Extra Moisture Research Articles

Decametric-scale buffering of climate extremes in forest understory within a riparian microrefugia: the key role of microtopography.

Riparian corridors often act as low-land climate refugia for temperate tree species in their southern distribution range. A plausible mechanism is the buffering of regional climate extremes by local physiographic and biotic factors. We tested this idea using a 3-year-long microclimate dataset collected along the Ciron river, a refugia for European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in southwestern France. Across the whole network, canopy gap fraction was the main predictor for spatial microclimatic variations, together with two other landscape features (elevation above the river and woodland fraction within a 300m radius). However, within the riparian forest only (canopy gap fraction < 25%, distance to the river < 150m), variations of up to -4°C and + 15% in summertime daily maximum air temperature and minimum relative humidity, respectively, were still found from the plateau to the cooler, moister river banks, only ~ 5-10m below. Elevation above the river was then identified as the main predictor, and explained the marked variations from the plateau to the banks much better than canopy gap fraction. The microclimate measured near the river is as cool but moister than the macroclimate encountered at 700-1000m asl further east in F. sylvatica's main distribution range. Indeed, at all locations, we found that air relative humidity was higher than expected from a temperature-only effect, suggesting that extra moisture is brought by the river. Our results explain well why beech trees in this climate refugium are restricted to the river gorges where microtopographic variations are the strongest and canopy gaps are rare.

The influence of long-term hydrothermal and physical ageing on the characteristics of additively manufactured bio-based photopolymer resin

Exposure to unpleasant environmental conditions can lead to the degradation of polymer material. This study presents an experimental investigation of the long-term hydrothermal and physical ageing behaviour of bio-based photopolymer resin. Bio-based resin specimens were prepared using vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing and submersed in water at 28.5 °C (SW-28.5 °C), 50 °C (SW-50 °C) and 75 °C (SW-75 °C) for 90 days to evaluate the influence of moisture, temperature and ageing time on the characteristics of bio-based resin specimens. Several tests were performed, including moisture absorption, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile, hardness and microstructural tests to determine the mechanical, chemical and microstructural characteristics of bio-based resin specimens. The result showed that moisture absorption of SW-75 °C specimens were far higher up to 3 times extra moisture content than dry-fresh (DA) specimens. A direct relationship between moisture absorption and reduction in tensile and hardness properties was observed, with the tensile strength and hardness of specimens decreased up to 55.6% and 7.8%, respectively, after submersion in water at 28.5 °C for 90 days. As expected, the bio-based resin specimens showed notable physical degradation after being submersed in water at 75 °C, indicated by a decrease in tensile strength up to 58.9% only after one day of submersion. Formation of cracks on the specimens was observed after submersion in water at 50 °C and 75 °C, which also contributes to a decrease in the mechanical properties of bio-based resin specimens. The FTIR analysis showed several absorption peaks were getting less visible after submersion in water at 75 °C, indicating the notable degradation of bio-based resin specimens. Accordingly, understanding the polymer degradation is very important in the context of design considerations and predicting the service life of polymeric components.

Mechanical Ventilation Heat Recovery Modelling for AccuRate Home—A Benchmark Tool for Whole House Energy Rating in Australia

To manage energy-efficient indoor air quality, mechanical ventilation with a heat recovery system provides an effective measure to remove extra moisture and air contaminants, especially in bathrooms. Previous studies reveal that heat recovery technology can reduce energy consumption, and its calculation needs detailed information on the thermal performance of exhaust air. However, there are few studies on the thermal performance of bathroom exhaust air during and after showers. This study proposed a detailed thermal performance prediction model for bathroom exhaust air based on the coupled heat and mass transfer theory. The proposed model was implemented into the AccuRate Home engine to estimate the thermal performance of residential buildings with heat recovery systems. The time variation of the water film temperature and thickness on the bathroom floor can be estimated by the proposed model, which is helpful in determining whether the water has completely evaporated. Simulation results show that changing the airflow rate in the bathroom has little effect on drying the wet floor without additional heating. The additional air heater installed in the bathroom can improve floor water evaporation efficiency by 24.7% under an airflow rate of 507.6 m3/h. It also demonstrates that heat recovery can significantly decrease the building energy demand with the fresh air load increasing and contribute about 0.6 stars improvement for the houses in Hobart (heating-dominated region). It may be reduced by around 3.3 MJ/(m2·year) for the houses in other regions. With this study, guidelines for optimizing the control strategy of the dehumidification process are put forward.

