Extraction Distribution Coefficient Research Articles

Extraction of mandelic acid with tri-octyl-phosphine oxide (TOPO) in different solvents: Equilibrium and neural network analysis

Mandelic acid is an important carboxylic acid used in pharmaceutical industries. It is also important to use it as a purified form. In this study, selective extraction of mandelic acid was done by tri-octyl-phosphine oxide (TOPO) diluted in different solvents such as methyl isobutyl ketone, 1-octanol, octyl acetate, dimethyl phthalate, 2-octanone, cyclohexane and toluene. The high selectivity of mandelic acid from aqueous solution was supported by thermodynamic parameters (loading factor, distribution coefficient, and extraction efficiency). The obtained values for each solvent were applied to the Neural Network Analysis to predict phase equilibrium behaviour in ternary systems. The results showed the highest mandelic acid extraction efficiency (93.65 %) and distribution coefficient (14.74) were attained with the organic phase mixture prepared with MIBK and TOPO. Also, it was found that extraction efficiencies increased with increasing TOPO amount in the medium for all studied solvents.

Effect of pH neutral on the separation of nickel and cobalt from laterite leaching solution using cyanex 272

Abstract Nickel and cobalt are the most common elements in the earth’s crust that naturally occur in laterite ores. Nickel and cobalt from laterite ores are recovered as products such as mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP) and mixed sulphide precipitate (MSP). This research focuses on how the nickel laterite leach solution can be processed directly for solvent extraction without going through the precipitation stage. The nitric acid leach solution obtained from the laterite ore is used to extract nickel and cobalt. A cyanex 272 extractant and kerosene mixture will be used as an organic solvent for direct extraction. The raw material used was Indonesian laterite ore from Halmahera Island, which contained Ni (1.72%), Co (0.155%), Fe (26.17%), and other minor elements. The effect of pH in a neutral condition was investigated on the extraction efficiency, distribution coefficient, and separation factor. Nitric acid (1M) was applied as the leaching reagent. The variables include pH variations (6.8; 7.0; 7.2; 7.4; 7.6), 20% cyanex 272, and O/A ratio (1:1/v:v) at 20 minutes with a stirring speed of 500 rpm. Optimum results were obtained at pH 7.4 variation with an extraction efficiency of 69.26% for cobalt and 0% for Ni, respectively. At these optimum conditions, the highest distribution coefficient value is the element cobalt at pH 7.4, and the result is 2.253 with a separation factor (∞). The optimum condition focuses on removing cobalt from the organic phase, not nickel.

Extraction of the Food Additive Tartaric Acid Using Octanol, Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, Kerosene, Mustard Oil, And Groundnut Oil

Tartaric acid (TA) is a dicarboxylic acid found in bananas, grapes, apples, papaya, cherries, pineapple, pears, mangoes, and tamarind. Due to its widespread use in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, it is an essential carboxylic acid. Tartaric acid is produced commercially from wine-industry byproducts and is also present in the industry's effluent. Separating tartaric acid from wastewater is challenging. In this research, tartaric acid was separated from the aqueous phase using chemical and organic solvents such as groundnut oil, mustard oil, kerosene, octanol, and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). Experiments were conducted at 298 K to determine the extraction efficiency (E%) and distribution coefficient (KD). The maximum extraction efficiencies of tartaric acid were found to be 49.01, 25.62, 16.73, 15.89 and 14.29% when using MIBK, octanol, kerosene, mustard oil and groundnut oil, respectively. The results demonstrate the significance of solvent choice in the extraction of tartaric acid with solvents such as MIBK and octanol being more effective at extracting TA from aqueous solutions. On the other hand, the sustainability of the method for separating tartaric acid was highlighted when organic solvents were applied.

