Extract Of Ageratum Conyzoides Research Articles

Formulation of category-2 hypoglycemic Improved Traditional Medicines from selected Cameroonian medicinal plants: <i>Mangifera indica, Persea americana</i> and <i>Ageratum conyzoides</i>

Diabetes mellitus is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, and constitutes a major public health crisis. Management of the adverse  condition relies mostly on synthetic drugs such as metformin, glibenclamide and insulin. However, treatment with synthetic  drugs is challenged by side effects and high cost especially to patients in low-income countries like Cameroon. This study set out to  formulate Improved Traditional Medicines (ITMs) in the form of capsules from lyophilized aqueous leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides,  Mangifera indica and Persea americana, in combination, coded as ITM-1, and leaf extract of Mangifera indica alone, referred to as ITM-2.  Phytochemical profiling of individual extracts was carried out using standard methods, while their antioxidant activity was evaluated in  vitro by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhadrazyl reducing (DPPH) assay and the Ferric (Iron) reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Capsule  formulation was guided by findings from prior Physicochemical and pharmacotechnical analysis of individual extracts and their  combination. Safety studies were carried out both in vitro (cytotoxicity testing in Vero cells); and in vivo (acute toxicity tests using the  mouse model). Preliminary evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of the formulated ITMs was achieved through determination of their  acute hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic properties in Wistar rats (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test). Major classes of phytochemicals detected were alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tri-terpenes and anthraquinones. The DPPH and FRAP assays showed  dose-dependent antioxidant activity for ITM-1 and ITM-2. Both ITMs showed no toxic effects, be it in vitro, (Cytotoxic  Concentration 50% - CC50>1000 µg/mL in cells) or in vivo. At the dose of 25 mg/Kg, both ITMs exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects  in Wistar rats. The ITM-2 capsules completely suppressed post-prandial glucose peak in rats as compared to the negative control (distilled  water), ITM-1 capsule was able to cause restoration of the glucose levels to normal levels after 120 minutes  

Allelopathic Effects of Ageratum conyzoides Root Exudates on Germinability of Selected Crops: A Comparative Analysis

This study investigates the allelopathic effects of aqueous root exudate extracts of Ageratum conyzoides on the germination, shoot length, and root length of various agricultural crops. The study reveals how different species respond uniquely to varying concentrations, uncovering complex dynamics in crop-allelopathic interactions. The germination analysis reveals distinct sensitivities among the tested crops. C. sativus demonstrates resilience, displaying minimal germination reduction even at higher exudate concentrations. C. arietinum exhibits moderate susceptibility, while Z. mays emerge as the most sensitive crop, displaying a profound reduction in germination. L. esculentum and P. vulgaris also exhibit sensitivity, with adverse impacts on germination rates. A. esculentus consistently shows reduced germination rates with increasing exudate concentrations. Shoot length dynamics show that all crops experience greatest elongation without A. conyzoides root exudates, suggesting inhibition of growth by these exudates. Shoot growth declines with higher exudate concentrations across most crops, with varying sensitivities. C. sativus consistently decreases, while C. arietinum, Z. mays, and P. vulgaris show concentration-dependent inhibition. S. lycopersicum significantly reduces shoot elongation, and A. esculentus remains consistently sensitive. Root length patterns further elucidate the allelopathic effects. Responses vary across species and concentrations. A. esculentus roots thrive at lower concentrations but decline at higher ones. S. lycopersicum shows initial reduction, significant decline, followed by recovery. Z. mays and C. arietinum exhibit fluctuating responses. P. vulgaris consistently grows, while C. sativus persistently displays reduced root elongation. These findings highlight the complex and species-specific allelopathic interactions between A. conyzoides and agricultural crops, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of these dynamics for effective crop management in A. conyzoides-infested areas.