Strong Warming Over the Antarctic Peninsula During Combined Atmospheric River and Foehn Events: Contribution of Shortwave Radiation and Turbulence

AbstractThe Antarctica Peninsula (AP) has experienced more frequent and intense surface melting recently, jeopardizing the stability of ice shelves and ultimately leading to ice loss. Among the key phenomena that can initiate surface melting are atmospheric rivers (ARs) and leeside foehn; the combined impact of ARs and foehn led to moderate surface warming over the AP in December 2018 and record‐breaking surface melting in February 2022. Focusing on the more intense 2022 case, this study uses high‐resolution Polar WRF simulations with advanced model configurations, Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica topography, and observed surface albedo to better understand the relationship between ARs and foehn and their impacts on surface warming. With an intense AR (AR3) intrusion during the 2022 event, weak low‐level blocking and heavy orographic precipitation on the upwind side resulted in latent heat release, which led to a more deep‐foehn like case. On the leeside, sensible heat flux associated with the foehn magnitude was the major driver during the night and the secondary contributor during the day due to a stationary orographic gravity wave. Downward shortwave radiation was enhanced via cloud clearance and dominated surface melting during the daytime, especially after the peak of the AR/foehn events. However, due to the complex terrain of the AP, ARs can complicate the foehn event by transporting extra moisture to the leeside via gap flows. During the peak of the 2022 foehn warming, cloud formation on the leeside hampered the downward shortwave radiation and slightly increased the downward longwave radiation.

Heat health during future summers in eastern Asia: The combined roles of circulation, temperature and humidity

AbstractExcessive relative humidity (RH) in combination with high temperature can lead to heat stress, often measured by the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). The Clausius‐Clapeyron (CC) relationship implies that warming reduces RH if no extra moisture is added. Over coastal regions like eastern Asia, however, the predominant summer monsoon favours increased moisture transport from surrounding oceans as a result of enhanced evaporation driven by surface temperature increase. This would lessen the RH reduction by potentially two‐thirds. Based on two ensembles of climate model simulations, this paper examines the competing effects of near‐surface temperature, humidity and circulation patterns in this region and the consequential health risks. Under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5/SSP5‐8.5), surface temperature could increase by 4 – 7°C with WBGT increases of several degrees by the end of the 21st century. Devastating extreme heat health events could therefore become a frequent occurrence as a result. Overall, our results show how humidity can be just as important as temperature when considering the risks to society of excessive heat.

The Current and Potential Distribution of Parthenium Weed and Its Biological Control Agent in Pakistan

Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as parthenium weed, is a highly invasive weed spreading rapidly from northern to southern parts of Pakistan. The persistence of parthenium weed in the hot and dry southern districts suggests that the weed can survive under more extreme conditions than previously thought. The development of a CLIMEX distribution model, which considered this increased tolerance to drier and warmer conditions, predicted that the weed could still spread to many other parts of Pakistan as well as to other regions of south Asia. This CLIMEX model satisfied the present distribution of parthenium weed within Pakistan. When an irrigation scenario was added to the CLIMEX program, more parts of the southern districts of Pakistan (Indus River basin) became suitable for parthenium weed growth, as well as the growth of its biological control agent, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister. This expansion from the initially predicted range was due to irrigation producing extra moisture to support its establishment. In addition to the weed moving south in Pakistan due to irrigation, it will also move north due to temperature increases. The CLIMEX model indicated that there are many more areas within South Asia that are suitable for parthenium weed growth, both under the present and a future climate scenario. Most of the south-western and north-eastern parts of Afghanistan are suitable under the current climate, but more areas are likely to become suitable under climate change scenarios. Under climate change, the suitability of southern parts of Pakistan is likely to decrease.