Insight into the experiment and extraction mechanism for separating carbazole from anthracene oil with quaternary ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents

Carbazole is an irreplaceable basic organic chemical raw material and intermediate in industry. The separation of carbazole from anthracene oil by environmental benign solvents is important but still a challenge in chemical engineering. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a sustainable green separation solvent have been proposed for the separation of carbazole from model anthracene oil. In this research, three quaternary ammonium-based DESs were prepared using ethylene glycol (EG) as hydrogen bond donor and tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC), tetrabutylammonium bromide or choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptors. To explore their extraction performance of carbazole, the conductor-like screeningmodelfor real solvents (COSMO-RS) model was used to predict the activity coefficient at infinite dilution (γ∞) of carbazole in DESs, and the result indicated TBAC:EG (1:2) had the stronger extraction ability for carbazole due to the higher capacity at infinite dilution (C∞) value. Then, the separation performance of these three DESs was evaluated by experiments, and the experimental results were in good agreement with the COSMO-RS prediction results. The TBAC:EG (1:2) was determined as the most promising solvent. Additionally, the extraction conditions of TBAC:EG (1:2) were optimized, and the extraction efficiency, distribution coefficient and selectivity of carbazole could reach up to 85.74%, 30.18 and 66.10%, respectively. Moreover, the TBAC:EG (1:2) could be recycled by using environmentally friendly water as antisolvent. In addition, the separation performance of TBAC:EG (1:2) was also evaluated by real crude anthracene, the carbazole was obtained with purity and yield of 85.32%, 60.27%, respectively. Lastly, the extraction mechanism was elucidated by σ-profiles and interaction energy analysis. Theoretical calculation results showed that the main driving force for the extraction process was the hydrogen bonding ((N–H…Cl) and van der Waals interactions (C–H…O and C–H…π), which corresponding to the blue and green isosurfaces in IGMH analysis. This work presented a novel method for separating carbazole from crude anthracene oil, and will provide an important reference for the separation of other high value-added products from coal tar.

The Aptness of Organic Diluents with Tri‐n‐Butyl Phosphate for Liquid‐Liquid Equilibria of Acrylic Acid

AbstractSeparation of carboxylic acids from downstream is a bottleneck in the chemical industry since it takes nearly 30–50 % of the overall production cost. In view of this, an attempt was made for the extraction of acrylic acid from aqueous solution with tri‐n‐butyl phosphate dissolved in organic diluents like benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, and petroleum ether. The results are explained in terms of distribution coefficient (σ), extraction efficacy (η%), equilibrium complexation constant (Kε), loading ratio (ϕ), and coextraction of water. At lower concentration of acrylic acid and higher concentration of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate for the acrylic acid‐tri‐n‐butyl phosphate system, maximum extraction efficacy and distribution coefficient for benzene was found as 88.60 % and 7.772, respectively. Coextraction of water in the extract phase and law of mass action were discussed, too. Diffusivity of acrylic acid to the interface of extract (organic) and raffinate (aqueous) phases was calculated using the Wilke‐Chang equation and Reddy‐Doraiswamy equation. In view of designing a continuous extraction column, the number of theoretical stages and minimum solvent‐to‐feed ratio were also determined.

Salting-out assisted acidic deep eutectic solvent Liquid-Liquid extraction of 2,3-Butanediol from aqueous Solutions: Green and sustainable approach

Biological fermentation is considered as a green and economically viable method to produce 2,3-Butanediol (BDO, potential alternative fuel). However, the downstream extraction of BDO is the challenging and cost determining factor in biological fermentation. Deep eutectic solvent (DSE) has been widely used in separation field for its simple preparation, cut-price, environment friendliness and recyclability. Nine acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADES) were prepared and used to construct a salting-out liquid–liquid extraction system to separate BDO from aqueous solution. The major experimental parameters influencing salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE), including type and volume of ADES, salt type and concentration, BDO concentration, equilibrium time, equilibrium temperature, and solution pH, were investigated. Under optimal conditions when using TEAC/n-CA as extractant, the extraction efficiency, selectivity and distribution coefficient for 10% BDO were 92.3%, 281.0 and 121.1, respectively. Moreover, evaporation process was used to recover K3PO4, the recovery was more than 90%, and the extraction efficiency of BDO was still more than 92% after recycling 5 times. Meaningfully, the recovery and recycling of TEAC/n-CA were realized by adjusting hydrophobic capacity with pH-response characteristic of ADES, the recovery was more than 66%, and the extraction efficiency of BDO was still more than 91% after recycling 5 times. It demonstrated that salting-out agent and pH-responsive deep eutectic solvent could be repeatedly used. The novel processing offers a green and sustainable route for BDO extraction from aqueous solutions.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF COBALT FROM LEACHING SOLUTIONS OF COBALT ORES

