Extraction Conditions Of Total Flavonoids Research Articles

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Salicornia bigelovii Torr. and Its Hepatoprotective Effect on Alcoholic Liver Injury Mice.

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal extraction conditions for total flavonoids from S. bigelovii using microwave-assisted extraction and to analyze the protective effect of total flavonoids from S. bigelovii on alcoholic liver injury in mice. The optimization of the process conditions for the microwave-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from S. bigelovii was performed using response surface methodology, and an alcohol-induced acute liver injury model in mice was used to investigate the effects of different doses of total flavonoids (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) on the levels and activities of serum alanine aminotransferase kits (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase kits (AST), superoxide dismutase kits (SOD), glutathione peroxidase kits (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA). We performed hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining analysis on pathological sections of mouse liver tissue, and qRT-PCR technology was used to detect the expression levels of the inflammatory factors IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The results revealed that the optimal extraction process conditions for total flavonoids in S. bigelovii were a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 (g/mL), an ethanol concentration of 60%, an extraction temperature of 50 °C, an ultrasound power of 250 W, and a yield of 5.71 ± 0.28 mg/g. Previous studies have demonstrated that the flavonoids of S. bigelovii can significantly inhibit the levels of ALT and AST in the serum (p < 0.001), reduce MDA levels (p < 0.001), increase the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px (p < 0.001), and inhibit the IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α gene expression levels (p < 0.001) of inflammatory factors. The total flavonoids of S. bigelovii exert a protective effect against alcoholic liver injury by reducing the levels of inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation caused by alcohol. The results of this study lay the foundation for the high-value utilization of S. bigelovii and provide new resources for the development of liver-protective drugs.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Portulaca oleracea L., the extraction kinetics and bioactivity of the extract

In this study, a response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction conditions for total flavonoids (TF) from Portulaca oleracea. The screening of significant factors was conducted using the Plackett-Burman design, followed by further optimization using the Box–Behnken design. The optimized extraction conditions yielded a TF content of 21.64 ± 0.35 mg rutin equivalents/g. The phenomenological model indicated that the use of ultrasound assistance improved the extraction efficiency by accelerating the dissolution process of TF. The flavonoid extracts from P. oleracea exhibited activity against Cutibacterium acnes, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.39 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.78 mg/mL. Moreover, these extracts demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 0.019 mg/mL. Notably, the extracts obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction exhibited higher total flavonoid content, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity compared to those obtained through conventional solvent extraction. The analysis of the P. oleracea flavonoid extract identified rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, apigenin, and luteolin as the main flavonoid components. These findings highlight the validity of ultrasound-assisted extraction as a reliable method for obtaining flavonoids from P. oleracea and underscore the potential of P. oleracea for application in the cosmetic industry.

Optimization of the Extraction of Total Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity from Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae) Leaves using Experimental Design

The leaves of Lippia multiflora contain secondary metabolites including flavonoids which have an important antioxidant activity. This study aims to optimize the extraction conditions of total flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of these leaves. To achieve this, the Plackett-Burman design was used for the screening of the factors influencing the extraction, then the central composite design was implemented for the optimization itself. The effects of five factors, such as the plant-to-solvent ratio, the nature of the extraction solvent, the extraction time, the extraction method and the size of the L. multiflora leaves, on the extraction of total flavonoids and the antioxidant activity were studied. Results of Plackett-Burman design indicated that factors influencing both flavonoids extraction and antioxidant activity were the solid-liquid ratio and extraction time. The predicted optimal conditions for the highest flavonoids content from L. multiflora leaf with better antioxidant activity were found with aqueous decoction for 30 min with 3.5 g of cut leaves in 100 mL of distilled water. Using the predicted conditions, experimental responses were 87.18 ± 1.03 mg/g QE and 372.34 ± 4.04 µmol/g TE for total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity, respectively. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the experimental results are very close to predicted one. Thus, L. multiflora leaf can be considered as a natural source of flavonoids content with good antioxidant activity.

