Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Candidates Research Articles

Admission Functional Status is Associated With Intensivists Perception of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Candidacy for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Failure.

To determine the association between admission Functional Status Scale (FSS) category and perceived extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) candidacy for pediatric acute respiratory failure. Prospective, cross-sectional study. Single-center, quaternary, and ECMO referral academic children's hospital between March 2021 and January 2022. Pediatric intensivists directly caring for patients admitted with acute respiratory failure secondary to shock or respiratory disease. None. Pediatric intensivists were surveyed about current patients within 72 hours of initiation or escalation of invasive mechanical ventilation on whether they would offer ECMO should their patient deteriorate. Baseline functional status was assessed using trichotomized admission FSS: 1) normal/mild dysfunction (6-9), 2) moderate dysfunction (10-15), and 3) severe dysfunction (> 16). Multivariable logistic regression clustered by physician was used to assess the association between admission FSS category with perceived ECMO candidacy. Thirty-seven intensivists participated with 76% (137/180) of survey responses by those with less than 10 years of experience. 81% of patients (146/180) were perceived as ECMO candidates and 19% of patients (34/180) were noncandidates. Noncandidates had worse admission FSS scores than candidates (15.5 vs. 9, p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, admission FSS category of severe dysfunction had lower odds of perceived ECMO candidacy compared with normal to mild dysfunction (odds ratio [OR] 0.18 [95% CI, 0.06-0.56], p < 0.003). Patients with an abnormal communication subscore domain had the lowest odds of being considered a candidate (unadjusted OR 0.44 [95% CI, 0.29-0.68], p < 0.0001). In this prospective, single-center, cross-sectional study, admission FSS category indicating worse baseline functional status impacted pediatric intensivists' perceptions of ECMO candidacy for patients with acute respiratory failure. Abnormal FSS subscores in the neurocognitive domains were the most important considerations. Future studies should better seek to define the decision-making priorities of both parents and medical specialists for the utilization of ECMO in children with acute respiratory failure.

Abstract 13383: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Analysis

Introduction: While extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used for patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), its benefit in the nationwide setting is unknown. Aim: To evaluate the association between the use of ECMO and outcomes of COVID-19-associated ARDS in the nationwide setting. Methods: Using the United States National Inpatient Sample in 2020, we identified adults hospitalized and mechanically ventilated for COVID-19 with ARDS and divided them into three groups according to the use of ECMO (i.e., no-ECMO, venovenous [VV]-ECMO, and venoarterial [VA]-ECMO). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcomes were the length of hospital stay (LOS) and the total costs during hospitalization. We applied a multivariable logistic regression model for the primary outcome, adjusting for baseline characteristics and underlying comorbidities. Results: Of the total of 72,415 included patients, 68,795, 3,280, and 340 patients received no-, VV-, and VA-ECMO, respectively (Table) . The crude mortality was the highest in the no-ECMO group (59.8%; 41,110/68,795), followed by VA-ECMO (47.1%; 160/340), and VV-ECMO groups (44.8%; 1,470/3,280). LOS was the longest in VV-ECMO group, followed by VA-ECMO, and no-ECMO groups. Similarly, the total costs during hospitalization were the highest in VV-ECMO group, followed by VA-ECMO, and no-ECMO groups. After adjusting for the covariates, VV- or VA-ECMO was not associated with lower mortality compared to no-ECMO (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.98 [0.82-1.18] and 1.12 [0.62-2.04], respectively). Conclusions: In the nationwide setting, ECMO was not associated with improved mortality in patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS but was associated with longer LOS and higher costs. Future studies exploring the characteristics of suitable candidates for ECMO are warranted.