The effect of natural ingredients extracts on the phagocytosis index of the carbon clearance animal models

The immune system has a very important role to fight foreign substances in the body. Immunostimulants are needed to stimulate the activity of the immune system and immunosuppressants are needed to suppress the immune system. The aims of this study is to evaluate phagocitytosis index of several natural ingredient extract using carbon clearance method. The natural ingredients are the ethanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides leaves 160 mg/kgBW, ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves 500 mg/kgBW, ethanol extract of Nephelium lappaceum peel 650 mg/kgBW, ethanol extract of Cucurbita moschata seed 342 mg/kgBW and ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind 55 mg/kgBW. Tests were carried out on male mice Balb/C strains using the carbon clearance method, where colloidal carbon ink acts as an antigen. The phagocytic activity of macrophages in eliminating carbon ink was measured based on the stimulation index value and then the immunomodulatory effect was classified according to Wagner's criteria. The stimulation index of A.heterophyllus was 1.423; A. conyzoides was 1.201; N. lappaceum was 1.236; C.lanatus was 0.909 and C. moschata was 1.299. The potential extract as immunostimulant was A.heterophyllus, as immunosupressant was C. lanatus. A.conyzoides and probably had no effect (act as imunorestorant) and C. moschata 342 mg/kgBW had slight immunostimulant effect.

Nematicidal activity of <i>Ageratum conyzoides</i> leaf extract against root-knot nematode (<i>Meloidogyne javanica</i>) on eggplant in Jalingo, Nigeria

Devastation of crops by pests is exacerbated by human activities but nature provides remedies that are environmentally friendly. This study was carried out to evaluate the activity of A. conyzoides leaf extract against Meloidogyne javanica on eggplant in Jalingo, Nigeria. Three concentrations (crude extract, 5 ml and 10 ml dilutions) of extract of Ageratum conyzoides as well as control (no application) were applied on juveniles and eggs of M. javanica in petri dishes in the laboratory in 2018 and 10 ml of the same extract was applied into holes at the base of eggplants transplanted into a nematode-infested field in 2018 and 2019. Result of the juvenile mortality test showed that the extract treatments caused the mortality of M. javanica juveniles with crudes extract being highest at 90.3%. Results of the egg hatch inhibition test also showed the extract treatments significantly reduced egg hatch compared to control with crude extract having the highest inhibition of 85.5%. Field experiment in both years indicated that the extract treatments recorded significantly (P˂0.05) better result than control in all parameters in both years. There was reduced root galling and nematode reproduction and by extension final nematode population with attendant high yield in extract-treated plants. It is therefore concluded that A. conyzoides has the potential for use as a bio-pesticide against M. javanica.

Combined Antidiabetic and Antidyslipidemic Activity of Ageratum conyzoides and Gynura procumbens in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Unhealthy lifestyle habits greatly increase the risks of various degenerative illnesses, for example, diabetes mellitus as well as dyslipidemia. Recent studies have shown that the pharmaceutical drugs used for the treatment of these conditions have undesirable side effects. This indicates that it is necessary to find more effective and safe alternative treatment options, particularly in medicinal plants, such as Ageratum conyzoides and Gynura procumbens. Therefore, this research examined the combined antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activity of Ageratum conyzoides and Gynura procumbens extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The insulin sensitivity of the test animals was assessed at the beginning of the experiment using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) through the administration of 3 g/kgBW glucose. Pancreatic destruction was induced with the intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 150 mg/kgBW alloxan, and the rats were treated with ethanol extract for 14 days. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured using the enzymatic method. The results showed that the single extracts and their combination exhibited high antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activity. This was indicated by a substantial reduction in fasting blood sugar, TG, TC, and LDL-C (p<0.05), and an insignificant increase in HDL-C. The activity of the combined extract was similar to the single extracts, but it was not better in decreasing TG levels. Based on these findings, 95% ethanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides, Gynura procumbens, and their combination exhibited high antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activity in alloxan-induced rats.