Optimized Conditions for Flavonoid Extraction from Pomelo Peel Byproducts under Enzyme- and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Response Surface Methodology

Pomelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill) peel, which has been considered as a byproduct, is a potential source of flavonoids. In this study, the extraction conditions of total flavonoids from peels of Da Xanh pomelo were optimized using the response surface methodology with the Box–Behnken design. The combination of two novel extraction methods, including enzyme-assisted and ultrasound-assisted extractions, was used for the optimization. The results indicated that the optimal extraction condition was a liquid-to-solid ratio of 142.99 mL/g, enzyme concentration of 3.45%, and the time of 65.23 min for incubation and of 69.26 min for sonication treatment. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the pomelo peel extracts, under optimal condition of the combined method (16.79 mg GAE/g and 10.69 mg RE/g, respectively), were significantly higher than those of the conventional method (6.58 mg GAE/g and 2.42 mg RE/g, respectively). The naringin and hesperidin contents of extracts under optimal condition increased by 5.70% and 1.20%, respectively, compared to the extracts under the conventional method.

A green extraction design for enhancing flavonoid compounds from Ixora javanica flowers using a deep eutectic solvent.

In this study, an environmentally friendly extraction method for flavonoid compound from Ixora javanica, as a new raw material candidate for herbal medicine and cosmetics, was developed. The objectives of the present work were to provide recommendations for the optimal extraction conditions and to investigate the effects of any extraction parameters on flavonoid yields from the I. javanica flower. The extraction process was performed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride and propylene glycol at molar ratio of 1 : 1) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Both single-factor and response surface analyses using three-level and three-factor Box Behnken designs were conducted to obtain the optimum flavonoid concentrations. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for total flavonoids featured an extraction time of 40 min, 25% water content in DES and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 25 g ml−1. An extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions showed higher total flavonoid yields than an ethanolic extract which was used for comparison. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that both of the solvents also showed different effects on the outer surface of the I. javanica flower during the extraction process. In summary, our work succeeded in determining the optimum conditions for total flavonoids in the I. javanica flower using a green extraction method.

Study on the best extraction technology of total flavonoids from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. leaves and evaluation of antioxidant activity

This paper investigated the best extraction process of total flavonoids from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. leaves. The optimal extraction solvent was first determined to be ethanol, and then the effects of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time and the ratio of liquid to solid on the extraction yield of total flavonoids were determined by single factor method. Based on the above experiments, the orthogonal experimental design of three factors and three levels was established. The best extraction conditions of total flavonoids from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. leaves were concluded: extraction time 1.5h, liquid-solid ratio 175:1, ethanol concentration 75%, extraction time 1.5h, and the effect of solid-liquid ratio was greater than that of ethanol concentration, and the effect of ethanol concentration was greater than that of time. Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of total flavonoids were also determined from P. sarmentosum leaves in the regions of Suixi, Lianjiang, and Cunjin based on the DPPH, FRAP and MCC methods.

Response Surface Optimized Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Walnut Leaves and In Vitro Antibacterial Activities

In this paper, the optimum extraction conditions of total flavonoids extracted from walnut leaves subjected to Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) were optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The mathematical model showed the high coefficient of measurement (R2 = 0.9938) which indicated that this model could be used to guide the response surface methodology. The optimum extraction parameters for extracting flavonoids from walnut leaves determined in this study were extraction temperature 47.73°C, extraction time 30.79 min, ethanol concentration 72.89% (v/v). Under the optimal extraction conditions, the flavonoids yield was about 3.5315%. Statistical analysis of the results showed that extraction temperature, extraction time and ethanol concentration significantly affected the extraction yield of total flavonoids. In addition, the antibacterial activity assays of the flavonoids were carried out and it was demonstrated that the total flavonoids extracted at the optimum conditions had pronounced antibacterial effects against the four bacterial species. Therefore, this study suggested that walnut leaves are promising resources with antibacterial properties for the development of phytomedicines.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid Compounds and Antioxidants from Alfalfa Using Response Surface Method.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract flavonoid-enriched antioxidants from alfalfa aerial part. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a four-factor, five-level central composite design (CCD), was employed to obtain the optimal extraction parameters, in which the flavonoid content was maximum and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was strongest. Radical scavenging capacity of the extracts, which represents the amounts of antioxidants in alfalfa, was determined by using 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid) (ABTS) and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. The results showed good fit with the proposed models for the total flavonoid extraction (R2 = 0.9849), for the antioxidant extraction assayed by ABTS method (R2 = 0.9764), and by DPPH method (R2 = 0.9806). Optimized extraction conditions for total flavonoids was a ratio of liquid to solid of 57.16 mL/g, 62.33 °C, 57.08 min, and 52.14% ethanol. The optimal extraction parameters of extracts for the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH method was a ratio of liquid to solid 60.3 mL/g, 54.56 °C, 45.59 min, and 46.67% ethanol, and by ABTS assay was a ratio of liquid to solid 47.29 mL/g, 63.73 °C, 51.62 min, and 60% ethanol concentration. Our work offers optimal extraction conditions for total flavonoids and antioxidants from alfalfa.