New OPTN/UNOS data demonstrates higher than previously reported waitlist mortality for lung transplant candidates supported with ECMO

Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is not currently incorporated into US allocation models due to the historical lack of complete data in the national US registry which changed in 2016 to include ECMO at the time of waitlist removal and more granular timing and configuration data. We studied adult lung transplant candidates from 01 May 2016 to 01 June 2020 with data abstracted from multiple sources in the US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Waitlist analyses included cumulative incidence functions and Cox proportional hazards (PH) models considering ECMO as a time-dependent variable. Post-transplant analyses included Kaplan Meier, Cox PH models, and observed to expected survival ratios. A total of 867 candidates were on ECMO prior to transplant; 247 were identified using new sources of data. Candidates on ECMO had a 23.9 increased adjusted likelihood of waitlist removal for being too sick or death, but only a 4.08 increased adjusted likelihood of transplant. Candidates bridged with ECMO who underwent lung transplant (N=587) experienced an increased overall hazard of post-transplant mortality with veno-arterial and veno-venous configurations conferring HR = 1.67 (95% CI, 1.16, 2.40), HR = 1.45 (95% CI, 1.15, 1.82), respectively. We identified an additional 28.5% of candidates bridged with ECMO prior to transplant using new data. This study of the newly identified full cohort of ECMO candidates demonstrates higher utilization of ECMO as well as an underestimation of waitlist mortality risk factors that should inform strategies to provide timely access to transplant for this population.

Tickle Me ECMO…Differences and Outcomes Unearthed for Kids Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Associated Disease.

Tickle Me ECMO…Differences and Outcomes Unearthed for Kids Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Associated Disease.

Emerging concepts in heart failure management and treatment: circulatory support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Circulatory support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is being increasingly used in several critical situations but evidence of its impact on outcomes is inconsistent. Understanding of the specific indications and appropriate timing of implantation of this technology might lead to improved results. Indeed, the line between success and futility may be sometimes very thin when facing a patient in critical condition. New techniques with lighter, simpler and effective devices are being developed. Hence, ECMO has become an accessible technology that is being increasingly used outside of the operating room by heart failure specialists, critical care cardiologists and intensivists. Proper timing of utilization and choice of device may lead to better outcomes. We herein aim to improve this knowledge gap by conducting a literature review to provide simple information, evidence-based indications and a practical approach for cardiologists who may encounter acutely ill adult patients that may be ECMO candidates. This article is part of the Emerging concepts in heart failure management and treatment Special Issue: https://www.drugsincontext.com/special_issues/emerging-concepts-in-heart-failure-management-and-treatment.

213 Extrapulmonary Gas Exchange Through Peritoneal Perfluorocarbon Perfusion

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: For patients suffering from respiratory failure there are limited options to support gas exchange aside from mechanical ventilation. Our goal is to design, investigate, and refine a novel device for extrapulmonary gas exchange via peritoneal perfusion with perfluorocarbons (PFC) in an animal model. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Hypoxic respiratory failure will be modeled using 50 kg swine mechanically ventilated with subatmospheric (10-12%) oxygen. Through a midline laparotomy, two cannulas, one for inflow and one for outflow, will be placed into the peritoneal space. After abdominal closure, the cannulas will be connected to a device capable of draining, oxygenating, regulating temperature, filtering, and pumping perfluorodecalin at a rate of 3-4 liters per minute. During induced hypoxia, the physiologic response to PFC circulation through the peritoneal space will be monitored with invasive (e.g. arterial and venous blood gases) and non-invasive measurements (e.g. pulse oximetry). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that the initiation of oxygenated perfluorocarbons perfusion through the peritoneal space during induced hypoxia will create an increase in hemoglobin oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. As we expect gas exchange to be occurring in the microvascular beds of the peritoneal membrane, we expect to observe an increase in the venous blood oxygen content sampled from the inferior vena cava. Using other invasive hemodynamic measures (e.g. cardiac output) and blood samples taken from multiple venous sites, a quantifiable rate of oxygen delivery will be calculable. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Peritoneal perfluorocarbon perfusion, if able to deliver significant amounts of oxygen, would provide a potentially lifesaving therapy for patients in respiratory failure who are unable to be supported with mechanical ventilation alone, and are not candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea en el paciente COVID-19: resultados del Registro Español ECMO-COVID de la Sociedad Española de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Endovascular

