Extraction Method For Separation Research Articles

Properties of lectin from tissue culture of Ungernia victoris and its ultrasonic extraction

The aim was to investigate biomass extracts of U. victoris strain UV-2 tissue culture for the content of lectins, to study their general characteristics and to optimize the method of ultrasonic extraction to obtain a soluble form of the lectin. Methods. Tissue culture method, direct hemagglutination test for detection of lectin activity (LA), determination of lectin carbohydrate specificity, ultrasonic extraction method. The results. Lectin activity was detected in the soluble (supernatant) and insoluble (sediment) fractions of the extract of biomass U. victoris tissue culture. In the soluble fraction LA was significantly less compared to that in the sediment, which indicated the presence of the membrane-bound form of the lectin. LA was characterized by pronounced species specificity: the reaction with mouse erythrocytes was the most intense. The study of carbohydrate specificity revealed a weak affinity for monosugars (galactose and galactosamine) and pronounced suppression of LA in the case of polysaccharides - hyaluronic acid, heparin and mucin. The possibilities of the ultrasound extraction method for separation the detected lectin from the the cell surface in the sediment fraction were investigated and the extraction procedure was optimized. The transition of LA into the soluble phase under the influence of ultrasound depended on the following parameters: the concentration and volume of the extract, as well as the time of exposure to ultrasound. It was established that the LA of the soluble phase doubled compared to the initial one with an extract concentration of 50 mg/ml and a volume of 20 ml under the action of ultrasound 40 kHz/70 W in the interval of 15-45 minutes. Longer ultrasound treatment had a negative effect on LA. Conclusions. Lectin activity of U. victoris tissue culture biomass extracts was discovered for the first time, which can become a promising source of lectin with a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. The general characteristics of the lectin were given, and its species and carbohydrate specificity was revealed. The lectin was generally characterized and its species and carbohydrate specificity were established. Possibilities of ultrasound extraction were used and the procedure was optimized to obtain a soluble form of the lectin, necessary for its further fundamental and practical research.

Droplet-based optical trapping for cell separation in mock forensic samples.

Optical tweezers have a wide range of uses for mechanical manipulation of objects in the microscopic range. This includes both living and static cells in a variety of biomedical and research applications. Single-focus optical tweezers, formed by focusing a laser beam through a high numerical aperture immersion objective, create a significant force, which enables controlled transport of a variety of different cell types and morphologies in three dimensions. Optical tweezers have been previously reported to capture and separate spermatozoa from a reconstituted simulated postcoital sample. We report herein the development of a simplified, more efficient cell transfer protocol that can separate and isolate both spermatozoa as well as leukocytes, with similar efficiencies as those previously reported. The new cell transfer method was used to separate sperm cells from a reconstituted mixture of spermatozoa and vaginal epithelial cells, with complete STR profiles developed from 50 cells with little evidence of contribution from the female contributor to the mixture. This modified protocol was then used to separate 21 samples of enriched leukocytes, with trapped cells ranging from 5 to 22 cells. Complete STR profiles were developed from as few as 10 leukocytes. Thus, with minimal sample preparation and a short trapping time, this method has the potential to provide an alternative to traditional differential extraction methods for separation of sperm:nonsperm mixtures while also providing versatility for separation of cells with differing morphologies.

Extraction of Copper from Sulfuric Acid Solutions Based on Pseudo-Liquid Membrane Technology

Pseudo-liquid membranes are extraction devices in which a liquid membrane phase is retained in an apparatus consisting of two interconnected chambers while feed and stripping phases pass through the stationary liquid membrane phase as mobile phases. The organic phase of the liquid membrane sequentially contacts the aqueous phases of the feed and stripping solutions in the extraction and stripping chambers, recirculating between them. This extraction separation method, called multiphase pseudo-liquid membrane extraction, can be implemented using traditional extraction equipment: extraction columns and mixer-settlers. In the first case, the three-phase extraction apparatus consists of two extraction columns connected at the top and bottom by recirculation tubes. In the second case, the three-phase apparatus consists of a recycling close-loop, which includes two mixer-settler extractors. In this study, the extraction of copper from sulfuric acid solutions in two-column three-phase extractors was experimentally studied. A 20% solution of LIX-84 in dodecane was used as the membrane phase in the experiments. It was shown that the extraction of copper from sulfuric acid solutions in the apparatuses studied was controlled by the interfacial area in the extraction chamber. The possibility of the purification of sulfuric acid wastewaters from copper using three-phase extractors is shown. To increase the degree of extraction of metal ions, it is proposed to equip two-column three-phase extractors with perforated vibrating discs. To further increase the efficiency of extraction using the pseudo-liquid membrane method, it is proposed to use multistage processes. The mathematical description of multistage three-phase pseudo-liquid membrane extraction is discussed.