Antifungal activity of Ageratum conyzoides extract against Fusarium oxysporum in Musa spp

Ageratum conyzoides though considered an invasive, troublesome weed has been proven beneficial due to its antifungal properties, making it a promising component for the development of environmentally friendly fungicides. In this study, the plant extract derived from Ageratum conyzoides is tested for its antifungal property against Fusarium oxysporum, fungi that have been causing devastating disease among the banana plant also known as the Fusarium wilt or Panama disease. In vitro antifungal assay of the plant extract with different concentrations (4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) derived from several parts of the plant, such as the leaf, inflorescence and stem were tested against the Fusarium oxysporum by using poisoned food technique and its mycelial growth are recorded to calculate the inhibition percentage. From the study, all the plant extracts derived from the different parts were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum although maximum inhibition was observed on the inflorescence extract with 10% concentration, followed by leaf extract with 8% concentration and stem extract with 10% concentration. In conclusion, there is a possibility for Ageratum conyzoides plant extract with higher concentration to pose as a natural fungicide against Panama disease.

Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ageratum conyzoides on Spray-Paint-Induced Injury in the Lungs of Adult Wistar Rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides on spray-paint-induced injury in the lungs of adult Wistar rats. The 30 adult Wistar rats weighing between 250g and 280g that were used in this research were divided into 5 groups of six 6 rats per group. The haematological outcome showed that spray paint caused some derangements in haematolodical parameters especially lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and platelets. Histologically, interstitial haemorrhage, pulmonary edema, and activation of lymphoid tissue were observed in the rat treated with spray paint only. Ageratum conyzoides shrunk the local activated immune system and the florid-activated broncho-alveolar aggregates of the immune system in the Ageratum conyzoides treated rats. In conclusion, Ageratum conyzoides has ameliorative effects against spray-paint-induced injury in the lungs of Wistar rats and its effect is inversely proportional to dosage. It is more potent at low doses.

One-Pot Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ageratum conyzoides and Their Biological Efficacy.

The main objective of the present research work is to assess the biological properties of the aqueous plant extract (ACAE) synthesised silver nanoparticles from the herbal plant Ageratum conyzoides, and their biological applications. The silver nanoparticle syntheses from Ageratum conyzoides (Ac-AgNPs) were optimised with different parameters, such as pH (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) and varied silver nitrate concentration (1 mM and 5 mM). Based on the UV-vis spectroscopy analysis of the synthesised silver nanoparticles, the concentration of 5 mM with the pH at 8 was recorded as the peak reduction at 400 nm; and these conditions were optimized were used for further studies. The results of the FE-SEM analysis recorded the size ranges (~30-90 nm), and irregular spherical and triangular shapes of the AC-AgNPs were captured. The characterization reports of the HR-TEM investigation of AC-AgNPs were also in line with the FE-SEM studies. The antibacterial efficacies of AC-AgNPs have revealed the maximum zone of inhibition against S. typhi to be within 20 mm. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of AC-AgNPs is shown to have an effective antiplasmodial property (IC50:17.65 μg/mL), whereas AgNO3 has shown a minimum level of IC50: value 68.03 μg/mL, and the Ac-AE showed >100 μg/mL at 24 h of parasitaemia suppression. The α-amylase inhibitory properties of AC-AgNPs have revealed a maximum inhibition similar to the control Acarbose (IC50: 10.87 μg/mL). The antioxidant activity of the AC-AgNPs have revealed a better property (87.86% ± 0.56, 85.95% ± 1.02 and 90.11 ± 0.29%) when compared with the Ac-AE and standard in all the three different tests, such as DPPH, FRAP and H2O2 scavenging assay, respectively. The current research work might be a baseline for the future drug expansion process in the area of nano-drug design, and its applications also has a lot of economic viability and is a safer method in synthesising or producing silver nanoparticles.