Extraction of Flavonoids from T etrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg and Their Antioxidant Activity

The Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction conditions of total flavonoids from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. The effects of four independent variables, including extraction temperature, extraction time, number of extraction and the ratio of liquid to raw material, on flavonoids yield were determined. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and also analyzed using the appropriate statistical methods. The optimum extraction conditions were at extraction temperature of 80C, extraction time of 2.1 h, number of extraction of 3 and ratio of liquid to raw material of 17.6 mL/g. Under these conditions, the experimental flavonoids yield was 1.23 ± 0.09%, which was in good agreement with the predicted value. The antioxidant activities of the flavonoids, including the scavenging activity of ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, were examined. The data obtained from our study clearly demonstrate the antioxidant potency of the flavonoids extracted from the roots of T. hemsleyanum. Practical Applications Many studies have been carried out to find new sources of natural antioxidants because they are environmentally friendly and have no health hazards. In particular, interest has intensified in the flavonoids present in the normal human diet and in many folk medicines still in use. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum is a herbaceous perennial species native to China. In this study, the extraction conditions of flavonoids from the roots of T. hemsleyanum were optimized and studies demonstrated that the flavonoids possessed potent antioxidant activity. Therefore, the flavonoids have the potential to be used in food systems.

Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Peony Tree Seed Coat and Its Anticoagulation Activity

We used ultrasonic-assisted extraction method to extract total flavonoids from seed coat of peony tree,and studied the extraction conditions including volume fraction of ethanol,ratio of liquid to solid(mL · g~(-1)),ultrasonic time and power which influenced the extraction yield of total flavonoids.The results of orthogonal test indicated the optimum extraction conditions of total flavonoids of seed coat were;volume fraction of 55%as solvent,liquid to solid ratio of 20:1,ultrasonic time of 40 min and ultrasonic power of 140 W.Under these conditions,the total flavonoids yield of seed coat was 46.50‰.After column chromatography for flavonoids purification of seed coat extract,it contained 203.5 mg · g~(-1) quercetin and 23.2 mg · g~(-1) luteohn.Seed coat flavonoids of peony tree showed high activity of anticoagulation activity in experiments of in vivo rat.

Study on Microwave-Assisted Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoid from Castor Leaves

Orthogonal experiment optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) conditions of total flavonoids from castor leaves with the factors of ethanol concentration, microwave power, extraction time, solid/liquid ratio on the yield of total flavonoids were studied. The results showed that optimum extracting conditions of total flavonoids from castor leaves were as follows: adding 1:50 g·mL-1 of 40% alcohol and extracting for 3 min,microwave irradiation power 464W. Microwave extraction of total flavonoids from castor leaves is fast, energy saving and high extraction rate.

Extraction Technology and Determination of Total Flavonoid in Magnolia Liliiflora Petals

Orthogonal experiment optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) conditions of total flavonoids from Magnolia liliflora petals with the factors of ethanol concentration, extraction time,microwave power,solid/liquid ratio on the yield of total flavonoids were studied. The results showed that optimum extracting conditions of total flavonoids from Magnolia liliflora were as follows: adding 1:10 g·mL-1 of 40% alcohol and extracting for 5 min,microwave irradiation power 464W, under the optimal conditions, the maximal yield of flavonoids was of 2.08%.