Background and aimCOVID-19 patients with severe heart or respiratory failure are potential candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Indications and management of these patients are unclear. Our aim is to describe the results of a prospective registry of COVID-19 patients treated with ECMO. MethodsAn anonymous prospective registry of COVID-19 patients treated with veno-arterial (V-A) or veno-venous (V-V) ECMO was created on march 2020. Clinical, analytical and respiratory preimplantation variables, implantation data and post-implantation course data were recorded. The primary endpoint was all cause in-hospital mortality. Secondary events were functional recovery and the combined endpoint of mortality and functional recovery in patients followed at least 3 months after discharge. ResultsThree hundred and sixty-six patients from 25 hospitals were analyzed, 347 V-V ECMO and 18 V-A ECMO patients (mean age 52.7 and 49.5 years respectively). Patients with V-V ECMO were more obese, had less frequently organ damage other than respiratory failure and needed less inotropic support; Thirty three percent of V-A ECMO and 34.9% of V-A ECMO were discharged (P=NS). Hospital mortality was non-significantly different, 56.2% versus 50.9% respectively, mainly during ECMO therapy and mostly due to multiorgan failure. Other 51 patients (14%) remained admitted. Mean follow-up was 196± 101.7 days (95%CI: 170.8-221.6). After logistic regression, body weight (OR 0.967, 95%CI: 0.95-0.99, P=0.004) and ECMO implantation in the own centre (OR 0.48, 95%CI: 0.27-0.88, P=0.018) were protective for hospital mortality. Age (OR 1.063, 95%CI: 1.005-1.12, P=0.032), arterial hypertension (3.593, 95%CI: 1.06-12.19, P=0.04) and global (2.44, 95%CI: 0.27-0.88, P=0.019), digestive (OR 4,23, 95%CI: 1.27-14.07, P=0.019) and neurological (OR 4.66, 95%CI: 1.39-15.62, P=0.013) complications during ECMO therapy were independent predictors of primary endpoint occurrence. Only the post-discharge day at follow-up was independent predictor of both secondary endpoints occurrence. ConclusionsHospital survival of severely ill COVID-19 patients treated with ECMO is near 50%. Age, arterial hypertension and ECMO complications are predictors of hospital mortality, and body weight and implantation in the own centre are protective. Functional recovery is only predicted by the follow-up time after discharge. A more homogeneous management of these patients is warranted for clinical results and future research optimization.

Outcomes of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Arrest in Adult Patients in the United States.

BackgroundFactors associated with poor prognosis following receipt of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adults with cardiac arrest remain unclear. We aimed to identify predictors of mortality in adults with cardiac arrest receiving ECMO in a nationally representative sample.Methods and ResultsThe US Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample was used to identify 782 adults hospitalized with cardiac arrest who received ECMO between 2006 and 2014. The primary outcome of interest was all‐cause in‐hospital mortality. Factors associated with mortality were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. The overall in‐hospital mortality rate was 60.4% (n=472). Patients who died were older and more often men, of non‐White race, and with lower household income than those surviving to discharge. In the risk‐adjusted analysis, independent predictors of mortality included older age, male sex, lower annual income, absence of ventricular arrhythmia, absence of percutaneous coronary intervention, and presence of therapeutic hypothermia.ConclusionsDemographic and therapeutic factors are independently associated with mortality in patients with cardiac arrest receiving ECMO. Identification of which patients with cardiac arrest may receive the utmost benefit from ECMO may aid with decision‐making regarding its implementation. Larger‐scale studies are warranted to assess the appropriate candidates for ECMO in cardiac arrest.

Pediatric ECMO Candidates at Non-ECMO Centers: Transfer, Cannulate, or Treat Locally?

Pediatric inpatient and intensive care specialists working outside of tertiary medical centers confront difficult clinical scenarios related to how best to care for extremely ill children who may or may not benefit from advanced medical technology, and these clinicians are often faced with limited local availability. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a technology that is only available at a subset of tertiary care centers, and the decision to risk the transfer of a child for the potential benefit of ECMO is challenging. This article is aimed at addressing the main factors and ethical principles related to this decision-making: (1) whether ECMO is the standard of care, (2) clinical decision analysis of the risks and benefits, (3) informed consent and education of the parents and/or guardians, and (4) institutional leadership decision-making. A decisional framework is proposed that incorporates a thoughtful shared decision-making algorithm.

