Lemongrass Extract Research Articles

Extraction and Formulation of Perfume from Locally Available Lemon Grass Leaves

The availability of wild plants and their use as economically efficient sources of food for man and animals is obvious. In most parts of Nigeria, plant materials whose edible use is not established are regarded as waste materials. Available materials like lemon grass leaves that contain essential oils can be utilized in the production of perfumes that can mask body odours. Lemon grass extracts obtained using soxhlet extraction and solvent extraction (maceration) were utilized in the formulation of perfume using methanol and ethanol as solvent media. An oil yield of 4.5% and 3.8% were obtained for solvent extraction and soxhlet extraction methods respectively. Physicochemical properties of the two formulations revealed that the essential oil has saponification value of 21.04mgKOH/g and the densities of the two formulations in methanol and ethanol were 0.768gcm -3 and 0.82gcm -3 at 60 o c while the boiling point for both formulations was 85o. The essential oil can be profitably used for cosmetic grade and perfume formulations. Keywords : Essential oil, Extraction, Perfume, Physicochemical Parameters

Cymbopogon citratus and Camellia sinensis extracts selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells and reduce growth of lymphoma xenografts in vivo.

Cancer cells are reported to have elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are highly dependent on cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. Numerous nutraceuticals and natural polyphenolic compounds have a wide range of abilities to alter cellular redox states with potential implications in various diseases. Furthermore, therapeutic options for cancers are mostly nonselective treatments including genotoxic or tubulin-targeting compounds. Some of the natural extracts, containing multiple bioactive compounds, could target multiple pathways in cancer cells to selectively induce cell death. Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and Camellia sinensis (white tea) extracts have been shown to have medicinal properties, however, their activity against lymphoma and leukemia, as well as mechanistic details, have not been fully characterized. Herein, we report potent anti-cancer properties in dose and time-dependent manners of ethanolic lemongrass and hot water white tea extracts in lymphoma and leukemia models. Both extracts were able to effectively induce apoptosis selectively in these human cancer cell types. Interestingly, ethanolic lemongrass extract induces apoptosis primarily by the extrinsic pathway and was found to be dependent on the generation of ROS. Conversely, apoptotic induction by hot water white tea extract was independent of ROS. Furthermore, both of these extracts caused mitochondrial depolarization and decreased rates of oxygen consumption in lymphoma and leukemia cells, leading to cell death. Most importantly, both these extracts were effective in reducing tumor growth in human lymphoma xenograft models when administered orally. Thus, these natural extracts could have potential for being nontoxic alternatives for the treatment of cancer.

레몬그라스 식초의 초산발효 특성과 항산화 활성

This study investigated acetic acid fermentation properties and antioxidant activity of vinegar by addition of lemon grass to develop high quality vinegar by using lemongreass. Traditional brown rice wine contained 5% lemongrass powder and had an alcohol content of 7.2%. The wine was fermented by Acetobacter. sp. RIC-V and made into lemongrass vinegar (LV). The pH and total acidity of the LV were 3.13% and 7.21%, respectively. Fructose was detected whereas glucose, sucrose, and maltose were not detected. Among organic acids, acetic acid was highest at 3658.6 mg%; trace amounts of lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and oxalic aicd were detected. Of the 17 free amino acids, glutamic acid, histidine, alanine, and proline were mainly detected. To conduct total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity, 3% and 5% lemongrass powder (P3LV, P5LV) and 1%, 2%, and 3% of lemongrass extract (E1LV, E2LV, E3LV) were added to LV, respectively. Total phenolics increased as the added lemongrass powder and extract increased. Total phenolics were 490.9, 559.4, and 895.7 μg gallic acid equivalents/mL in brown rice vinegar, LV, P5LV. ABTS radical scavenging activities were 43.2%, 58.0%, and 91.0% in brown rice vinegar, LV, P5LV, respectively. These results show that lemongrass vinegar has considerable potential as a high quality functional vinegar with antioxidative effects.