Exploration of coal tar asphaltene molecules based on high resolution mass spectrometry and advanced extraction separation method

The structure of coal tar asphaltenes has been recognized as one of the most challenging research topics in coal chemistry. In this work, a stepwise extraction subfraction separation method is developed for coal tar asphaltenes to reveal the polar molecule distribution and structure information using (+) ESI FT-ICR MS coupled with collision induced dissociation (CID). It is found that the most easily ionized molecules are preferentially observed in unfractionated asphaltenes, while the strongly polar molecules are suffered with ionization suppression. The heteroatoms are more likely to be present in aromatic cores instead of substituent chains, and this phenomenon grows more significantly with the increase of solvent polarity. The O/C increases with the increase in solvent polarity, and O plays an important role in the adsorption and desorption of asphaltenes on silica gel surface. The “atypical” asphaltenes molecules are rich in N, S and particularly O containing groups with low aromaticity and small aromatic structures, and tending to be island structures. Moreover, the coal tar asphaltenes has a significantly higher island/archipelago ratio than petroleum asphaltenes. The polar driving force has a great impact on archipelago molecules, the proportion of which is high in polar fractions.

New understanding of extraction and separation of vanadium(IV), iron and titanium using iron powder induction-leaching and P204-P507 synergistic extraction

Herein, we investigated the induced-leaching behavior of hematite by iron powder after ammonium sulfate roasting vanadium titanomagnetite concentrate and develop a P204-P507 synergistic extraction method for separation of vanadium(IV), iron and titanium. The results showed that the effective selective separation of vanadium, iron and titanium could be obtained in which 97.39 % V and 88.62% Fe were dissolved into the solution and over 91.76% Ti was remained in leaching residue after leaching at 0.5 M H2SO4, 110 °C for 1 h, then added 10% iron powder and continue to leaching for 2 h. Tafel polarization curve and impedance spectroscopy both proved that iron powder could reduce the chemical reaction resistance and accelerate the ion transfer rate in the leachate. Based on the speciation analysis by Medusa software, the speciation distribution of vanadium, iron and titanium in the sulfuric acid system eventually exists in the form of VO2+ and Fe(Ⅱ) ions, while most of titanium precipitates to the leaching residue in the form of TiO2. The five stages countercurrent extraction test was carried out to confirm the prediction of McCabe-Thiele diagram, and the extraction efficiency of vanadium reached 98.13% under the condition of mixed extractant concentration of 15%, v(P204):v(P507) of 3, pH of 1.8 and phase ratio (O/A) of 2.0. The slope method proved that P204-P507 molecule could release two H+ ions for every vanadium ion extracted, which could be attributed to the cation exchange reaction. Finally, a high-titanium slag with a TiO2 content of 85.32% was obtained by alkaline leaching method.

Solid Phase Extraction Method for Separation and Pre-concentration of Thallium in Water Samples Using a Novel Adsorbent

In this study, a new and simple column-mode separation method has been proposed for the pre-concentration and removal of trace amounts of thallium(III) (Tl) from water samples. The procedure was based on sorption of Tl(III) ions by a solid phase extraction column filled with 4-[(2-hydroxy, 3-methoxy benzylidine)4-amino]1,2,4-treeazol-5-thione on microcrystalline naphthalene. The determination was performed directly using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) method. The main factors affecting the extraction recovery were investigated and optimized. The interference effect of various ions on the determination of Tl(III) was also studied. In optimum conditions, the precision of the proposed method for sample solutions containing 0.2 μg/mL of Tl(III) was 2.0%, and the enrichment factor was found to be 35. The proposed method was evaluated and employed for pre-concentration and removal of Tl(III) from spiked natural (Tap and well) and industrial water samples.

Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Brilliant Blue and Tartrazine in Diverse Sample Matrices after Solid Phase Extraction.