Outcomes of extracorporeal life support for respiratory failure in children with primary immunodeficiencies.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) may serve as a life-saving rescue therapy in critically ill children with respiratory failure. While survival rates of ECMO in children with secondary immunodeficiency is considered relatively poor, survival rates in children with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from children (29 days-18 years old). PID patients were identified by using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Data were retrieved from Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry (1989-2018). ECMO for a pulmonary support indication. The survival-to-discharge rate was calculated and factors influencing outcomes were compared between survivors and non-survivors. A total of 73 eligible ECMO runs were included. The survival-to-discharge rate in pediatric PID patients was 45.2%. No differences were noted in survival based on type of immunodeficiency (p = 0.42) or decade of support (p = 0.98). There was no difference in the rate of pre-ECMO infection in survivors versus non-survivors (p = 0.69). The survival-to-discharge rate in patients with a culture positive infection during the ECMO run was 45.0% versus 45.3% in those with no infection (p = 0.98). In multivariate analysis, only cardiac complications (OR 5.09, 95% CI: 1.15-22.53), pulmonary complications (OR: 13.00, 95% CI: 1.20-141.25), and neurologic complications (OR: 9.86, 95% CI: 1.64-59.21) were independently associated with increased mortality. Children with a PID who require extracorporeal life support due to respiratory failure have a reasonable chance of survival and should be considered candidates for ECMO. The presence of a pre-ECMO infection should not be considered an ECMO contraindication.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Mortality in High-Risk Populations: An Analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System Database.

The number of children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased substantially, and includes a growing population of children with complex underlying conditions who previously may not have been considered ECMO candidates. However, it remains unclear to what extent the underlying disease impacts the risk of death in these patients, particularly related to malignancy, bone marrow transplantation, complex congenital heart disease (CHD), or chromosomal abnormalities. A retrospective study was performed using the Pediatric Health Information System database of all children placed on ECMO more than a 10 year period between 2004 and 2013. Patients with diagnoses of bone marrow transplant, leukemia, lymphoma, neutropenia, immune system abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, neoplastic disorders, and complex CHD were selected as "high risk" and their outcomes were compared with overall outcomes. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used in 9,194 children. Two thousand two hundred (24%) were identified as high risk. Bone marrow transplant (81% mortality; odds ratio [OR] 3.49), leukemia (66% mortality; OR 1.88), and neutropenia (58% mortality; OR 1.62) were associated with higher odds of mortality. Complex CHD (52% mortality) and genetic syndromes (48%) were not associated with higher mortality. These findings are pertinent for clinicians and families when considering ECMO candidacy in these children.

Effect of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Availability on the Survival of Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Objective: Neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is one of the major congenital anomalies with high mortality rates. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a rescue therapy for CDH patients who do not respond to conventional ventilation strategies. The aim of this study is to compare the epochs before and after the introduction of neonatal ECMO program and to determine its impact on response and survival of neonates with isolated CDH.Materials and Methods: Admitted neonates with CDH patients since 2012 were separated into two epochs according to the establishment of ECMO: Pre-ECMO period (January 2012–August 2015) and ECMO period (September 2015–December 2017). The demographic, clinical, and surgical data of the patients were compared between these two periods.Results: During the study period, a total of 35 neonates with CDH were admitted. Patient characteristics and surgical data were similar in both groups. Need for high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) was higher in the pre-ECMO period (P = 0.04). The length of hospitalization was longer in ECMO period (P = 0.01). Three among seven patients who received ECMO survived (43%). Survival rates at the time of discharge were similar in groups (39% vs. 47%, P = 0.625). It was demonstrated that having oxygenation index &gt;40 at first 24 h (odds ratio (OR): 12, 95% Cl 2.37–60.64, P = 0.03) and the ratio of pulmonary artery pressure to systolic pressure &gt; 1 (OR: 6, 95% Cl 1.33–27.04, P = 0.02) increased mortality.Conclusion: The establishment of neonatal ECMO program was not associated with an improvement in survival of isolated CDH patients. We suggest that better outcomes may be achieved with defining selective criteria for ECMO candidates.

