemporal structure consisting of two interrelated components: the coastal territorial component occurring in the coastal territory, and the coastal aquatic component occurring within the coastal aquatic area as well as the sea shores connecting them. The study revealed the components of the main and concomitant uses of natural resources which have evolved directly across the land and sea areas of mining of separate kinds of natural resources and having technogenic impacts on them. From a combination of natural resources as well as of spatial scales of the main and concomitant uses of natural resources on the coastal territory and in coastal waters, we identified the main types of coastal-marine nature management in the southern areas of Pacific Russia and in Northern Vietnam: different kinds of nature management including the utilization of the territory for industrial-residential and transportation purposes as well as for cultivation of rice and vegetable crops, extraction of building materials, other mineral resources, forest use, extraction of marine salt from the sea water, coastal fisheries, various forms of mariculture, marine recreation, etc. A fragment of the cartographic assessment of the current types of coastal-marine nature management is presented for the southern coastal areas of Pacific Russia.

Phytoremediation of Rocky Slope Surfaces: Selection and Growth of Pioneer Climbing Plants

INTRODUCTIONAs a result of the massive construction following rapid economic growth in China, extraction ofbuilding materials from mountain resources has left behind many quarries. Those quarries usuallyhave rocky surfaces and steep slopes. The existence of rocky slopes is not only a safety hazard butalso increases soil erosion and affects landscape aesthetics. Natural restoration of vegetation on rockyslope surfaces is a very slow process, which might require hundreds of years, and is not consideredan acceptable restoration strategy (Cullen