Green synthesis of nano-silver particles using plant active substance from lemongrass extract

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by plant extracts is currently under exploitation. Plant extracts are very cost effective and eco-friendly and thus can be an economic and efficient alternative. This study investigates the mechanism of preparation of nano-silver using a plant active substance from lemongrass extract. The lemongrass ethanol extract was prepared using an ultrasonic cell crusher. Spherical silver nanoparticles were prepared with lemongrass extract and silver nitrate. The reaction mechanism of the preparation of nano-silver by plant extracts was analyzed by infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) measurements. The uniform and stable spherical silver nanoparticles with an average particle size of 22.99 nm were synthesized. Amide compounds in plant extracts may act as reductants and protective agents. The biomass of plants produces their nanomaterials through a process called biomineralisation. Thus, plant active substances can be used widely, and biological methods are completely feasible and worth studying for the chemical procedures, which are environmentally friendly and convenient.

Microbial biofilm prevention on wound dressing by nanobiocoating using magnetosomes‐coupled lemon grass extract

In the present study, bacterial magnetosomes were used as a carrier molecule to couple with lemon grass extract (LGE) for the prevention of microbial biofilm in wound dressing material. Magnetosomes were extracted from Magnetospirillum sp. VITRJS-1 and characterised by microscopic and X-ray diffraction analysis. The phytochemical analyses of the extract showed the presence of bioactive compounds that are reported for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of antimicrobial citral and fernesal compounds. The extract was conjugated onto the magnetosomes and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The prepared magnetosome–lemon grass extract (MLGE) was evaluated for its antibiofilm property against the biofilm-forming pathogens Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus on wound dressing material by plate assay. The results indicated that the number of colonies formed was considerably reduced in MLGE coated wound dressing compared with that of LGE and control. Furthermore, SEM analysis displayed that the MLGE drastically reduced the spread of biofilm formation. Thus, MLGE coated wound dressings are effective in preventing the microbial biofilm formation, and further investigation on animal models will enable its use commercially.

Potentials of two bio-pesticides in the control of some field insect pests of bambara groundnut in Ilorin

A field experiment was carried out to determine the predominate order of insects associated with Bambara groundnut and to compare the efficacy of aqueous leaf extracts of Jatropha ( Jatropha curcas ) and lemon grass ( Cymbopogon citratu s), used as bio-pesticides in controlling some field insect pests of Bambara groundnut. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using four treatments with four replications. The following parameters were recorded and used to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments; flower population, weight of pods (damaged and undamaged pods), number of pods (damaged and undamaged pods), number of holes on damaged pods and number of insects. The results of the experiment showed that insects of seven distinct Orders- Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera attack Bambara groundnut with each affecting the plant at different stages of the plant’s development. The bio-pesticides significantly (P <0.05) reduced the effects of attack by insects when compared to the control. Lemon grass was the most effective of the bio-pesticides evaluated and can be used by resource poor farmers in the management of Bambara groundnut on the field. Keywords: Bambara groundnut, bio-pesticide, Cymbopogon citratus , Jatropha curcas

Efeito da aplicação dos extratos vegetais na pré-colheita em uva cultivar Bordô

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of different plant extracts in the postharvest quality in organic Bordo grapes cultivar (Vitis labrusca). For the preparation of the extracts were used the dried leaves of gervao (Stachytarphetta cayenensis) and capim-limao (Cymbopogon citratus); fresh leaves of pau d’alho (Gallesia integrifolia) and wine residue (powder) from grape cultivar Isabel (Vitis labrusca). Each extract was applied at a concentration of 12% directly to the clusters 10 days before harvest and a portion of grapes received beyond the field application a new application in postharvest. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme with 5 X 2 (5 treatments and pre-harvest and postharvest application) with 4 repetitions. Fruit quality parameters were assessed based on several criteria: color, pH, titratable acidity, maturation index, level of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and sensory analysis. It was found that the extracts were effective to maintain acidity, soluble solids, maturation index and sensory analysis. However, the application of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extract applied in pre- and postharvest treatments maintained pH, chroma, anthocyanins levels and berries revealed a more intense color. The extract gervao (Stachytarphetta cayenensis) applied in pre- and postharvest kept a higher phenolic content when compared to the application only in pre-harvest. Pre- and postharvest application of lemongrass extracts and gervao showed to be a good alternative treatment for quality maintenance during storage of grapes.