Effect of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Availability on the Survival of Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Objective: Neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is one of the major congenital anomalies with high mortality rates. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a rescue therapy for CDH patients who do not respond to conventional ventilation strategies. The aim of this study is to compare the epochs before and after the introduction of neonatal ECMO program and to determine its impact on response and survival of neonates with isolated CDH. Materials and Methods: Admitted neonates with CDH patients since 2012 were separated into two epochs according to the establishment of ECMO: Pre-ECMO period (January 2012–August 2015) and ECMO period (September 2015–December 2017). The demographic, clinical, and surgical data of the patients were compared between these two periods. Results: During the study period, a total of 35 neonates with CDH were admitted. Patient characteristics and surgical data were similar in both groups. Need for high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) was higher in the pre-ECMO period (P = 0.04). The length of hospitalization was longer in ECMO period (P = 0.01). Three among seven patients who received ECMO survived (43%). Survival rates at the time of discharge were similar in groups (39% vs. 47%, P = 0.625). It was demonstrated that having oxygenation index >40 at first 24 h (odds ratio (OR): 12, 95% Cl 2.37–60.64, P = 0.03) and the ratio of pulmonary artery pressure to systolic pressure > 1 (OR: 6, 95% Cl 1.33–27.04, P = 0.02) increased mortality. Conclusion: The establishment of neonatal ECMO program was not associated with an improvement in survival of isolated CDH patients. We suggest that better outcomes may be achieved with defining selective criteria for ECMO candidates.

Invited Commentary

In recent years, much attention has been devoted to resuscitation techniques in adults and children in hopes of improving what have historically been dismal outcomes. Meert and colleagues [1Meert K.L. Delius R. Slomine B.S. et al.One-year survival and neurologic outcomes after pediatric open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Ann Thor Surg. 2019; 107: 1441-1447Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (4) Google Scholar] report encouraging results in neurologic outcomes of children after open-chest resuscitation, the vast majority of whom were infants who had undergone cardiac operations, and most of whom were also supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Their thoughtful analysis of data obtained through the Therapeutic Hypothermia after Pediatric Cardiac Arrest In-Hospital trial demonstrated that about half of the children had 1-year survival with good neurologic outcomes. Although the researchers’ hands were somewhat tied by limitations of data collection defined by the original study design, it is equally strengthened by the entry requirement to be comatose, thus including the highest-risk patients. Most would agree that the outcomes are good, perhaps even better than expected given such an aggressive approach in this high-risk population. The authors’ discussion focuses on predictors of outcome to help guide clinicians and parents in management decisions; however, I believe that there is a larger, perhaps hidden, takeaway message. In the mid-1990s the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization examined its database to determine the survival rate of neonates supported on ECMO after the Norwood procedure. It was zero—not a single reported survivor. Some centers concluded that this specific population were therefore not ECMO candidates, but others realized that we needed to change our approach. An improved understanding of shunt management led to improved outcomes, with current post-Norwood ECMO survival rates of 17% to 54% [2Tabbutt S. Ghanayem N. Ravishankar C. et al.Risk factors for hospital morbidity and mortality after the Norwood procedure: a report from the Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012; 144: 882-895Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar], including 25% survival beyond Fontan completion [3Friedland-Little J.M. Aiyagari R. Yu S. Donohue J.E. Hirsch-Romano J.C. Survival through staged palliation: fate of infants supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after the Norwood operation.Ann Thorac Surg. 2014; 97: 659-665Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar]—a notable improvement over zero. A similar response is warranted with the current report. Rather than settle for the documented outcomes, we must carefully examine our management strategies, including techniques of sternotomy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, timing of ECMO utilization, appropriate ECMO flow rates, use of vasoconstrictors, and temperature management, among other factors. We are guided by experience, intuition, and inherent biases, but we lack the support of data. Well-designed studies will provide the information needed for management evolution and continually improved results. Finally, we should congratulate the authors of this and the original trial, which like most quality clinical research, provides us with as many new questions and challenges as conclusions. One-Year Survival and Neurologic Outcomes After Pediatric Open-Chest Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationThe Annals of Thoracic SurgeryVol. 107Issue 5PreviewLimited data exist about neurobehavioral outcomes of children treated with open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Our objective was to describe neurobehavioral outcomes 1 year after arrest among children who received open-chest CPR during in-hospital cardiac arrest and to explore factors associated with 1-year survival and survival with good neurobehavioral outcome. Full-Text PDF

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Predominantly Leuco- and Thrombocytopenic Haematologic/Oncologic Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - a Single-Centre Experience

