Oil Extract Research Articles

Fighting H. pylori with Medicinal Plants: A Study on Jordan's Traditional Remedies

Aims of the Study: This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants used among Jordanians for the treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcers against H. pylori. Moreover, plants' inhibitory activity against the H. pylori urease enzyme was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: The activity of 11 medicinal plants used by common people and herbalists to treat ulcers was evaluated against H. pylori (NCTC 11916). Ethanol and essential oil extracts from the tested plants were evaluated using a standard agar dilution method and the MICs were determined. Furthermore, the potential inhibitory effect of each preparation was tested against the enzyme urease using a kinetic colorimetric assay. Results: Cinnamomum cassia oil showed the highest efficiency against H. pylori with the lowest MIC (0.0122 mg.mL-1), followed by Origanum syriacum and Foeniculum vulgare (MICs of 0.39 mg.mL-1). Furthermore, significant urease inhibition activity was recorded for Carum carvi oil (IC50~0.45 mg.mL-1). C. cassia oil (IC50 ~2.8 mg.mL-1), Aloysia citriodora, and Artemisia Judaica (IC50 5.8 mg.mL-1) reported potential urease inhibition activities. Conclusion: Herbs used in Jordanian traditional medicine were found to have anti-H. pylori and significant urease inhibitory activity. These findings might support the use of medicinal plants as adjuvant or alternative therapy for the treatment of H. pylori.

Chemical profile, biological activities, and molecular docking of Algerian Juniperus phoenicea berries

The chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity of Algerian Juniperus phoenicea L berries were quantitatively and qualitatively determined in this study. Essential oil (EO) and non-polar crude extracts from cyclohexane and ethyl acetate were prepared, and the chemical profile was determined using GC-MS technique. The predominant compound in the EO was α-pinene (76.03%), while communic acid (23.66% and 22.38%) was the main compound in both non-polar crude extracts. The antioxidant potential of the samples was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)-diammonium salt (ABTS), and phenanthroline. All samples showed weak antioxidant capacity. The antidiabetic effect was assessed in vitro using the α-amylase assay; a strong inhibitory effect against the α-amylase enzyme was detected for both cyclohexane and ethyl acetate extracts with IC50 (IC50 = 186.91 ± 5.74 mg/mL and IC50 = 351.48 ± 0.17 mg/mL, respectively). Finally, an in silico study was performed for both α-amylase and α-glucosidase proteins to enhance our outcomes.

Study of the effect of the essential oil (extract) of rhubarb stem (shoot) on glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes

Study of the effect of the essential oil (extract) of rhubarb stem (shoot) on glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes

Comparative Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum Essential Oils Against Cyclas puncticollis Infesting Sweet Potatoes in Burkina Faso

Aims: The aim of the present study was to compare the insecticidal effect of the essential oils Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratisiimum on the sweet potato weevil Cyclas punticollis. Study Design: The aim of this approach was to contribute to the management of the sweet potato weevil in Burkina Faso. Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were carried out at the INERA Entomology laboratory in Bobo-Dioulasso during the cropping season 2022-2023. Methodology: Five essential oil concentrations (25; 50; 75; 100 and 125 μL/L) were used. Toxicity tests were carried out by fumigation in jars by depositing a charge of essential oil on a 6 cm disc of filter paper. Batches of ten C. puncticollis adults were introduced into the jars containing a fresh, healthy tuberous root of the sweet potato and immediately closed. Each test was repeated five times. The number of dead insects in each batch (treated and untreated jars) was counted every 30 min up to 5 h of exposure and for 4 days (24 h, 48 h ,72 h and 96h) per observation. Results: The results showed that the different oils had an insecticidal effect on C. puncticollis and that these oils contained chemical substances responsible for the mortality observed. Indeed, mortality rates of 100% were observed after 2 hours of exposure of the weevils with the 125µL/L concentration of O. gratissimum, followed by concentrations of 100µL/L, 75µL/L, 50µL/L after 24 hours and 48 hours with 25µL/L. With O. basilicum essential oil, 100% mortality was observed after 24 hours of weevil exposure with O. basilicum concentrations of 125µL/L and 100µL/L, followed by 98% mortality with concentrations of 75µL/L, 50µL/L and 25µL/L after 96 hours. Conclusion: These results suggest that the essential oils of Ocimun gratissimun and Ocimun basilicum can be used in the management of C. puncticollis. However, it would be necessary to carry out a concrete application of these oil extracts on large potato stocks in order to confirm or not their efficacy.