Performance analysis of small-scale direct expansion air conditioning system with indirect evaporative cooler as dedicated ventilator

Split-type and window-type air-conditioners are typical small-scale direct expansion air-conditioning (DXAC) system widely-used for household applications. However, lack of controllable ventilation can be a serious problem leading to health problems for such air-conditioning (AC) systems. To improve the indoor air quality of a home space equipped with small-scale DXAC system, an indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) is used as a dedicated ventilator, on one hand, to guarantee proper outdoor air supply and on the other hand, to provide sensible cooling under certain climatic conditions. Validated numerical component models of IEC, DXAC and indoor thermal balance were established and coupled in series to form a closed-loop model of DXAC with IEC ventilator (DXAC-IEC) system. The effects of ambient humidity, ambient temperature, sensible heat ratio and ventilation rate on the system performance were investigated, with comparison to the standalone DXAC system. The results show that the IEC can enhance the system performance under moderate hot and dry ambient conditions (tamb ≤ 33 °C, RHamb ≤ 60%) by reducing the cooling load of DXAC. But it would bring extra moisture from outdoor in humid conditions (tamb ≥ 30 °C, RHamb>50%) for sacrifice of improved indoor air quality. Optimal fresh air ratio exists for the DXAC-IEC system to achieve the maximum coefficient of performance. The findings will be beneficial for the design and optimization of DXAC-IEC system.

Summertime Moisture Sources and Transportation Pathways for China and Associated Atmospheric Circulation Patterns

Based on the Lagrangian particle dispersion model, HYSPLIT 4.9, this study analyzed the summertime atmospheric moisture sources and transportation pathways affecting six subregions across China. The sources were: Midlatitude Westerly (MLW), Siberian-Arctic regions (SibArc), Okhotsk Sea (OKS), Indian Ocean (IO), South China Sea (SCS), Pacific Ocean (PO), and China Mainland (CN). Furthermore, the relative contributions of these seven moisture sources to summertime precipitation in China were quantitatively assessed. Results showed that the CN precipitation source dominates the interannual and interdecadal variation of precipitation in most subregions, except Southwest and South China. The Northeast China vortex and Pacific–Japan (PJ) teleconnection, which transport water vapor from the MLW, OKS and PO sources, are crucial atmospheric systems and patterns for the variation of precipitation in Northeast China. The interannual variation of precipitation in Northwest and North China is mainly dominated by mid–high-latitude Eurasian wave trains, which provide the necessary dynamical conditions and associated moisture transport from the MLW and SibArc sources. In addition, an enhanced western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) accompanied by the East Asian–western North Pacific summer monsoon and PJ teleconnection, transports extra moisture to North China from the SCS and PO sources, as well to the Yangtze River Valley and South China. The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is also critically important for the interdecadal change in precipitation over the Yangtze River Valley and South China, via the southwesterly branch of moisture transport from the IO source. The interdecadal changes in precipitation over Southwest China are determined by the IO and SCS sources, via enhanced WNPSH coupling with a weakened ISM. These results suggest that the interdecadal and interannual variations of moisture sources contribute to the attendant variation of summertime precipitation in China via large-scale circulation regimes in both the mid–high and lower latitudes.