Aims: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a frequent condition following pneumonia in immunocompromised cancer patients. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may serve as a rescue therapy in refractory ARDS but has still not been studied in predominantly leuco- and thrombocytopenic cancer patients. Patients and Methods: In this monocentric, retrospective, observational study, we assessed all cancer patients treated with ECMO for ARDS between 2013 and 2017. Results: 25 patients, 11 of whom underwent haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT), were analysed. The main reason for ARDS was pneumonia in 72%. All patients were under invasive ventilation at ECMO. All but 9/3 patients suffered from leuco-/thrombocytopenia due to anti-cancer treatment or underlying disease. Overall, 17 patients (68%) died on ECMO, whereas 5 patients survived to hospital discharge (20%). All patients after recent allogeneic (allo-)SCT have died. 4 patients experienced severe bleeding events. Conclusions: Discouraging survival rates in patients treated after allo-SCT do not support the use of ECMO for ARDS in this patient subgroup. On the contrary, cancer patients in at least stable disease otherwise eligible for full-code intensive care unit management, even those with severe thrombocytopenia, may be potential candidates for ECMO in case of severe ARDS failing conventional measures.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Risk Stratification in Newborns with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)

BackgroundA means for early postnatal stratification of ECMO risk in CDH newborns could be used to comparatively assess the utilization and outcomes of ECMO use between centers. While multiple CDH mortality risk calculators are available, no validated tool exists specifically for prediction of ECMO use. The purpose of this study was to derive and validate an ECMO risk stratification model. MethodsThe study population was obtained from CDH Study Group registry for the period between 2007 and 2016. Only centers offering ECMO were included. The cohort was restricted to ECMO candidates and then divided into derivation and validation sets. Using all relevant perinatal predictors in the registry, univariate analysis was performed for the composite outcome of ECMO use or death without ECMO use. The model was derived using the derivation cohort with multivariable logistic regression and automatic stepwise forward selection (P < 0.05 for qualifying variables), and a c-statistic was obtained. The model was then tested on the validation cohort. Sample reuse validation and bootstrap validation were performed. The validated model was then tested for accuracy on CDH subgroups. ResultsThere were 1992 patients in the derivation cohort. Four significant variables were identified in the final ECMO risk model: 1-min and 5-min Apgar scores and highest and lowest post-ductal partial pressure of CO2 during the first 24 h of life. The model c-statistic was 0.824 which was confirmed with cross-validation and bootstrap optimism correction. The validation cohort c-statistic was 0.823 (N = 993). The model had good discrimination for left and right CDH, inborn and outborn patients, patients born before and after 2011, and high and low volume centers. The model performed significantly better for postnatally diagnosed patients. ConclusionsThis study represents proof-of-concept that a risk model can accurately estimate the probability of ECMO use in CDH newborns. This stratification could assist centers as a metric for assessment of ECMO usage and outcomes. Refinement and prospective validation of this model should be carried out prior to clinical application. Level of Evidence3.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia: The initial single-center experience in Taiwan.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a treatment option for stabilizing neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in a critical condition when standard therapy fails. However, the use of this approach in Taiwan has not been previously reported. The charts of all neonates with CDH treated in our institute during the period 2007-2014 were reviewed. After 2010, patients who could not be stabilized with conventional treatment were candidates for ECMO. We compared the demographic data of patients with and without ECMO support. The clinical course and complications of ECMO were also reviewed. We identified 39 neonates with CDH with a median birth weight of 2696g (range, 1526-3280g). Seven (18%) of these patients required ECMO support. The APGAR score at 5minutes differed significantly between the ECMO and non-ECMO groups. The survival rate was 84.6% (33/39) for all CDH patients and 57.1% (4/7) for the ECMO group. The total ECMO bypass times in the survivors was in the range of 5-36days, whereas all nonsurvivors received ECMO for at least 36days (mean duration, 68days). Surgical bleeding occurred in four of seven patients in the ECMO group. The introduction of ECMO rescued some CDH patients who could not have survived by conventional management. Prolonged (i.e., > 36days) ECMO support had no benefit for survival.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support in Adult Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and Severe Acute Respiratory Failure