Lethal dose Examination and Effect of Different Part Extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L on Hematology and Serum Electrolytes of Streptozotocin Induce Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease condition caused by decreased insulin production in the pancreas or as a result of the inability of insulin to act on target tissues that activate the absorption of blood glucose. This subsequently leads to an increased concentration of glucose in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is the most recorded form of diabetes. It accounts for about 80% to 90% of all recorded forms of the disease. The use of plant medicines is a very common practice since ancient times and is considered a much safer and less expensive therapeutic strategy for the management and treatment of various diseases including DM. This study aims to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Ageratum conyzoides as claimed by herbal practitioners and to provide scientific evidence to back up the claim that the plant possesses antidiabetic activity. Standard procedures were deployed in the aqueous extraction of the different parts (leaf, flower, stem, root and all parts) of the plant. A lethal dose of the plant was determined using Lorke’s method. Subsequently, diabetes was induced into albino Wistar rats using streptozotocin at 55mg/kg. 40 rats weighing 180g to 240g were divided into eight groups A to H, and groups B to H were induced with diabetes. Groups A and B were labeled normal and diabetic respectively. C was treated standard drug (Metformin) at 1000mg/kg and groups D, E, F, G, and H were with treated flower, leaf, stem, root, and all parts extracts respectively at 2000mg/kg. Treatment in all groups was done for 28 days after which the rats were sacrificed and assayed for hematological and serum electrolytes. After DM was induced, rats were observed across groups for behavioral changes before, during and after treatment. LD50 of the aqueous extracts of A. conyzoides was found to be above 5000mg/kg. Significant differences were observed in the weights of the various groups at (p<0.05). Furthermore, Na+, K+, and Cl- levels reduced significantly (<0.05), after treatment. Finally, WBC and its indices reduced significantly (p<0.05) while RBC and its indices increased significantly (p<0.05) after treatment. These results show that A. conyzoides possess antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic at 2000mg/kg.

Assessment of gastroprotective activity of aqueous leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L.: Role of mucous cells, anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and tumor suppressor (p53) proteins

Introduction: Generally, factors that up-regulate gastric mucosal protective factors or down-regulate aggressive factors contribute to the maintenance of mucosal integrity. This study was done to assess the role of mucous cells, Bcl-2 and p53 proteins during the gastroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Ageratum conyzoides.Methods: The phytochemistry of A. conyzoides extract was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Animals were subdivided into five groups, including non-treated normal control group A, non-treated test control group B, and treated groups C-E (Pre-treated with 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg A. conyzoides, respectively for 28 days). After the treatment period, pyloric-ligation was used to induce mucosal injury. Gastric tissues were harvested, grossly examined, and processed for histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. Stained sections were examined and quantified using image-J software. The data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS (version 23), and comparisons were checked via t test and analysis of variance.Results: Mild mucosal erosion was observed in the treated groups, but intense erosion was prominent in the test control animals. There was an insignificant increase in mucous cells, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in Bcl-2 expression without a significant increase in p53 expression in gastric mucosa of pre-treated animals compared to normal control. Gastric mucosa of test control showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mucous cell count and Bcl-2 expression with a significant concomitant increase in p53 expression.Conclusion: Increased mucous cell population and reciprocal expressions of Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in the gastric mucosa of animals highlighted the sub-cellular mechanisms of gastroprotective activity of A. conyzoides.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Commonly used Plants for Wound Treatment in Southwestern Nigeria

Aims: Infection of wounds by microorganisms can prolong wound healing process and result in wound associated complications. Therefore, wound treatment entails the use of antimicrobial agents usually administered directly on the wound where possible to prevent microbial colonization. Traditionally, various plants have been used in wound treatment in different regions of the world. This study evaluated the contribution of the antibacterial activity of four plants commonly use in the treatment of wound in southwestern Nigeria to their ethnobotanically acclaimed wound healing property.
 Methodology: The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the selected plants (Chromolaena odorata, Sida acuta, Ageratum conyzoides and Carica papaya) was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. Wound isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, two commonly isolated Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria from wounds were used for this study. Antibacterial activity was inferred for plant extracts that achieved zone of inhibition ≥ 7 mm in diameter (size of the well inclusive).
 Results: Generally, the ethanolic extracts of the selected plants showed better extraction yield and antibacterial activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The ethanolic extracts of the four selected plants demonstrated antibacterial activity against the test organisms used while only the aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Sida acuta showed activity against both test organisms. The aqueous extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Carica papaya only showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus.
 Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of the selected plants contributes to their acclaimed wound healing property. Although there is need to investigate the role of other non-antibacterial properties of the plants that may be associated with wound healing to fully understand the usefulness of the plants in wound treatment. 