Brilliant blue (BB) and tartrazine (TZ) are manufactured from petroleum and its products. These are the most popular consumed food dyes and are widely used in foodstuffs. Therefore, overuse of these dyes in foodstuffs and consumption of excessive amounts of these dyes can lead to health problems in humans. The aim of this study was to develop a simple separation and preconcentration method for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of BB and TZ dyes. A column solid-phase separation extraction method combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometry was preferred and developed for single and simultaneous determination of BB and TZ dyes. The preconcentration factor was obtained as 80. Relative standard deviations were below than 4%. Detection limits of the method were determined as 0.29 and 1.21 µg/L for BB and TZ, respectively. Recovery values were obtained between 95-99% and 96-100% for BB and TZ, respectively. 10.9-235.7 µg/g and 1.7-8.0 µg/mL of BB contents of real samples were determined for solid and liquid samples, respectively. TZ concentrations of solid and liquid samples were ranged between 18.7-220.7 µg/g and 5.9-7.5 µg/mL, respectively. Quantitative extraction results and satisfactory recovery values showed that method was successful and applicable for determination of BB and TZ concentrations in real pharmaceutical, industrial, and foodstuff samples. The method has exhibited a high preconcentration factor and effective separation against to matrix ions. The method did not need an experienced operator with high operation experience. Elution solvent can be chosen according to the availability of the chemicals in the laboratory and cheapness of the chemicals.

Evaluation of microwave-assisted extraction technology for separation of bioactive components of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

Saffron is the most expensive spice in the world and it is necessary to develop efficient extraction methods for separation of its bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of saffron major compounds – picrocrocin, safranal and crocin- through response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design was utilized to optimize the process variables such as extraction temperature (45−125 °C), time (10−30 min) and ethanol concentration (0–100 v\\v%). The contents of the components were spectrophotometrically determined at 257, 330 and 440 nm (the peak absorbance values of picrocrocin, safranal and crocin). According to the optimization algorithm of RSM, the temperature of 95.91 °C, time of 30 min and ethanol concentration of 59.59 % were determined to be the optimum circumstances of the process. Four crocetin esters were recognized in the optimum saffron extract by HPLC analysis. GC–MS merely quantified safranal with a retention time of 6.719 min and a molecular weight of 150.

Fruit identification and effect of starch isolation methods on color attributes of Cilacap bread fruit’s starch

Utilization of Cilacap breadfruit as a food source is very important for supporting local food diversification. The objectives of this study were to identify the Cilacap breadfruit based on morphology identification method and to evaluate the effects of starch isolation methods on color properties of its starch. The results showed that the morphological identification of Cilacap breadfruit was round - slightly oval, and the brownish green white spots-colored was shown on the ripe stage of fruit at the tree. The average weight of Cilacap breadfruit was 1.506 kg, and the yield of starch was 11.08%. The fruit identification was determined by LIPI Bogor Indonesia, of which confirmed that Cilacap breadfruit used in this study was a species of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex. F.A. Zorn) Fosberg (Moraceae family). Starch isolation by using sediment separation extraction method after three-time decantation was shown as a better method than the non-separation isolation method. Color attributes of starch by using sediment separation extraction method gave a value of L* = 94.113, a* = 5.253 and b* = -1.506 for the white bottom sediment, while the brown color of the upper sediment gave L* = 87.587, a* = 5.063 and b* = 1.956.

Extraction Methods Used to Separate Lipids from Microbes.

Lipids accumulated inside microbial cells (such as fungi, bacteria, yeast, microalgae, and macroalgae) have to be extracted for production of biodiesel and/or oleochemicals via thermochemical or thermocatalytic processes. Extraction methods for separation as well as quantification of lipids from microbes require organic solvents (such as hexane, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran) and involve multiple unit operations/steps such as thermal treatment (supercritical CO2 extraction), chemical treatment (acid or base, enzymes), mechanical operations (such as sonication and ball beating), liquid-solid separation, liquid-liquid extraction, and gravimetric or chromatographic analysis.

Solvent Extraction Method for Separation and Determination of Zn (||) by Using of Imidazole Derivative

Solvent extraction as sensitive and effective method for separation, pre concentration and determination Zn+2 after converted the cation into ion pair complex by combination, coordinately with complexion agent 2-[(2-methylphenyl)azo]-4,5-diphenyl imidazol (MPADPI). Spectrophotometric study shows wave length for maximum absorbance of complication reagent equal to λmax= 405nm but maximum absorbance wave length for ion pair complex extracted of Zn+2 equal to λmax=535nm. The experimental studies for pin point the optimum conditions of extraction shows pH=10 in presence 50µg Zn+2 in 5mL with shaking time equal 10 min., by using slope analysis method and mole ratio method demonstrated the structure of the ion pair association complex was[1:1]2+;2Cl-,[MPADPI-Zn]2+;2Cl-. The experimental study about organic solvent effect shows there was not any linear relation between dielectric constant of organic solvent and the values that means there was not any effect for polarity of organic solvent on extraction efficiency but there was un effect for organic solvent structure .Temperature effect study shows the extraction method was exothermic behavior with thermodynamic factor equal to ΔHex=-0.0255kJmol-1, ΔGex =-19.4005 kJmol-1,ΔSex 69.78 J molK-1 and other studies involved synergism effect, methanol effect ,spectrophotometric determination of Zn+2 in different samples.