MICROENCAPSULATED LEMONGRASS OIL FOR MOSQUITO REPELLENT FINISHING OF KNITTED COTTON WEAR

Objective: This study was conducted to design the textile structure with mosquito repellent behavior using microencapsulated lemongrass extract.Methods: Lemongrass oil extracted from Cymbopogon citratus by a hydro distillation process, which was used as core and gum acacia was used as wall material. About 10% W/V gum acacia was allowed to swell with hot water and stirred well with a temperature of 50°C. Further to this mixture 10 ml of lemongrass extract was mixed and stirred around 400 rpm for 15 minutes. Subsequent with this process, 20% V/V sodium sulfate was added then the stirrer speed was reduced 80 rpm, and then 5 ml of 17% formaldehyde was added along with this mixture. Finally, the microcapsules were obtained. Then, this lemongrass extract capsule mixture was coated on the fabric through pad dry cure method.Results: Mosquito repellent study was carried out through the excito chamber method and assessed the mosquito repellency percentage. The maximum mosquito repellency percentage was obtained around 90%. Wash durability, abrasion resistance, air permeability, and bursting strength of the coated textiles were also studied. Scanning electron microscopy analysis and gas chromatography analysis were also performed for the samples.Conclusion: It was proved that lemongrass microencapsulated textiles provide good resistance against mosquito bites and also concluded that this process is one of eco-friendly

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS) AND VITAMIN E ON SODIUM VALPROATE INDUCED TESTICULAR TOXICITY IN RATS

Abstract The present study was carried to investigate the effect of extract and powder of Cymbopogon citrates and vitamin E on the sexual hormonal profiles against testicular toxicity of sodium valproate of normal male rats. The forty two mature male albino rats were divided into seven groups every group of 6 rats. The group control received fed on basal diet, whereas the other five groups received sodium valproate (positive group) the other four groups received Vit. E orally at a dose of (200 mg/kg b.wt./day), Lemongrass powder (100 mg/kg/diet/day), Lemongrass extract (10 ml/kg/b.wt/rat/day), vitamin E with lemongrass powder and vitamin E with lemongrass extract, for a period of 6 weeks, caused a significant increase in serum HDL-c, testosterone, serum follicle stimulating hormone level (FSH) ,luteinizing hormone (LH), total antioxidants , superoxide dismutase and glutathion levels compared to positive control group. Effect on in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, sexual organs weight (testis, prostate, and seminal vesicles), malondialdehyde were also determined, and was found to be significantly lower in all the administered groups when compared with sodium valproate group. Findings in this study showed that lemongrass powder and extract combination with vitamin E has a potent protective effect against sodium valproate-induced testicular injury in rats. It also did not exert oxidative damage to the sexual organs and the various hormonal profiles as well as its relative safety and possible use to protect from sodium valproate side effects. Keywords: Cymbopogon citrates - Sodium valproate - Phenolic compounds - Seminal vesicles - Testicular toxicity.

Anticlastogenic effects of organically grown moringa (Moringa oleifera), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using micronucleus test

This study was conducted to determine the anticlastogenic effects of expressed juice of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) on rats (Rattus norvegicus). Twenty five female albino rats aged two months were equally allotted in five treatments. The five treatments were: tetracycline as the positive control, distilled water as the negative control, moringa, lemongrass, and sorghum. Initial body weight and vital signs namely: heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature were recorded prior to the application of the treatment. During the treatment period of four weeks, R. norvegicus rats were provided extracts of moringa, sweet sorghum and lemongrass at a dosage rate of 0.5 mL 20 g-1 of body weight (bw). The test animals were sacrificed 6 h following the last oral administration of tetracycline and were subjected to micronucleus test. Results revealed that moringa, lemongrass, and sweet sorghum have the potential to significantly reduce the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCEs) in clastogen-induced rats. Moringa exhibited the least mean number of MPCEs (3.8), followed by sweet sorghum (5.8) and lemongrass (7.8). The positive control showed the highest mean number of MPCEs (37.2). In terms of body weight, vital signs, feed intake and water intake, statistical analysis revealed that moringa, lemongrass, and sorghum at the level of treatment (0.5 20 g-1 bw) did not elicit any adverse effects such as tachycardia, arrhythmia and hyperpnea after a period of four weeks of treatment. The findings of this study suggest that moringa, sweet sorghum and lemongrass have anticlastogenic activities as shown by their ability to shield the interaction of tetracycline with the base pairs of deoxyribonucleic acid, thereby preventing the chromosomal breaking activity of tetracycline. However, further studies on the chemical constituents present in these medicinal plants need to be further investigated. Moreover, the use of mitomycin as clastogenic drug is considered for future studies.