A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Zucchini Seed Oil on Nipple Pain Among Lactating Women

Objective:Nipple pain is one of the most common reasons for early termination of breastfeeding; thus, effective treatment of this condition is very important. Previous studies have proposed the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of theCucurbita pepoplant. The present study was conducted to determine the effects ofC. peposeed oil on the severity of nipple pain in lactating women.Methods:In this randomized clinical trial study, 60 lactating women with nipple pain were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (zucchini seed oil) or the control group (breast milk). In the intervention group, 0.5 mL of zucchini seed oil was applied to the nipples and areola three times a day after each breastfeeding session to ensure the absence of an allergy to zucchini compounds. In the control group, three to four drops of breast milk were applied to the nipples and areola after each breastfeeding session. Pain score was recorded using a visual analog scale before the intervention and on the third and eighth day after the intervention. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Software for Social Sciences software (version 24). Apvalue of less than .05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups with regard to mean pain severity (p= .330). On the third day, the mean pain intensity in the intervention group significantly decreased compared with the control group (p= .023). On the eighth day, the mean pain severity was significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the control group (p= .016).Conclusions:The findings of this study indicate that zucchini seed oil extract was effective in reducing the severity of nipple pain in lactating women. Therefore, use of this oil extract is suggested for treatment of nipple pain in lactating women.

Antibacterial Activity of Transparent Soap Added Avocado Oil and Telang Flower Extract (Clitoria ternatea)

Telang flowers contain secondary metabolites, one of which is antibacterial because it has potential as an alternative to antibiotics. The purpose of the research was to increase the function of transparent soap moisturise the skin and inhibit the growth of bacteria on the skin's surface. The butterfly pea flower was extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol, and then the extract was added to the making of transparent soap according to the treatment. The treatments in this study were the addition of S0 (0 mL) butterfly pea flower extract as a control; S1 (0,10 mL); S2 (0,15 mL); S3 (0,20 mL); S4 (0,25 mL) into 100 mL of transparent soap formulation. The best formulation resulting from this study was the S4 treatment (6 g cocoa butter, 7 g stearic acid, 14 g palm oil, 5 g avocado oil, 48% NaOH 7 g, 13 g glycerin, 15 g ethanol, cocamide- DEA 5 g, 17 g sugar, 0.2 g NaCl, 10.45 g aquadest and 0.3 g perfume and 0.05 g dye. The results of the antibacterial activity produced from the butterfly pea flower extract and avocado oil resulted in an inhibitory effect on P. acne bacteria ranging from 8,1-20,1 mm, which had moderate to strong inhibition, and E. coli bacteria ranged from 21,1-28,8 mm which had very strong inhibition.

Comparative analysis of active period and oxidative stress of DDVP and ginger (Zingiber officinale) oil on Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella Hübner) infesting maize grain

BackgroundIndian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) is a significant pest infesting stored grains, particularly maize. Over time, synthetic insecticides have been employed to control insect. The residual effects posed on non-target organisms have called for replacement of synthetic insecticides with botanicals. This study therefore aimed at comparing the insecticidal consistency and oxidative stress invoked by dichlorvos (DDVP) and the oil extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Indian meal moth infesting maize. Disinfested maize grains were treated with DDVP and ginger oil extract separately. Adults P. interpunctella were introduced to the treated grains daily using complete replacement method. The percentage mortality was calculated daily for 10 d. Furthermore, the oxidative stress caused by DDVP and ginger oil extract on the moth was evaluated by measuring the level of some oxidative stress biomarkers such as glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity in the exposed insects.ResultsPreliminary results indicated that both DDVP and ginger oil extract exhibited insecticidal properties against Indian meal moth infesting maize. However, the insecticidal (active) period of ginger oil extract was found to be longer than that of DDVP. Nevertheless, DDVP provoked greater oxidative stress in the exposed moth.ConclusionsGinger oil extract and DDVP show potential for controlling Indian meal moth infestations in stored maize. Yet, ginger oil offers a longer-lasting effect on pest suppression and control. Consequently, it could be a replacement or synergistic insecticide with DDVP to provide ecofriendly insecticide application.

Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Green Solvent Technology for the Extraction and Characterization of Sesame Seed Oil

Traditional methods of extracting oil with organic solvents raise issues related to health, safety, and the environment. Microwave-assisted enzymatic green solvent extraction (MAEGSE) technology is environment friendly because it involves less hazardous chemical synthesis, utilizes renewable feedstock, and decreases the chemical load and emissions produced by organic solvents. The solvents methanol, ethanol, and various cell wall degrading enzymes such as hemicellulose, viscozyme L, pectinase, xylanase, and cellulase were used in this study. The MAEGSE process of sesame oil was conducted, and the results indicated that, unlike the controlled group, no enzymes were used during the process. Among all the combinations a higher oil extraction efficiency was obtained with combination of pectinase and ethanol (37.27%) followed by the xylanase with ethanol (36.75%) from sesame seed without compromising the quality of oil. Among the enzymes tested, pectinase resulted in the highest oil extraction efficiency, followed by xylanase. Use of pectinase improved the oil extraction efficiency in both ethanol and methanol mediums. The outcomes suggested that the application of pectinase enzymes plays a significant role in increasing the oil yield in comparison with the control without compromising quality of oil. Oil extracted without the use of enzyme (control) had a lower free fatty acid (FFA) concentration than the oils extracted with MAEGSE. Even though the specific gravity (SG) and refractive index (RI) of extracted oils were not significantly different in the solvents, the saponification value (SV), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), and free fatty acid (FFA) were found to have minor differences among the extraction techniques.

Molecular docking assessment of cocoa bean flavonoid extract and its impact on lipase enzymes and blood markers in high-fat diet fed rats

This study utilizes Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and molecular docking analyses to assess the impact of a flavonoid-rich cocoa bean oil extract on lipid enzymes and blood markers in Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet. These advanced techniques allow a detailed exploration of cocoa bean oil's chemical composition, unveiling its bioactive compounds. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, control with cocoa extract, high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD with cocoa extract. The lipid profiles and hematological parameters were analyzed, revealing significant bioactive compounds through GC-MS analysis. The molecular docking study showed strong binding affinities of these compounds with lipase enzymes, suggesting inhibitory effects on lipid digestion and absorption. Rats treated with the cocoa extract exhibited improved blood parameters, with reductions in cholesterol, triglycerides, and an overall enhancement in lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities. Additionally, the extract demonstrated the potential to counteract the negative impacts of a high-fat diet by improving lipid metabolism and hematological markers. These findings suggest that the flavonoid-rich cocoa extract may offer anti-obesity benefits, highlighting its medicinal potential in ameliorating hematological abnormalities and lipid profile disruptions associated with high-fat diets.

Essential Oils of The Leaves of Syzygium hemilamprum (F. Muell.) Craven & Biffin.: Chemical Analysis, Antimicrobial, Mosquito Larvicidal, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Studies.

The chemical composition of the essential oil and n-hexane extract from Syzygium hemilamprum leaves was first performed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the essential oil was predominantly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (71.5 %) and oxygenated derivatives (20.2 %), with β-pinene (31.5 %), limonene (19.4 %), α-pinene (12.3 %), and α-terpineol (7.4 %) being the principal constituents. The n-hexane extract contained monoterpene hydrocarbons (42.2 %) and non-terpenic compounds (34.0 %), with β-pinene (32.8 %) and n-hexadecane (10.2 %) as the major components. Antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal assays demonstrated that both samples exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 128 μg/mL for all tested organisms. Both samples also showed significant mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, with LC50 and LC90 values below 20 μg/mL at 24 and 48 hours post-treatment. Molecular docking studies suggested that limonene and α-terpineol could serve as potent inhibitors of mosquito odorant binding proteins. Additionally, an in silico analysis was performed to evaluate the physicochemical and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and toxicity) properties of the major constituents of the essential oil.

Chemical profiling and bioactivity studies on aerial parts Ammoides atlantica (Coss. et Durieu) H. Wolff

The Algerian endemic plant Ammoides atlantica (Coss. et Durieu) H. Wolff was studied for the chemical profiling and biological activities of its essential oil (EO) and ethanolic extract (EE). The chemical analysis by GC/MS and HPLC/DAD/UV revealed, respectively, the major compounds thymol (39.46%), γ-terpinene (31.74%), and p-cymene (19.01%) in the EO, and apigenin (33.58%), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (20.09%), and luteolin (14.39%) in the EE. The EO exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with a significant ABTS•+ scavenging capacity (IC50 = 2.79 µg/mL) compared to EE, Trolox, and BHT. The EE showed comparable effects to BHT in DPPH scavenging and reducing power tests. Moreover, the EO demonstrated noteworthy antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 32.1 to 70 mm and MICs below 0.3 to 5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the EE exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting hemolysis of red blood cells >70% at a concentration of 20 µg/mL.