A general gas-assisted three-liquid-phase extraction method for separation and concentration of puerarin, 3'-methoxydaidzin, puerarinxyloside, daidzin and daidzein from puerariae extract.

In this work, a general and novel separation technique gas-assisted three-liquid-phase extraction was established and applied in separating and concentrating isoflavonoids from the actual sample of puerariae extract by one step. For the gas-assisted three-liquid-phase extraction method, optimal conditions were selected: polyethylene glycol 2000 and ethyl acetate as the flotation solvent, pH 5, (NH4 )2 SO4 concentration 350 g/L in aqueous phase, N2 flow rate 30 mL/min, flotation time 50 min, and flotation twice. Five isoflavonoids compounds puerarin, 3'-methoxydaidzin, puerarinxyloside, daidzin and daidzein were separated with recoveries of 82, 84, 80, 88 and 89%, respectively. The separated products were purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and the purity of the final products was >96%. The established general gas-assisted three-liquid-phase extraction was used to separate anthraquinones from Cassiae Semen under the optimal conditions, and the recoveries were >75%. The experimental results showed that the established gas-assisted three-liquid-phase extraction method is a general technique for separating active compounds from herb extract.

A novel cloud point extraction method for separation and preconcentration of cadmium and copper from natural waters and their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A sensitive and simple cloud point extraction method was developed for simultaneous separation and preconcentration of cadmium and copper prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide was used as complexing agent and the cadmium and copper complexes were extracted from the aqueous phase by Triton X-114 surfactant. The effects of parameters such as sample pH, ligand amount, concentration of surfactant, incubation temperature and time were optimized. For 20 mL of preconcentrated solution, the detection limits (3σ) were 0.20 and 0.49 μg L−1, and the enrichment factors were 20.7 and 19.9 for Cd(II) and Cu(II), respectively. In order to verify the accuracy of the developed method, certified reference materials (SLRS-5 river water and SPS-SW2 Batch 127 surface water) were analysed. Results obtained were in good agreement with the certified values. The proposed method was applied to tap water, river water and seawater samples with satisfactory results.

A seismic diffraction extraction method for the study of discontinuous geologies using a regularisation algorithm

Seismic diffractions play a vital role in identifying discontinuous geological structures, such as tiny faults and cavities which are important because of their close relationship with the reservoir properties of oil and gas. In this paper, we focus on an extraction method for separation of seismic diffractions. The energy of reflection is usually much stronger than that of the diffraction, thus, removing reflection becomes a key problem for diffraction applications. In order to extract seismic diffractions accurately and stably, we propose an optimised regularisation method based on the local plane-wave equation. By considering two constraints arising from the Sobolev penalty function and the difference operator, we build a stable minimisation model for determining seismic slopes. In computation, an iterative method based on projection onto a convex set for solving the nonlinear minimisation is developed, which can provide fast and accurate solutions. Subtracting the predicted reflections from the seismic image, we can extract the seismic diffractions. Numerical experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the diffraction extraction method in separating tiny faults, scatterers and cavities. Finally, a carbonate reservoir field example is provided to demonstrate the high-resolution capability of the method in revealing small-scale discontinuous geological features.

Development of several chromatography extraction separations for the measurement of minority elements present in high level radioactive solutions

Abstract Five chromatography extraction separation methods using Triskem columns were developed for the measurement of minority elements present in high level activity solutions produced by various programs (processes of hydrometallurgical extraction, dissolution of hulls and spent fuels) implemented in the Atalante facility at CEA Marcoule. The first three concern the Purex process, for which it is necessary to quantify Np + Pu traces in the main raffinate, Np traces in the “U-Pu production” step, and Tc traces in the “U production” to qualify its performances. Total recovery of these traces was obtained with a good macro-element decontamination factor, thus permitting their determination by L-line X-ray fluorescence or by ICP-QMS. The fourth separation focussed on the total recovery of U and Pu traces from a hull dissolution solution. The decontamination and recovery performances were very good and enabled the determination of U and Pu by L-line X-ray fluorescence. The last method concerns the separation of Zr from an irradiated fuel dissolution solution, for its isotopic composition determination by ICP-QMS. Excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental measurements and computer code estimates.