Antifungal activity of crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata for management of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae through in vitro evaluation

Lasiodiplodia is an important genus of fungi causing destructive diseases on perennial crops, including cocoa. Two crucial species of Lasiodiplodia that cause diseases in cocoa are Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseutheobromae. A variety of weeds is the potential to be applied as botanical fungicides to control the pathogens. The main objective of this study was to evaluate Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata leaf extract to inhibit the growth of L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae on a synthetic medium. Solvent organic was methanol for weed extraction with a ratio of 1:5. The experiment was conducted through the poison food technique method, both in the solid and liquid medium in three different concentrations, 1, 3, and 5%. The result showed that A. conyzoides and C. odorata were significantly inhibited the colony growth of both Lasiodiplodia in all concentrations in a solid medium. A. conyzoides performed better than C. odorata in all concentrations of both Lasiodiplodia in inhibition. A. conyzoides 5% performed well to suppress the colony growth of L. pseudotheobromae (100%), followed by A. conyzoides 3% and A. conyzoides 1%. A. conyzoides 5% able to inhibit the colony growth of L. theobromae until 100%, followed by A. conyzoides 3% and 1%. Meanwhile, A. conyzoides and C. odorata extract tested on PDB medium at 1, 3, and 5% reduced the fungal biomass significantly at all concentrations. C. odorata was found most effective in inhibiting fungal biomass of both pathogens either on wet weight or on dry weight at 1, 3, and 5% %. A. conyzoides and C. odorata can manage the growth of L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae through in vitro conditions.

Anticoccidial potential of Ageratum conyzoides and its effect on Blood parameters of experimentally infected Broiler Chickens

Coccidiosis is an infectious parasitic disease of poultry which causes heavy economic losses to commercial poultry industry. Coccidiosis has been generally controlled by using different synthetic anticoccidial drugs but, due to development of resistance to these drugs this method is losing its effectiveness. Exploration of novel and alternative compounds against avian coccidiosis is need of time now a days. In this regard, medicinal plants can serve as substitute to these synthetic anticoccidials. Thus, to find out alternative novel agents, current research was designed to evaluate the anticoccidial potential of Ageratum conyzoides extract (ACE). For in vivo experiment, 105 broiler chicks were purchased and further divided into 7 sub-groups (15 birds in each group). At 7th day of experiment, Groups A, B and C were fed with plant extract at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg respectively. Group D was supplemented with Vitamin-E while, Group E and F remained as infected medicated and infected un-medicated control groups and served with standard medicine (Baycox®) and Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) respectively. Moreover, Group G served as normal control group. At day 14th of experiment, all groups except rom Group G were orally infected with 60,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species. Anticoccidial potential of ACE was evaluated on the basis of lesion scores, fecal scores, oocyst scores and feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, the effect of ACE on the serum chemistry was also evaluated to check toxicity of plant extract if any. The results were compared with standard medicine (Baycox®). On the basis of results, ACE showed anticoccidial activity by reducing fecal, lesion and oocyst scores in infected chicks (P<0.05). ACE also improved FCR of infected chicks. Moreover, ACE exhibited positive effects on serum chemistry of broiler chickens (P<0.05).

Qualitative Phytochemical ScreeningandIn VitroAntibacterialActivitiesof Crude Akaziraruguma Leaf Extracts

The resistance of pathogenic bacteria is a global health dynamic and the time is nowtofind alternativesolutions from plant secondary metabolites.Ageratum conyzoidesL. is a plant known as akazirarugumain Rwandaand used to treat wounds and ulcers. This study aimedto evaluate the phytochemical profileand germicidal efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L. grown inRwasave wetland.Theleaves were collected and dried under the shed for 10 days, blended into powderby electric blender and macerated with water and 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening wasperformedby followingthe standard procedures and antibacterial activity of the extracts wasexamined by agar welldiffusion method and the inhibition zones were recorded.Phytochemical screening revealed the presence ofdifferent secondary metabolites including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins. In this assessment,aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited significant inhibitory activity against testedpathogens with inhibition zones that ranging from6±0.9 mm to 20±0.5 mm of diameter. The minimuminhibition concentrations range between 0.47 mg/mL and 15.00 mg/mL.The resultsconfirm that the leavesof akazirarugumacould be the credible source ofantibacterial agents that should be used for therapeuticpurposes and in production of pharmaceuticals.