Evaporative Cooling Integrated with Solid Desiccant Systems: A Review

Evaporative cooling technology (ECT) has been deemed as an alternative to the conventional vapor-compression air conditioning system for dry climates in recent years due to its simple structure and low operating cost. Generally speaking, the ECT includes two types of different technologies, direct evaporative cooling (DEC) and indirect evaporative cooling (IEC). Both technologies can theoretically reduce the air temperature to the wet-bulb temperature of outdoor air. The major difference between these two technologies is that DEC will introduce extra moisture to the supply air while IEC will not. The enhanced IEC, Maisotsenko-cycle (M-cyle) IEC, can even bring down the air temperature to the dew point temperature. The ECT integrated with solid desiccant systems, i.e., solid desiccant-assisted evaporative cooling technologies (SDECT), could make the technology applicable to a wider range of weather conditions, e.g., weather with high humidity. In this paper, the recent development of various evaporative cooling technologies (ECT), solid desiccant material and the integration of these two technologies, the SDECT, were thoroughly reviewed with respect to their configuration, optimization and desiccant unit improvement. Furthermore, modeling techniques for simulating SDECT with their pros and cons were also reviewed. Potential opportunities and research recommendations were indicated, which include improving the structure and material of M-cycle IEC, developing novel desiccant material and optimizing configuration, water consumption rate and operation strategy of SDECT system. This review paper indicated that the SDECT system could be a potential replacement for the conventional vapor-compressed cooling system and could be applied in hot and humid environments with proper arrangements.

Contribution of moisture sources to precipitation changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Abstract. Precipitation changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) play a critical role in the operation and regulation of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) and the protection of residents and properties. The potential impacts of the TGD on local and regional circulation patterns, especially the precipitation patterns, have received considerable attention since its construction. However, how the moisture transport affects precipitation changes in the TGRR spatially and temporally remains obscure. In this study, we investigate the long-term moisture sources of precipitation and their contributions to precipitation changes over the TGRR using an atmospheric moisture tracking model. Results suggest that although there is seasonal variation, the moisture contributing to the TGRR precipitation primarily originates from the areas southwest of the TGRR dominated by the Indian summer monsoon. In particular, the sources with the highest annual moisture contribution are the southwestern part of the Yangtze River basin and the southeastern tip of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). On average, 41 %, 56 %, and 3 % of the TGRR precipitation originates from ocean, land, and local recycling, respectively. In addition, the decreased precipitation over the TGRR during 1979–2015 is mainly attributed to the significantly decreased moisture contribution from the source regions southwest of the TGRR (especially around the southeastern tip of the TP). Compared to dry years, the higher precipitation in the TGRR during wet years is contributed by the extra moisture from the southwestern source regions that is delivered by the intensified southwesterly monsoon winds.

Potential of Melia dubia agroforestry system in soil improvement and environmental sustainability

The current study intended to understand the influence of Melia dubia based agroforestry system on soil properties. The research was carried out at Gillan Khera in district Fatehabad, situated in the semi-arid region of Haryana. Analysis of soil samples were done for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, soil moisture and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The soil pH and EC decreased more under trees than under control (sole wheat crop) i.e, 8.09 to 7.89 and 0.46 to 0.44 dSm-1 respectively. However, the amount of N, P, K, organic carbon (131.38, 16.00, 301.10 (kg/ha) and 0.46 % respectively) and soil moisture content was found higher in intercropped conditions at both soil depths. Extra moisture in shaded conditions resulting in the breakdown of litter, mineralization and nitrogen gain at a faster rate compared to full sunlight conditions justifies the increased amount of nutrients, organic carbon and other favorable changes in the soil under trees. The current study recommends Melia dubia based agroforestry system as an excellent opportunity in order to enhance soil fertility and for environmental sustainability.