Green approach towards corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in produced oilfield water using lemongrass extract

The anti-corrosion action of lemongrass (cymbopogon citratus) extract (LGE) was evaluated for carbon steel in produced oilfield water using weight loss method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

The anticancer potential of lemongrass and cinnamon extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2): the possible effectiveness of combined treatment

Background and Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma is considered the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death. This study was aimed to discover efficacious and cheap alternative natural medicines with less or no adverse effects of chemotherapy. The possible anticancer potential and underlying mechanisms of combined Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) aqueous extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) was investigated. Methodology: Antioxidant potential, flavonoids and total phenolic content (TPC) of both extracts were evaluated. Cytotoxic activity of combined extracts was assessed using neutral red uptake method. Morphological changes were evaluated using Giemsa and Acridine orange/ ethidium bromide (AO/EBr) fluorescent staining characterized with the apoptotic nuclear and cytoplasmic morphological changes significantly (P≤0.05) recorded at both doses of combined treatment. Cell proliferation and cell apoptosis capability were assessed using Ki-67 and Bcl-2 immunocytochemical reaction respectively. Results: Cytoplasmic morphological changes were characterized by apoptotic and cytotoxic features (P≤0.05) at both doses of combined treatment. Anti-proliferation and cell apoptosis capaility of combined treatment on HepG2 cells proved with a decrease in mitotic index, Ki-67 expression and Bcl-2 down regulation. Additionally, DNA fragmentation on agaraose gel showed a cytotoxic effect and micronucleus evidence (P≤0.05) was increased with dose dependent manner. Autophagy was evaluated as a result of extracts treatment with a significant (P≤0.05) increase of autophagic vesicles in treated HepG2 cells was observed among the treated groups. Conclusion: Combined treatment of cinnamon and lemongrass extracts can exert anti-cancer effects as apoptosis induction, autophagic cell death activation and inhibiting cell proliferation on HepG2 cells.

Lemon Grass (&lt;i&gt;Cymbopogon citratus&lt;/i&gt; Stapf) Methanol and Ethanol Extracts, a Repellant with Less Insecticidal Effect on Maize Weevils (&lt;i&gt;Sitophilus zeamais&lt;/i&gt; Motschulsky) Infesting Maize (&lt;i&gt;Zea mays&lt;/i&gt;) Grains

The insecticidal efficacy and repellant activity of lemon grass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) extracts were investigated within laboratory conditions of 28±2°C and 72±5% temperature and relative humidity respectively, against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais . The results showed that both methanol and ethanol extracts of C. citratus have no contact toxicity against adult S. zeamais . At the highest concentrations (25.00%) of the extracts used, none of the S. zeamais died after 7 days of post treatments. The percentage damages on the treated seeds of maize also revealed that the percentage damages done on the treated seeds decreases as the concentration of the extracts used increases. The highest and lowest percentage damages of 17.17% and 0.67% were observed in the untreated control grains and grains treated with 25.00% concentration of methanol extract. The same pattern was observed in the ethanol extract treated grains; only with slight increases in the percentage damages of the untreated control grains and grains treated with 25.00% concentration of ethanol extract. The repellant activity of the extracts showed that at 10% concentration and above, produced 100% repellant effect on S. zeamais in both methanol and ethanol extracts. C. citratus extracts is a good repellant with less contact toxicity on S. zeamais .

In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Some Plant Essential Oils against Organisms Associated with Urinary Tract Infection and Roasted Meat

In search for alternative ways to control microbial infections, plant essential oils from clove, fenugreek, garlic, neem, eucalyptus and lemongrass were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and petroleum ether as a solvent. Phytochemical screening of the oils/extracts revealead the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars, steroids, tannins, glycosides and triterpenoids. The oils/extracts were then evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial properties against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans of Urinary Tract Infection and meat (suya) origins using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. Essential oil from clove was found to have the strongest inhibitory effect being able to inhibit growth of all assayed organisms followed by lemongrass extract, garlic oil, eucalyptus extract and neem oil while essential oil from fenugreek showed no inhibitory effect against all organisms tested. Highest and lowest susceptibility to these oils/extracts was demonstrated by S. aureus (mean zone= 11.7mm) and E. coli (mean zone= 5.8mm) respectively. Organisms isolated from urine showed more resistance than those isolated from meat. The LC50 analysis of the oils/extracts showed relatively high cytotoxic effects against brine shrimps, (&lt;100 ppm). Maximum mortalities took place at a concentration of 1000 ppm whereas least mortalities were at 10 ppm concentration, which means that lethality of the oils/extracts was concentration-dependant.