LARVICIDAL EFFICACY OF LEAF EXTRACTS FROM THREE ASTERACEOUS PLANT AGAINST MOSQUITO (Culex quinquefasciatus)

It is well known that the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, badly affect individuals in endemic setting, causing filariasis. Intervention targeting the vector larva has not been given much priority. Therefore, the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa L. and Spilanthes filicaulis and a mixture of these plants in equal proportion was evaluated for larvicidal activities against filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciantus. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was done by dissolving 5g each of plants in 30ml ethanol and water separately to obtain plant extracts. Samples were qualitatively screened following standard methodology for phytochemicals. Mortality of mosquito larva was examined after 12hrs, 24hr, 36hrs, and 48hrs treatment. Probit analysis for 50% Lethal Concentration was done using GraphPad Prism 9. Phytochemical screening of the plants revealed that Bidens pilos, Spilanthes filicaulis and Ageratum conyzoides contained moderated concentrations of Anthraquinones and Cardiac glycosids, Tannins, and Alkaloids respectively. Complete mortality was recorded with 0.60ml of Bidens pilosa, and Spilanthes filicaulis at 48hours and 36 hours respectively. More so, complete mortality was recorded with 0.40 and 0.60ml of the three plants in mixed proportion at 36 hours and 24 hours respectively. Larval mortality and time mortality were significantly (p<0.05) different. 50%Lethal Concentration for Ageratum conyzoides L, Bidens pilosa L, Spilanthes filicaulis, and mixture of the three plants in equal proportion are 0.33ml, 0.25ml, 0.08ml, and 0.06ml respectively. Results showed that these plant materials exhibit significant activity and could be considered as potent natural larvicidal agent.

Effectiveness of different methods for the extraction of principle actives and phytochemicals content in medicinal herbals

In this present study, we investigated the influence of various extraction methods including maceration, sonication, infusion, decoction, and microwave extraction, on the chemical and biological potential of phytochemicals extracted from three medicinal plants (Ageratum conyzoides, Plantago major and Arctium lappa L). The results were subsequently analyzed by variance analysis. Our results suggested that sonication is the most effective extraction method among the five methods tested herein, for the extraction of phytochemicals that have a high antioxidant potential and high phenolic content. The three plants employed for this study had a high concentration of flavonoids and phenolics which was compatible with the chemosystematics of the species. All the samples possessed a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of less than 6. Interestingly, a maximum reaction time of approximately 20 min was noted for the complexation of AlCl3with the flavonoids present in the phytochemical extract during analyses of the kinetic parameters. We finally identified that the Ageratum conyzoides extract, prepared by sonication, possessed a significant pharmacological potential against hepatocarcinoma tumour cells, whose result can guide further studies for its therapeutic efficacy.

Fractions of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Compositae) induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in rats: Possible option in monosodium glutamate-induced hepatic and uterine pathological disorder

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSeveral pathological disorders have been attributed to either oxidative stress or defect in apoptotic signaling pathway. Some bioactive compounds elicit their antiproliferative properties by induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening. Aim of studyThe present study therefore investigated the effects of various fractions of methanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. (MEAC) on mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and the possible protective potential of the most potent against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced hepatic damage and uterine pathological disorder. The plant is folklorically used in the treatment of cancer and gynecological disorder. Materials and methodsThe MEAC was partitioned in succession and concentrated at 40 °C to obtain chloroform(CFAC), ethylacetate(EFAC) and methanol(MFAC) fractions. Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation. The opening of mPT pore, mATPase activity and hepatic DNA fragmentation were assessed spectrophotometrically. Caspases 9 and 3, SOD and GSH-Px activities and MDA level were determined using ELISA technique. Histological assessment of the liver and uterine sections and GC-MS analysis of the most potent fraction were carried out. ResultsThe investigation showed that oral administration of the fractions caused induction of mPT pore opening, enhanced mATPase activity, upregulated the activities of caspases 9 and 3 and also, caused hepatic DNA fragmentation with CFAC being the most potent. The CFAC reversed severe MSG-induced hepatic damage and uterine hyperplasia. The MSG-induced oxidative stress was normalized by CFAC. The GC-MS analysis of CFAC revealed the presence of some pharmacologically relevant phytochemicals. ConclusionThese findings therefore suggest that fractions of Ageratum conyzoides induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, CFAC, which is the most potent has a promising antioxidant and antiproliferative potential against MSG-induced hepatic and uterine pathological disorder.