Response surface optimized extraction of flavonoids from mimenghua and its antioxidant activities in vitro

The optimized extraction conditions of total flavonoids from mimenghua were determined by the Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions to achieve the maximum yield of flavonoids were determined as follows: ethanol concentration 68%(v/v), extraction temperature 72.4°C, liquid/material ratio 48:1mL/g, and extraction time 2 h. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction ratio of flavonoids was 15.44%. The crude extract was then purified by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin, the flavonoids content in the purified extract increased to 90.43%. The antioxidant activities of the purified flavonoids were evaluated in vitro by scavenging capabilities of DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the flavonoids have significant antioxidant activities, which can be used as a source of potential antioxidant.

Optimization of total flavonoids content extracted from Flos Populi using response surface methodology

Flos Populi is an excellent source of total flavonoids used as an antidiarrheal drug. For better utilization of the resource, Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction conditions of total flavonoids from Flos Populi. The effects of four independent variables in terms of extraction time, temperature, ethanol concentration, and the ratio of liquid to material on the flavonoids yield were determined and the optimal conditions for flavonoids were evaluated by means of response surface methodology. Correlation analysis of the mathematical regression model indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be employed to characterize extraction process for the total flavonoids. Response surface plots showed that these independent variables significantly influenced the extraction yield of total flavonoids. The optimal extraction parameters to obtain the highest total flavonoids yield were temperature of 94.66°C, ethanol concentration of 45.92%, the ratio of liquid to material of 18.55:1 (mL/g), and time duration of 2.27h. The average experimental total flavonoids yield under the optimum conditions was found to be 53.08±0.43mg/g, which agreed with the predicted value of 52.04mg/g. The extraction method was applied successfully to extract total flavonoids from Flos Populi.

Optimization of Microwave Assisted Extraction Conditions for Total Flavonoids in Toona Sinensis Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract In this study Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was employed to extract total flavonoids (TF) from the Toona sinensis leaves (TSL). Single factor experiments to evaluate the effects of the process parameters (extraction duration, solvent-solid ratio, ethanol volume fraction, and extraction times) on TF yield of TSL was performed, and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the extraction parameters. The analysis of variance indicated that the linear coefficients extraction duration, the quadratic terms of extraction duration and solvent-solid ratio, had highly significant effects on the TF yield (P&lt;0.01). And, the quadratic terms of ethanol volume fraction had significant effects on the TF yield (P&lt;0.05). The optimal conditions to obtain the maximum TF yield from TSL were extraction duration 85s, solvent-solid ratio (v/w, mL/g) 20, ethanol volume fraction 50%, microwave power 700 W, and repeated extraction two times. Under these optimal conditions, the TF yield was up to 2.39%. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and validation test indicated that the method is useful and reliable.

Optimum Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids in Juglans mandshurica Leaves

The method of extraction total flavonoids from the leaves of Juglans mandshurica was optimized with the assistant of ultrasonic energy.The optimum extraction conditions of total flavonoids in J.mandshurica leaves were determined with orthogonal test.Four factors below were tested according to the extraction yield: ethanol concentration,extraction temperature,the ratio of material to solvent and extraction time.The optimum conditions of extracting were obtained as follows: 70% ethanol as extraction solvent at 50℃ for 20 min,and the ratio of solvent to material was 20:1 and the average extraction yield of total flavonoids from the leaves of J.mandshurica could be reached 4.458% under the optimum process.

Optimization of the extraction process for flavonoids from basil (Ocimum basilicum) using response surface methodology

Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) , an edible and medicinal plant with high nutritional value and therapeutic efficacy, was used as a potential source of total flavonoids in this study. Heat reflux extractions were performed using aqueous ethanol. The optimized extraction conditions of total flavonoids from O. basilicum were determined by Box-Behnken design with response surface methodology. Response surface plots showed that the optional four independent variables significantly influenced the extraction yield of total flavonoids. The extraction parameters for the highest total flavonoids yield were optimized as: extraction temperature of 79.74 °C, ethanol concentration of 77.63%, ratio of liquid to material of 29.72:1 (mL/g), and extraction time of 2.06 h. The average yield of total flavonoids under above optimum parameters was 42.61 mg of rutin equivalents per g of extract dry matter, which was in good agreement with the predicted value of 40.23 mg/g. These optimized conditions could be useful for the extraction of flavonoids from O. basilicum .