English

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of chitosan-based edible coatings with lemon grass extract on the physical properties and overall acceptability of cucumber fruits stored at ambient temperature (28 ± 2°C) and 85 to 90% relative humidity for 14 days. Blends of chitosan (C) and lemon grass extract (E) were formulated as 0.5% C + 0.5% E, 0.5% C + 1% E, 1% C + 0.5% E and 1% C + 1% E. Fresh cucumber fruits were treated with the blends, while the untreated cucumber was used as the control. Physical quality parameters (weight loss, fruit firmness, colour using chromameter, and diameter) of the fruits were assessed on weekly basis during storage. The fruits were subjected to sensory evaluation after 14 days of storage using 20 member preference panel. After 14 days, weight loss was 1% for cucumber fruits treated with 1.0% C + 1.0% E, and 4% for control untreated fruits. No significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the firmness of all the treated cucumber fruits after 14 days, while the untreated significantly reduced by 4%. External colour analysis of L*a*b* parameters showed no significant change in L* (lightness) and a* (green to red) with the storage time (14 days) in treated fruits. However, values of b* (blue to yellow) changed significantly (p< 0.05) after 14 days in untreated control cucumber fruits. All fruits significantly decreased in diameter with days of storage; except for 1.0% C + 1.0% E treated cucumber fruits, which showed no further decrease after 7 days of storage. No significant difference was observed in the taste, pulp and peel colour, texture, flavour as well as the overall acceptability of stored cucumber fruits but the control sample was rated higher in overall acceptability. In this study, the combination of chitosan and lemon grass extract, especially 1.0% C +1.0% E as an edible coating, has proved to have great potential to preserve the physical characteristics of cucumber fruits at ambient temperature 28 ± 2°C peculiar to tropical countries. This combination gave better physical parameter results. Key words: Edible coatings, cucumber, lemon grass extract, chitosan, physical properties, overall acceptability.

Modification of chicken feet gelatin with aqueous sweet basil and lemongrass extract

The effects of aqueous extracts of sweet basil leaves and lemongrass stem at different levels (0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 ml/100 g dry gelatin) on the physical and rheological properties of chicken feet gelatin gels were investigated. Chicken feet gelatin gels cross-linked by plant extracts were more turbid than control, had reduced water holding capacity (WHC) and swelling ratio. Nevertheless, the increase in gel strength, thermal stability, and elastic modulus was found with increasing plant extract levels and increased the stability of gelatin within a certain concentration range of plant extracts. Complex viscosity (ƞ*) values of gelatin with and without addition of plant extracts were decreased with increasing temperature. Therefore, plant extract at an appropriate level could act as a natural gel enhancer of chicken feet gelatin.

THE IN VITRO EVALUTION OF CYMBOPOGEN CITRATUS (LEMONGRASS) ESSENTIAL OIL AS POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IN POULOTRY PRODUCTS

This study was carried out to investigate the potential of using essential oil extract of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as natural antibacterial agent at three different concentrations (100, 200 and 500 X103ppm) against 60 human isolates from diarrheal and septicemic cases in addition to 7 ATCC (American Type of Culture Collection) strains belonging to 3 different species of Gram negative bacteria including Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Campylobacter spp and one Gram positive bacteria which is Staph. aureus. The screening was performed by standard disc diffusion method. Essential oil extract of lemongrass exhibited maximum activity against C. jejuni with 30.62 mm, Staph. aureus with 11.91 mm, Shigella spp with 11.73 mm and Salmonella spp with 9.41 mm mean diameter of zone of inhibition at the lowest used concentration, 100x103 ppm of the essential oil. Accordingly, lemongrass essential oil extract was found to be effectively inhibiting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and can be a good source of antibacterial agents for possible infections in poultry products.