Development of a liquid chromatography method for the analysis of oil extract of artemisia cina

Introduction. The problem of development and implementation of own drugs in Kazakhstan today is acute and urgent. The solution to this problem is possible through the use of own resources – domestic medicinal plant raw materials. A promising medicinal raw material is Artemisia cina – an endemic medicinal plant of the of the Turkestan region of Kazakhstan.Aim. Designing a liquid chromatography methodology to analyze the oil extract obtained from Artemisia cina.Materials and methods. Standard sample (SS) of santonin, Artemisia cina’s oil extract. The substance was identified and quantitatively determined using an Agilent Technologies 1200 liquid chromatograph (USA) equipped with ChemStation software.Results and discussion. The main active substance of the oil extract was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Choosing the separation conditions for the column involves determining the best composition of the mobile phase and the rate of elution. There were used a reversed-phase system with sorbent C18 and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and a phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8. Chromatographic studies of the substance were carried out in a gradient mode at an analytical wavelength of 237 nm. The retention time of the standard sample (SS) of santonin matched the retention time (tR) of santonin isolated from the oil extract of Artemisia cina and amounted to 14.3 minutes.Conclusion. A liquid chromatography method has been established for the identification and quantitative determination of the oil extract, focusing on the main active substance, santonin.

Schistosomicidal Effects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Extract on Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice.

Schistosomiasis causes severe hepatic fibrosis, making it a global health issue. Moringa oleifera seed oil extract, which had antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, was investigated as an alternative treatment. The 50 mice were divided into control, infected, praziquantel-treated, M. oleifera seed oil extract-treated and combined treatment groups. These treatments were examined for their effects on egg granulomas, hepatic enzymes, total protein, albumin, antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. M. oleifera seed oil and/or PZQ significantly reduced egg numbers, granuloma size and liver histopathology. M. oleifera seed oil reduced hepatic enzyme activity, increased total protein and albumin, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity while decreasing malondialdehyde. M. oleifera seed oil reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. M. oleifera seed oil may treat schistosomiasis instead of PZQ due to its antifibrotic, immunomodulatory and schistosomicidal properties.

Effectiveness of Essential Oils from Leaves of Two Plant Species in the Control of Anopheles gambiae

Background: The current method of controlling malaria vectors using synthetic chemicals has caused serious problems for human health and the environment. Hence, a need for alternative, cheap, readily available, and acceptable mosquito control methods. Objective: To evaluate the bioinsecticidal efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum and Mesosphaerum suaveolens against Anopheles gambiae using the bioassay method. Methods: Oil extracts in 5 ml, 25 ml, and 75 ml serially diluted twice in 100 ml of olive oil formed 0.05%, 0.25%, and 0.75%, while 1 m in 100 ml formed 1%. Olive oil only served as a control. Twenty-five female Anopheles mosquitoes, aged 2-4 days, were blown into tubes containing filter paper-coated essential oils of various concentrations in quadruplicates. Results: Over 50% mortality was recorded in mosquitoes exposed to 0.75% and 1% O. gratissimum compared to others (p <0.05). Knockdown time (KDT) was higher in mosquitoes exposed to 1% O. gratissimum compared to others (p <0.05). Generalized linear regressions showed that the essential oils of O. gratissimum and M. suaveolens contributed 4% (f2 = 0.042) and 14% (f2 = 0.167) to the variability of mortality with time. KDT50 (9.34 - 131.5 minutes) and KDT95 (77.6 - 275 minutes) of O. gratissimum as well as KDT50 (162.8 - 233.6 minutes) and KDT95 (302.8 - 415 minutes) of M. suaveolens were recorded. Stigmastane; 4,22-Stigmastadiene-3-one (Area: 45.88%) in O. gratissimum and gamma-Sitosterol (16.02%) in M. suaveolens were identified by Gas Chromatogram as the highest dose of chemical compounds. Conclusion: The low bioinsecticidal activities of these plant extracts could be attributed to the low occurrence of terpenoids and alkaloids.