Extraction of nickel from edible oils with a complexing agent prior to determination by FAAS

In the present work, a new extraction method for separation of nickel from edible oils and determination by FAAS is reported. This method is based on extraction of Ni(II) ions from the oil to aqueous phase with N,N′-bis(4-methoxysalicylidene) ethylenediamine (MSE) and determination by FAAS. Properties of the complex formed between MSE and Ni(II) were investigated spectrophotometrically. Central composite design (CCD) was utilized for optimization of MSE to oil, stirring time and temperature, which were 0.97mLg−1, 15.4min, and 29.7°C, respectively. The developed method was tested with an oil-based metal standard and the recovery was 93.8±3.9%. The proposed method was applied with five different edible oils.

Determination of uranium(VI) using Penicillium chrysogenum immobilized on silica gel and spectrophotometer

A solid phase extraction method for separation and enrichment of uranium(VI) was developed using Penicillium chrysogenum immobilized on silica mixed with double distilled water. Conditions such as pH, sample flow rate and volume, eluting solution and interfering ions with uranium(VI) optimized and determined spectrophotometrically for quantitative sorbtion. Maximum adsorption found at monolayer was 1.3004 mg/g using Langmuir isotherm. The limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the proposed method for uranium(VI) was 0.61 μg/L and was 2.02 μg/L respectively. The method developed for the separation and recovery of uranium(VI) was applied sediment samples and tap water samples.

Solid-phase extraction of iridium from soil and water samples by using activated carbon cloth prior to its spectrophotometric determination.

A solid-phase extraction method for separation and preconcentration of Ir(IV) ion by using activated carbon cloth (ACC) has been presented. Ir(IV) as their 1-(2-pyridylazo) 2-naphtol (PAN) chelate was adsorbed on ACC at pH2.0 and was eluted from ACC with acidic dimethylformamide (DMF). The Ir(IV) concentration was determined at 536nm as Ir(IV)-PAN complex by using UV-vis spectrophotometer. The analytical parameters including pH, sample and eluent flow rates, amount of PAN, eluent type, concentration, and sample volume were optimized. The effects of foreign ions on the recoveries of iridium were also investigated. The preconcentration factor was calculated as 60. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were found as 0.039 and 0.129μgL(-1), respectively. The method was applied to soil and water samples for iridium determination.

The new liquid–liquid extraction method for separation of phenolic compounds from coal tar

Phenolic compounds are mainly derived from coal tar, petroleum, and coal liquefaction oil. The traditional acid–base separation method can cause serious environmental problems. In this research, imidazole and its homolog compounds were designed as new extraction agents for the separation of phenols from coal tar, which can form deep eutectic solvent with phenols with the removal efficiencies more than 90%. The influence of the extraction agent structure was explored, and different substitutes were investigated. The key experimental conditions, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and mole ratio of extraction agent to phenols were studied. The hydrogen bond between phenols and extraction agent is the reason for the formation of DES, and this was proved based on analyzing the chemical bonds of product by using FT-IR. The extraction agents exhibited good recycling property. Finally, the experimental process was simulated by Aspen Plus, and a specific separation process and technology was proposed.

Determination of residual nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous sample using magnetic nanoparticles modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide by high performance liquid chromatography.

A simple and sensitive solid-phase extraction method for separation and preconcentration of trace amount of four nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, indomethacin, diclofenac, and ibuprofen) using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide has been developed. For this purpose, the surface of MNPs was modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant. Effects of different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of drugs including the pH, amount of salt, shaking time, eluent type, the volume of solvent, amount of adsorbent, sample volume, and the time of desorption were investigated and optimized. Methanol has been used as desorption solvent and the extracts were analysed on a reversed-phase octadecyl silica column using 0.02 M phosphate-buffer (pH = 6.02) acetonitrile (65 : 35 v/v) as the mobile phase and the effluents were measured at 202 nm with ultraviolet detector. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the method was investigated at three concentrations (25, 50, and 200 ng/mL) and was in the range of 3.98–9.83% (n = 6) for 50 ng/mL. The calibration curves obtained for studied drugs show reasonable linearity (R 2 > 0.99) and the limit of detection (LODs) ranged between 2 and 7 ng/mL. Finally, the proposed method has been effectively employed in extraction and determination of the drugs in biological and environmental samples.