PENGEMBANGAN MAJALAH SAINS BERDASARKAN UJI PENGARUH KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN BANDOTAN Agerantum conyzoides L. DAN DAUN SALAM Syzigum polyianthum TERHADAP LARVA NYAMUK Aedes aegypti

Abstract:  This study aims to determine the effectiveness of combining leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L and Syzigium polyianthum against Aedes aegypti larvae. This study also wants to analyze the magazine's quality based on research in terms of feasibility based on expert judgment and attractiveness based on students' responses. The research method used Borg Gall's (1983) model. The research results of  leaf extract of A. conyzoides and S. polyianthum against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae effectively eradicate A. aegypti mosquito larvae because the increasing concentration increases the number of deaths of A. aegypti larvae. Meanwhile, the results of the validation test of science magazine products by media expert validators with a percentage of 75.5% (feasible), validation tests of science magazine products by material expert validators 75.45% (feasible), validation tests of science magazine products by practitioners of 95.5% (very feasible) and the results of student response tests of 94.62% (very interesting). The results showed that the science magazine developed was very feasible and very interesting to use in learning. Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides L, Syzigium polyianthum, Aedes aegypti

Prenatal developmental toxicity study of an alkaloid-free Ageratum conyzoides extract powder in rats by oral administration

A prenatal developmental toxicological study was conducted to evaluate the safety of an alkaloid-free Ageratum conyzoides extract powder administration on pregnant female Wistar rats and on the development of the conceptus in accordance with OECD test guideline (no. 414). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) naturally present in A. conyzoides have been shown to induce toxicity in past studies, particularly towards hepatic cells. Therefore our test item preparation of A.conyzoides extract (aerial part of the plant) consisted of the removal of PAs. There were no treatment related adverse effects found during maternal examinations (body weights, food consumption, numbers of pregnant and non-pregnant female rats, endocrine evaluation, gravid uterine weights, and number of corpora lutea), maternal/fetal examinations (numbers of implantation sites, pre-and post-implantation loss (%), dead and live fetuses (%), resorption sites), or fetal examinations (litter size and weights, number of fetuses, sex ratio, or external, visceral, and skeletal variations and malformations) in the Ageratum conyzoides extract powder groups at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kw bw/day compared to vehicle control group. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) determined for both maternal and developmental toxicity was 2000 mg/kg bw/day, which was the highest dose tested.

Anticonvulsant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Ageratum Conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) in Mice

This work aimsto study the anticonvulsant activity in vivo of the hydro alcoholic extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. (ASTERACEAE) in mice. Seizure was induced by electric stimulation of animal ears and intraperitoneal injection of picrotoxin. The extract increases the seizure threshold and reduces picrotoxin-induced convulsion duration. Animals of control group reacted to electric shock of 10.67 ± 0.74 mV, versus 14.33 ± 0.64, 22.67 ± 1.28 and 29.33 ± 0.64 mV for the animals treated with the extract at doses 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg respectively (P<0.05). Duration of clonic seizure induced by picrotoxin decreases from 36.04 ± 3.46 s in control group to 31.33 ± 0.88, 14.08 ± 1.02 and 10.07 ±1.31 s in the treated animals, while tonic seizure duration in control group is equal to 156.33 ± 24.53 s versus 73.02 ± 5.32 s and 29.67 ± 3.59 s in the animals treated with the extract at doses 400 and 800 mg/kg respectively (P<0.05). Alkaloids in the extract might be responsible for this activity by blocking Na+ or K+ channels, it also might enhance GABA or inhibit glutamate action.