The extraction of cobalt with amines has been studied in the most detail. The article presents experimental data obtained in the study of cobalt extraction from leaching solutions of cobalt ores with a mixture of tributylamine (TBA) in toluene and hexane. The dependence of the extraction degree and distribution coefficient of cobalt on pH, time, and the ratio of aqueous and organic phases have been studied. It has been shown that cobalt is maximally extracted with TBA in toluene in the pH range of 3-5 for no more than 5-10 minutes; in this case, 98% of cobalt extraction is achieved. The developed method of cobalt extraction with organic extractants can be widely used in non-ferrous metallurgy

Investigation of the extraction ability and mechanism of environmentally friendly ionic liquids for phenol in the model oil

The large number of phenolic compounds contained in coal tar and coal-converted oil seriously increased their cost of processing and transportation difficulties, so methods for efficient separation of phenolic compounds is of great industrial significance. Based on the flexible designability of ionic liquids, hydroxyl functional group that can interact with phenol were introduced into ionic liquid’s cations, eight ionic liquids were synthesized and their separation properties of phenol in model oil (methylbenzene) were studied. Cations of these ionic liquids have a significant influence the phenol extraction efficiency, which follows the order: [Ch]+ > [HEMIM]+. But the anions show a relatively small influence, and the order is: [Pro]- > [Lac]- > [Gly]- > [Ac]-. Other effects such as extraction temperature, molar ratio of phenol to ILs, extraction time and other factors on the extraction efficiency and distribution coefficient were investigated, also the optimum parameters were obtained. Hydroxyl modified ionic liquids showed good extraction performance for phenol, and the choline propionate ionic liquids showed the best separating capacity and were selected as the best extractant. The extraction performance was analyzed by 1H NMR and FT-IR spectra analysis. Hydrogen bond was confirmed to be one of the extraction mechanisms and we found that there was an optimal distance between the cation and anion of ionic liquids to form hydrogen bonds with phenol, also the π-π interaction between imidazole ring and benzene ring in phenol contributed to the extraction. In addition, the ionic liquid showed good recyclability and the regenerated ionic liquids could be reused five times with highly extraction efficiency.

Salt induced phase separation extraction of 2,3-Butanediol from aqueous solutions: Recovery and recycling of potassium triphosphate

A novel salt (potassium triphosphate, K5P3O10) induced phase separation to extraction of 2,3-butanediol (BDO) from aqueous solution and its recycling were studied. This paper investigated factors influencing salt induced phase separation (SIPS) extraction efficiency, including salt type and concentration, solute content, equilibrium time and temperature, and solution pH. With BDO concentration 15% (w/w) and K5P3O10 concentration 600 g·kg−1, this system can achieve complete phase equilibrium within 8 min, the extraction efficiency, distribution coefficient and selectivity for BDO were 99.5 ± 0.5%, 2406.1 ± 174.5, 5940.2 ± 260.9 respectively. Moreover, the process only has two steps (shaking and standing), the extraction time was about 15 min, which was much shorter than that in previous studies reported. In addition, there was no need for solvent in extraction process, after dehydration, the purity of the product is 91.0%. Reused six times, the recovery of salt and extraction efficiency of BDO almost did not change. Finally, the binodal curves and solid-liquid equilibria line of novel SIPS system were also determined at 298.15 K. As a green technology in chemical industry, this method has the advantages of high extraction efficiency and provides a potential for separation and refining of BDO for its convenience, economy, and easy to scale-up.

Theoretical and experimental exploration for efficient separation of carbazole from anthracene oil with quaternary ammonium salts via forming deep eutectic solvents