In vitro Effects of Lemongrass Extract on Candida albicans Biofilms, Human Cells Viability, and Denture Surface.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether immersion of a denture surface in lemongrass extract (LGE) has effects on C. albicans biofilms, human cell viability and denture surface. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were performed for LGE against C. albicans. For biofilm analysis, discs were fabricated using a denture acrylic resin with surface roughness standardization. C. albicans biofilms were developed on saliva-coated discs, and the effects of LGE at MIC, 5XMIC, and 10XMIC were investigated during biofilm formation and after biofilm maturation. Biofilms were investigated for cell counting, metabolic activity, and microscopic analysis. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of LGE to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was analyzed using MTT. The effects of LGE on acrylic resin were verified by measuring changes in roughness, color and flexural strength after 28 days of immersion. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by a Tukey test at a 5% significance level. The minimal concentration of LGE required to inhibit C. albicans growth was 0.625 mg/mL, while MFC was 2.5 mg/mL. The presence of LGE during biofilm development resulted in a reduction of cell counting (p < 0.05), which made the MIC sufficient to reduce approximately 90% of cells (p < 0.0001). The exposure of LGE after biofilm maturation also had a significant antifungal effect at all concentrations (p < 0.05). When compared to the control group, the exposure of PBMC to LGE at MIC resulted in similar viability (p > 0.05). There were no verified differences in color perception, roughness, or flexural strength after immersion in LGE at MIC compared to the control (p > 0.05). It could be concluded that immersion of the denture surface in LGE was effective in reducing C. albicans biofilms with no deleterious effects on acrylic properties at MIC. MIC was also an effective and safe concentration for use.

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK SERAI (Andropogon nardus) TERHADAP MORTALITAS HAMA KEONG MAS (Pomaceacaniculata L.)

Snails (Pomaceae canaliculata L) or often referred to as snail mulberry is one type of freshwater snail that comes from the Americas. The spread of snails (Pomaceae canaliculata L.) in Indonesia the spread widening due to breeding very fast. Besides, many snails are farmed in ponds so many move to the rice fields. Potential snails can cause crop damage ranges from 10-40%. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of extract of lemon grass (Andropogon nardus) most appropriate for mortalty pest snails (Pomacea caniculata L.). This study was conducted in July to September 2014 in Biology Laboratorium State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Raden Intan Lampung. This type of research is experimental. The method used in the study is the method of full randomized design (CRD) with three repetitions each cup contains 12 heads snails. The concentration of treatment were 0% (as a control), 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%. Based on the results of the study showed that:The concentration of the most effective in killing pests snails Pomacea caniculata L is 5%, which is able to kill 100% of pest snails Pomacea caniculata L for 24 hours. Sitronela compounds have the nature of a contact poison that can cause death due to loss of fluid continuously.Kata kunci: Mortalitas, ekstrak, kontak racun.

Effects of Onion (Allium cepa) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Extracts on Lipid Oxidation and Acceptability of Frozen Deboned Milkfish (Chanos chanos)

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of red onion (Allium cepa) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts on lipid oxidation and on its effect on acceptability of frozen deboned milkfish (Chanos chanos). The deboned milkfish fillets were immersed in 5% (v/v) aqueous solutios of onion and lemongrass extracts including the Vitamin C and stored up to 30 days in frozen storage (18°C). Chemical indices of lipid oxidation were analyzed by Peroxide Value Determination, pH and Free Fatty Acid Determination. Changes in the organoleptic properties particularly flavor, color and odor were also determined using a Sensory Descriptive Score sheet and General Acceptability was likewise assessed using a 5-point hedonic scale. Results of the study showed that among the treatments, onion extract-treated samples exhibited a significant decrease in Peroxide Value at R=0.941 with a final Peroxide Value of 0.75 meq/kg sample which did not exceed the USFDA standard at 7-8 meq/kg, not exceeding to 20 meq/kg and not more than ≤ 5.0 meq/kg sample. No significant difference, however, were observed in Free Fatty Acid Value between treatments throughout the 30-day study period which denotes that the extracts have no effect on lipid hydrolysis brought about by lipolytic activity enzyme. Sensory evaluation revealed that among the treatments the lemongrass extract treated samples yielded the highest general acceptability scores within the 30-day storage period. Statistical analysis however reveals that there is no significant difference between treatments at 5% level of significance.