Evaluation of the effect of nano-encapsulated Lippia origanoides essential oil extract on Salmonella serovar Enteritidis as a natural alternative to antibiotics in the poultry industry

The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of a formulation of thymol chemotype of Lippia origanoides essential oils (LOEOs) nano-encapsulated in maltodextrin against Salmonella ser. Enteritidis (SE) in an in vitro crop assay and in a prophylactic broiler chicken model using three low doses of the product: 75 ppm, 150 ppm, and 300 ppm. Two trials of each assay were conducted. Day-of-hatch male Cobb-Vantress broiler chickens were randomly allotted to one of four groups: G1) positive control group; G2) 75 ppm LOEOs group; G3) 150 ppm LOEOs group; G4) 300 ppm LOEOs group. Chicks were fed and watered ad libitum in heated brooder batteries in a controlled, age-appropriate environment. On day seven of age, all chickens were orally gavaged with 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of SE. Chickens were euthanized by exposure to CO2 for 24 hours after the SE challenge. Recovery of SE was evaluated in the liver, spleen, and ceca (including cecal tonsils). None of the three microencapsulated LOEOs doses changed SE concentration (p>0.05) in the in vitro crop assay. Similarly, no significant differences in SE were observed in the organ and intestinal colonization in broiler chicken trials. Therefore, the low concentrations of the nano-encapsulated LOEOs used do not reduce SE concentration in different poultry models. Further studies are needed to optimize the formulation, delivery, models, and concentration of essential oils to control Salmonella infections in broiler chickens effectively.

Antimycobacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Bulgarian Rosa Species Against Phylogenomically Different Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains

In this study, we aimed to assess the activity of the essential oils from four Bulgarian oil-bearing roses Rosa damascena Mill., R. alba L., R. centifolia L., and R. gallica L., on the reference strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and clinical M. tuberculosis strains of the Beijing and Latin-American Mediterraneum genotypes. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID/MS). Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the resazurin method. R. alba oil showed the highest inhibitory activity when tested on all strains of different phylogenetic origins with MIC in the range of 0.16–0.31 mg/mL, while R. gallica oil was the least active (MIC 0.62–1.25 mg/mL). The obtained results show heterogeneity of rose oil action on different mycobacterial strains and we hypothesize that the combined level of geraniol and nerol is a key factor that underlies the antimycobacterial action of the rose oils. Strain Beijing 396 was relatively more susceptible to the rose oils probably due to multiple and likely deleterious mutations in its efflux pump genes. Two clinical MDR strains have likely developed during their previous adaptation to anti-TB drugs certain drug tolerance mechanisms that also permitted them to demonstrate intrinsic tolerance to the essential oils. Further research should investigate a possible synergistic action of the new-generation anti-TB drugs and the most promising rose oil extracts on the large panel of different strains.

Histological Determination of Cinnamon and Olive Oil Extract on Traumatic Oral Ulcer in Laboratory Rabbit

Background: The mucosa of oral cavity is the mucous membrane which covers the tissues of the mouth cavity. In order to repair damage from a local aggressor, many cell strains and their byproducts work together throughout the vital physiological process of wound healing. This process culminates in tissue repair and starts relatively early in the inflammatory phase. . The supplements of cinnamon and olive oil can dramatically raise blood levels of antioxidants while lowering those of inflammatory indicators like C-reactive protein. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the local histological effect of topical application of cinnamon and olive oil extract on the rabbit oral mucosa Patients and Methods: 20 adult male rabbits that weight about 700-900 Kg and age about (6-8) months where used in this experimental study. Ulcer induction: Prior to the creation of the ulcers, rats were fixed on their backs and all animals were anaesthetized and induction the ulcer with round filter papers 5.5 mm in diameter were soaked in 15 ml of 50% acetic acid. In order to create round ulcer, an acid-soaked filter paper was pressed onto the right buccal mucosa for 60 seconds. Then divided the groups according to the healing time with 10 rabbits as a control group left healed normally and 10 rabbits as an experimental group that daily used mixture of cinnamon extract and olive oil ready extract topically applied on the traumatic ulcer. The animals were sacrificed along three- and seven-days healing periods and then prepared H&E stain for analyzed the results. Results: In comparison to the control group, the histological results of oral ulcers that were created and treated with a daily application of a herbal mixture consisting of cinnamon extract and olive oil extract showed greater epithelization, reduced inflammation, and increased angiogenesis, all of which sped up the healing process. Furthermore, there was a noteworthy distinction in the formation of extracellular matrix and collagen fiber synthesis between the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: Topical treatment using ready herbal extracts of olive oil and cinnamon was more successful in facilitating the recovery of traumatic ulcers.