Carbazole is an important organic chemical raw material with high added value, mainly derived from crude anthracene. In this research, three quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), containing triethylmethylammonium chloride (TEMAC), tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) and tetrapropylammonium chloride (TPAC), were innovatively used to separate carbazole from model anthracene oil by forming deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The results indicated that TEAC showed the highest separation ability among three QASs. Afterwards, the influences of mass ratio of TEAC to model anthracene oil (MO), stirring time, extraction temperature and initial concentration on the separation effect of carbazole were investigated. Under the optimized conditions (25℃, 25 min, mass ratio 1:5), the extraction efficiency (EE), distribution coefficient (DI) and selectivity (SE) of carbazole could reach up to 91.25 %, 24.26 and 66.09 %, respectively. The purity and yield of carbazole product separated from model anthracene oil were 91.02 % and 76.89 %, respectively. Moreover, carbazole with purity of 90.42 % could be separated from real crude anthracene with TEAC under the above optimized conditions. In addition, environment friendly water was used to regenerate the TEAC. After recycled for five times, the extraction ability of TEAC for carbazole did not change obviously. Finally, the hydrogen bond (NH…Cl) and van der Waals interaction (CH…π) existed between QASs and carbazole were revealed by FT-IR analysis and quantum calculations. The green and novel method presented in this work has implications for the separation of other high value-added products from coal tar.

Recovery of nicotinic acid (Niacin) using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent: Ultrasonication facilitated extraction

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DES) have emerged as alternative environment friendly solvents. Here, DES was prepared using menthol (M) and trioctylphosphine-oxide (TOPO) in the molar ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 to extract nicotinic acid from its aqueous solution ultrasonically. At a molar ratio of 1:1, DES solidified whereas 2:1 remained in the liquid form at room temperature. Physical properties of DES (density, refractive index, and surface tension) were determined. TGA and FTIR analysis were also performed. The highest extraction efficiency (88.33%) and distribution coefficient (7.8) were observed with 0.01 M acid concentration. The used DES was used for 5 successive cycles without regeneration and was further regenerated using 1 N NaOH. The parameters of the extraction column like number of theoretical stages, minimum solvent to feed ratio, diameter and height were proposed for the extraction of nicotinic acid.

Removing aromatic organic pollutants by cloud point extraction using biodegradable nonionic surfactants: equilibrium constants and diffusion kinetics

ABSTRACT The impacts of inadequate disposal of industrial wastewater cause environmental, economic, social and human health damage. The search for innovative and viable methodologies from a technical and economic standpoint aims to promote suitable management of effluents produced by different industrial activities. The objective of this paper was to study phenol, aromatic alcohol and aromatic amine removal using cloud point extraction based on analysis of extraction capacity, miscibility curves, equilibrium lines, distribution coefficients and mass transfer solubilisation diffusion. The oxo-C10E3P4E2 surfactant produced the best results, exhibiting smaller coacervate volume fractions, low concentration in the diluted phase and efficient extraction (E%) of phenol (81.79%), 1-phenylethanol (67.88%), 2-phenylethanol (65.41%), benzyl alcohol (57.01%), aniline (56.91%), p-toluidine (73.96%) and 2,4-dimethylaniline (84.87%). The ternary phase diagrams revealed a large miscibility area favourable to extraction, with equilibrium lines showing a pronounced slope in favour of the coacervate, indicating high compound concentration factors. Equilibrium isotherms were used to obtain the distribution and solubilisation constants (Log KC/D KS), in the following order: aniline (1.05; 9.15) < p-toluidine (1.35; 20.40) < 2,4-dimethylaniline (1.76; 45.10) and benzyl alcohol (1.07; 8.19) < 2-phenylethanol (1.22; 14.04) < 1-phenylethanol (1.28; 15.23) < phenol (1.59; 36.72). These parameters show a linear correlation with Log KO/W, revealing that micellar solubilisation is governed by the hydrophobic nature of aromatic organic compounds. The evolution of pH demonstrated that the ionised forms of phenol and 2,4-dimethylaniline do not establish interactions (electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrogen bonds) with surfactants. Mass transfer diffusion is governed by hydrophobic compounds, slightly compromising phenol due to its high solubility in water.

Screening ionic liquids for efficiently extracting perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFACs) from wastewater

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using ionic liquids (ILs)-based methods to remove perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFACs), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), from wastewater, is an important strategy. However, the lack of physicochemical and LLE data limits the selection of the most suitable ILs for the extraction of PFACs. In this work, 1763 ILs for PFACs extraction from water were systematically screened using COSMOtherm to estimate the infinite dilution activity coefficient (lnγ∞)of PFOA and PFOS in water and ILs. To evaluate the accuracy of COSMOtherm, 8 ILs with various lnγ∞ values were selected, and their extraction efficiency (E) and distribution coefficient (Dexp) were measured experimentally. The results showed that the predicted lnγ∞ decreased as the increase of experimental extraction efficiency of PFOA or PFOS, while the tendency of predicted distribution coefficient (Dpre) was consistent with the experimental (Dexp) results. This work provides an efficient basis for selecting ILs for the extraction of PFACs from wastewater.

Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of iodine extraction from chloride aqueous solutions

Extraction is a versatile and relatively simple method for extracting rare and scattered elements, producing good results at minimal expenses in terms of reagents and equipment. Information about the thermal effects and kinetic dependencies of the extraction process is essential for predicting and counteracting fluctuations in external conditions. In this work, the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the iodine extraction process were studied using model solutions that contained sodium chloride with an ionic strength of 0–5 mol/l as a background mineralization. This composition closely corresponds to natural and man-made waters of oil and gas condensate fields. A mixture of tri-n-butyl phosphate and isooctane was used as the extractant. In order to evaluate thermodynamic parameters, extraction isotherms were constructed at temperatures of 278 and 288 K. For different background ionic strength values, equilibrium extraction parameters were determined, including the extraction degree, distribution coefficient and equilibrium constant, as well as changes in the enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy of the process. A study of the kinetic dependencies of iodine extraction from aqueous solutions under different ionic strength values at temperatures of 278, 288 and 293 K allowed the true and apparent orders of reaction to be established, along with the activation energy of the extraction process. Across the entire range of the studied ionic strength values, iodine extraction occurs spontaneously with high distribution coefficients and an extraction degree of over 86%. The kinetic parameters of the iodine extraction process (activation energy, temporal and concentration reaction order) indicate the diffusion nature of the rate-determining step, the presence of intermediate complexation stages and the absence of temperature effects on the reaction rate.

Advancing Rare-Earth Separation by Machine Learning.

Constituting the bulk of rare-earth elements, lanthanides need to be separated to fully realize their potential as critical materials in many important technologies. The discovery of new ligands for improving rare-earth separations by solvent extraction, the most practical rare-earth separation process, is still largely based on trial and error, a low-throughput and inefficient approach. A predictive model that allows high-throughput screening of ligands is needed to identify suitable ligands to achieve enhanced separation performance. Here, we show that deep neural networks, trained on the available experimental data, can be used to predict accurate distribution coefficients for solvent extraction of lanthanide ions, thereby opening the door to high-throughput screening of ligands for rare-earth separations. One innovative approach that we employed is a combined representation of ligands with both molecular physicochemical descriptors and atomic extended-connectivity fingerprints, which greatly boosts the accuracy of the trained model. More importantly, we synthesized four new ligands and found that the predicted distribution coefficients from our trained machine-learning model match well with the measured values. Therefore, our machine-learning approach paves the way for accelerating the discovery of new ligands for rare-earth separations.

Analytical solution for soil flushing using PVD system with rectangular pattern

Soil flushing using prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) is an innovative subsurface remediation technology for contaminated fine-grained soils. An analytical solution is presented to investigate the performance of a PVD-enhanced system arranged in a rectangular pattern for soil remediation. The analytical solution is derived based on a simplified equivalent model in which PVDs are substituted by drain walls. The results of the analytical solution are shown to be roughly consistent with those obtained from the finite-element method. Using the proposed solution, the remediation efficiency for a rectangular layout is demonstrated to be higher than that for a parallel layout. Furthermore, the effects of distance between injection and extraction PVD, injection rate, distribution coefficient, and dispersivity are investigated. Results indicate that a square pattern is the optimal layout of PVDs compared to other rectangular patterns. Increasing the injection rate of individual PVDs is an effective way to improve the remediation efficiency. The increase of distribution coefficient of contaminant leads to a significant increase in the remediation time, and the increase of longitudinal and transverse dispersivity results in a more uniform spatial distribution of contaminant concentration during the flushing process.

Experimental investigation using conventional and natural extractants for liquid-liquid extraction of glutaric acid

Glutaric acid finds major application in corrosion inhibitors, anti-scaling agents, pharmaceutical synthesis, etc. mainly as a polymer building block. However, production of glutaric acid is quite difficulty, necessitated research into viable options for glutaric acid recovery. The liquid-liquid extraction method has been employed to recover glutaric acid from aqueous phase using a variety of inert extractant (cyclohexane) and natural, non-toxic extractants (rice bran and sesame oil). The extraction efficiency (%E) and distribution coefficient (K D ) were calculated based on equilibrium data obtained at 298.15 ± 1 K. The trend observed for the average distribution coefficient along with extraction efficiency respectively are as follows: rice bran oil (0.152, 12.48%) > Cyclohexane (0.075, 6.90%) > Sesame oil (0.037, 3.53%). The rice bran oil has the highest extraction efficiency, whereas sesame oil provided the lowest extraction efficiency.