Background: Administering extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome has substantially increased over the last decade, however administering ECMO to patients with hematologic malignancies may carry a particularly high risk. Here, we report the clinical outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and severe acute respiratory failure who were treated with ECMO. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients with hematologic malignancies and severe acute respiratory failure who were treated with ECMO at the medical intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital between March 2010 and April 2015. Results: A total of 15 patients (9 men; median age 45 years) with hematologic malignancies and severe acute respiratory failure received ECMO therapy during the study period. The median values of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, Murray Lung Injury Score, and Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction Score were 29, 3.3, and -2, re-spectively. Seven patients received venovenous ECMO, whereas 8 patients received venoarterial ECMO. The median ECMO duration was 2 days. Successful weaning of ECMO was achieved in 3 patients. Hemorrhage complications developed in 4 patients (1 pulmonary hemorrhage, 1 intracranial hemorrhage, and 2 cases of gastrointestinal bleeding). The longest period of patient survival was 59 days after ECMO initiation. No significant differences in survival were noted between venovenous and venoarterial ECMO groups (10.0 vs. 10.5 days; p = 0.56). Conclusions: Patients with hematologic malignancies and severe acute respiratory failure demonstrate poor outcomes after ECMO treatment. Careful and appropriate selection of candidates for ECMO in these patients is necessary.

P109: Identifying patients who may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after cardiac arrest in the urban emergency departments of Saskatchewan

Introduction: Emergency physician-initiated Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO/ECPR/ECLS) is gaining critical mass as a successful rescue strategy for patients requiring resuscitation. Wang et al. (2014), Bellezzo et al. (2012) and others have demonstrated promising results of survival to discharge with good neurological function in patients who were resistant to existing treatment protocols after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. As Saskatchewan does not yet utilize ECMO for cardiac arrest, the objective of this study was to examine the number of adult cardiac arrest patients in the urban emergency departments (EDs) of Saskatchewan who may benefit from the use of ECMO. Methods: Using a retrospective review, we identified 401 patients who died after presenting with cardiac arrest between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2014. Of the original 401, 136 were female and 264 were male, with a mean age of 60.1±20.2 years. The charts of 22 (5.5%) trauma patients were excluded because the suitability of ECMO in these patients is uncertain. Results: For the 379 non-trauma patients, the mean resuscitation length was 41.6±32.8 minutes (median=42 minutes) and 125 of these patients received prehospital mechanical CPR. We applied Bellezzo et al.’s (2012) inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify prospective candidates for ECMO. In total, 53 patients (14.0%) with a mean age of 57.1±13.4 years old, represent suitable candidates for ECMO. 260 (68.6%) were deemed unsuitable either because they failed the inclusion criteria or met explicit exclusion criteria. The remainder (66 [17.4%]) were unsuitable because of age. Conclusion: With 1 in 7 patients potentially representing suitable candidates for ECMO, this is a technique that warrants consideration for implementation in the EDs of Saskatchewan.

Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe traumatic lung injury with respiratory failure

ObjectivesThe use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in managing acute respiratory distress syndrome had been accepted. Severe lung injury with respiratory failure is often encountered in trauma patients. We report our experience with the use of ECMO in severe traumatic lung injury. MethodsPatients with severe traumatic lung injury that met the following criteria were candidates for ECMO: (1) severe hypoxemia, Pao2/fraction of inspired oxygen (1.0) less than 60, and positive end-expiratory pressure greater than 10 cm H2O in spite of vigorous ventilation strategy; (2) irreversible CO2 retention with unstable hemodynamics; and (3) an initial arterial Pao2/fraction of inspired oxygen (1.0) less than 60, where the pulmonary condition and hemodynamics rapidly deteriorated despite vigorous mechanical ventilation strategy. ResultsOver 60 months, a total of 19 patients with severe traumatic lung injury who received ECMO management were retrospectively reviewed. The median age was 38 years (25-58 years), the median injury severity score was 29 (25-34), the median admission Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 25 (21-36), and the median blood transfusion volume was 5500 mL (3500-13 000). There were 9 venovenous and 10 venoarterial types. The survival rate was 68.4% (13/19). The survivors were younger (30 vs 53 years; 21-39 vs 48-63).There were 6 mortalities (3 pneumonia, 2 coagulopathy, and 1 cardiac rupture with cardiac tamponade). There were 5 of 19 patients with pre-ECMO traumatic brain hemorrhage (3 survived and 2 mortalities). A total of 16 patients received heparinization with 5 mortalities. ConclusionsThe use of ECMO may offer an additional treatment modality in severe traumatic lung injury with respiratory failure that is unresponsive to optimal conventional ventilator support. Timely ECMO intervention is of value.