Therapeutic Effect of D-Carvone on Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Cell Damage in Lithium-Induced Liver Injury Model in Rats

Objective: Lithium is an element denoted by the symbol Li in the periodic table. Lithium salts are widely used worldwide as therapeutic agents in the treatment of excitement. However, the use of lithium causes liver damage. Carvone is an unsaturated monoterpenoid ketone usually found in essential oil extracts of aromatic medicinal plants such as dill, mint, and cumin. Various studies have shown that D-Carvone has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the protective effect of D-carvone on apoptosis, inflammation, and cell damage in lithium-induced liver injury. Materials and Methods: The rats in our study were divided into 4 groups control, D-Carvone, Lithium and Lithium+D-Carvone. After the treatments, rats were decapitated and liver tissues were removed. Results: We determined that lithium administration caused liver tissue damage and increased Bax, P2X7R, and Nfkβ-p65 expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression. D-Carvone administration prevented these changes. Conclusion: As a result, it was observed that D-Carvone administration prevented lithium-induced liver tissue damage and showed this effect by suppressing the inflammatory and apoptotic process.

Evaluation of anti-Toxoplasma effects of solid lipid nanoparticles carrying Cinnamon zeylanicum and Moringa oleifera oil extracts

BackgroundThe fabrication of anti-Toxoplasma drugs with less side effects and desirable efficacy is one of the important research goals facing with toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to determine the anti-Toxoplasma effects of Cinnamon zeylanicum (CZ), Moringa oleifera (MO) oil encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs).MethodsVero cells were cultured with serial concentrations (1 mg/mL to 100 µg/mL) of CZ-SLNs and MO-SLNs in DMEM culture medium. The morphological, physical, and chemical features of nanoparticles were calculated. The cell viability assays and anti-T. gondii effects of CZ-SLNs and MO-SLNs were evaluated. The CC50 and IC50 indices of SLNs-enveloped extracts were calculated.ResultsThe particle sizes of MO-SLNs and CZ-SLNs were 411.5 and 365 nm, while PDI indices were 0.53 and 0.7, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that both MO-SLNs and CZ-SLNs were smoothed spherical nanoparticles with rounded edges. The cytotoxicity assay showed the CC50 value of MO-SLNs at concentrations of ˃10 mg/mL. In addition, 60% of T. gondii-infected Vero cells remained alive at the concentrations ≤ 1 mg/ml, while the MO-SLNs killed at least 90% of T. gondii tachyzoites with an IC50 > 1 µg/ml. The cytotoxicity of CZ-SLNs extract showed the CC50 at the concentration 0.1 mg/mL. More than 50% of Vero cells, infected with T. gondii tachyzoites, survived at a concentration less than 0.1 mg/mL (IC50 ˂ 0.1 mg/mL), while the CZ-SLNs killed at least 85% of T. gondii tachyzoites in all concentrations.ConclusionThe current results represented that the use of SLNs as a nano-carrier for M. oleifera and C. zeylanicum could kill T. gondii tachyzoites with low cytotoxicity, suggesting the effectiveness of these nano-emulsions along with the chemical agents in the treatment of Toxoplasma.

Effect of Neem Cake, Neem Oil and Plant Extracts on Purple Blotch of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the Effect of neem cake, plant extracts and neem oil on purple blotch of onion (Allium cepa L.) caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. Six different treatments were tested in a randomized block design with 3 replications at the Central Research Field, Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi season of 2023. The results should that the minimum per cent disease intensity was recorded in T1Neem cake + Neem oil (31.72), T5 Neem cake + Eucalyptus leaf extract (37.40). bulb weight of onion (71.13g), bulb diameter (7.13cm), bulb yield per plot (2.106kg), yield (105.317 q/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1: 4.42) were found in T1Neem cake + Neem oil (31.72) when compared to untreated check and other treatments.