Reactive Extraction of Gluconic Acid Using Trioctylamine in Different Diluents

AbstractReactive extraction of gluconic acid (GA) from aqueous solutions was investigated using trioctylamine (TOA) as extractant in the presence of benzyl alcohol (BA) and 1‐decanol (DE) as diluents. Physical extraction of GA with pure diluents in the absence of TOA was found to be poor. Reactive extraction with an amine‐diluent mixture enhanced the separation process. Higher extraction efficiencies and distribution coefficients were achieved in the presence of BA as compared to DE. Further optimization studies were carried out to determine the synergistic effect of amine/diluent ratio. Loading ratios higher than 0.5 suggested 3:1 complex formation of GA with the amine. A reactive extraction mechanism of GA in TOA was proposed, and the equilibrium complexation constant was determined.

Highly efficient extraction of indole from model wash oil by using environmentally benign deep eutectic solvents

Indole is an important organic synthesis intermediate derived from the wash oil fraction in coal tar. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been widely used in the separation field due to their unique properties such as easy preparation, low cost, green and high extraction efficiency, and reusability. In this study, five DESs, including tetramethylammonium chloride/ethylene glycol (TMAC/EG), triethylmethylammonium chloride/ethylene glycol (TEMAC/EG), tetraethylammonium chloride/ ethylene glycol (TEAC/EG), tetrapropylammonium chloride/ethylene glycol (TPAC/EG), tetrabutylammonium chloride /ethylene glycol (TBAC/EG) were prepared and used to extract indole from model wash oil. The results showed that TPAC/EG exhibited the best extraction ability under the same conditions. Then, the main experimental parameters such as mass ratio of DES to model wash oil, extraction temperature, extraction time, standing time and initial concentration of indole, were investigated when using TPAC/EG as extractant. In optimal conditions (25℃, 5 min, mass ratio 1:8), the extraction efficiency, selectivity and distribution coefficient for indole were 90.51%, 79.21% and 61.12, respectively. Moreover, removing neutral oil with petroleum ether, the purity of indole further reached 96.63%, which was much higher than that in the previous studies reported. In addition, accessible and environmentally friendly water instead of diethyl ether was used to regenerate the DES. Reused four times, the TPAC/EG extraction ability for indole almost did not change. Finally, the mechanism of extraction process was investigated by FT-IR analysis. This work provides a new route for extraction and recovery indole from wash oil.

Intensification of formic acid from dilute aqueous solutions using menthol based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents

The fermentation of biomass and organic waste streams is the primary source of formic acid production. Formic acid is the hydrogen energy carrier and is used as a hydrogen storage medium in fuel cells. Sustainable production of formic acid makes the hydrogen-fuel cell entirely environmentally friendly and ensures the long-term storage of renewable energy. Therefore, green, economic, and sustainable production and recovery of formic acid are highly demanded. In this study, it was aimed to use a new generation, green, easily prepared, and designer hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) for the removal of formic acid via reactive extraction. HDESs obtained by preparing binary mixtures of nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid (HBD), and menthol (HBA) were used as diluents; tri-n-octylamine (TOA) and Amberlite LA-2 (Amb.LA-2) were acted as extractants. Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of extractant type and concentration, initial acid concentration, and volume of the organic phase on extraction. Experimental data were presented by calculating the extraction efficiency (E%), distribution coefficient (D), and loading factor (Z). Results demonstrated that the extraction efficiency remained between 10 and 13% when performing physical extraction using M-NA, M-DA, and M-DDA, while TOA was diluted with the same HDESs reached around 90% and with Amb.LA-2 85%. The highest distribution coefficient was obtained that the organic phase consisting of TOA and M-DDA mixture was used. The efficiency of utilized HDESs was in the following order: M-DDA ​> ​M-DA ​> ​M-NA.