Evaluation and Selection of Different Physical Soil and Water Conservation Techniques for Early Mature Sorghum Root Zone Moisture Retention at Harari Regional State, Erer Research Station

The experiment was conducted at Babille district, during 2018 and 2019 main cropping season at Erer Research Station. Erer research sub site is located latitude of 09 o 10' 41.5 north and longitude of 042 o 15' 27.3.The objectives of the experiments were to evaluate and select best methods of root zone moisture retention and soil conservation techniques suited for early mature sorghum .The treatments of experiments were, Control (no soil and water conservation measures), open ended tied ridge, level soil bund, contour furrow, closed ended tied ridge, Broad bed, Semi-circular and mulch respectively . The design of the experiment was RCBD with three replication. Genstats 18 th editions was used for data Analysis. Statistically there is highly significant variation among the treatments in terms of all parameters at 5% significance level across three planting years. First year, the highest plant height was obtained from the treatment with Broad bed followed by closed ended tied ridge. On other hand, the lowest plant height was recorded from the treatments with soil bund followed by control (no conservation structure). This is because of no more top fertile soil disturbance during first year. During the second and third planting year, the highest, plant height (132.86cm) and the longest panicle diameter (6.5) was recorded, from the treatments with open ended tied ridge, followed by soil bund and contour furrow respectively. That was because of soil and water conservation (swc) structures design and the extra moisture harvested in those structure than rest treatments. The highest grain yield was obtained from the mulch followed by open ended tied ridge treatment during first year. This is because of no and slight top soil disturbance during the construction stage. During the third year, the maximum grain yield was obtained from contour furrow followed by open ended tied ridge (2130.9 and 2000) kg ha -1 ) respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from no conservation measures followed by mulching (1125 and 1232.1 kg ha -1 ). The most probable reason for this variation could be due to the amount of the moisture harvested in the root zone of sorghum because of conservation structure. So contour furrow and open ended tied ridges are suitable swc measures for the area. Keywords: swc- physical soil and water conservation, sorghum, moisture. DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/108-06 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

Evaluation and Selection of Physical Soil and Water Conservation Techniques for Early Mature Sorghum Root Zone Moisture Retention at Harari, Erer Research Station

The experiment was conducted at Babille district, during 2018 and 2019 main cropping season at Erer Research Station. Erer research sub site is located latitude of 09° 10' 41.5" north and longitude of 042° 15' 27.3". The objectives of the experiments were to evaluate and select best methods of root zone moisture retention and soil conservation techniques suited for early mature sorghum. The treatments of experiments were, Control (no soil and water conservation measures), open ended tied ridge, level soil bund, contour furrow, closed ended tied ridge, Broad bed, Semi-circular and mulch respectively. The design of the experiment was RCBD with three replication. Genstats 18^th editions was used for data Analysis. Statistically there is highly significant variation among the treatments in terms of all parameters at 5% significance level across three planting years. First year, the highest plant height was obtained from the treatment with Broad bed followed by closed ended tied ridge. On other hand, the lowest plant height was recorded from the treatments with soil bund followed by control (no conservation structure). This is because of no more top fertile soil disturbance during first year. During the second and third planting year, the highest, plant height (132.86cm) and the longest panicle diameter (6.5) was recorded, from the treatments with open ended tied ridge, followed by soil bund and contour furrow respectively. That was because of soil and water conservation (swc) structures design and extra moisture harvested in those structure than rest treatments. During the first year of the experiment, the highest grain yield was obtained from the mulch followed by open ended tied ridge treatments. This is because of no and slight top soil disturbance during the construction stage. But, the third year, the maximum grain yield was recorded from contour furrow followed by open ended tied ridge (2130.9 and 2000kg ha^-1) respectively. The lowest yield was obtained from no conservation measures followed by mulching (1125 and 1232.1 kg ha^-1). The most probable reason for this variation can be due to the amount of the moisture harvested in the root zone of sorghum because of conservation structure. So contour furrow and open ended tied ridges are suitable swc measures for the area.

Climatogenic Restrictions of Arid Forestry

The creation of protective forests is especially difficult in arid regions of Russia, and global warming can further affect their ability to persist. In this study climatogenic changes in forest growing conditions are examined in the Northern Caspian region, taking into account that the functioning of forest stands is limited on historically treeless lands: authomorphic meliorated solonetz soils and calcisoles (by the extra moisture of winter snowfalls and the humidity levels during the vegetational period), as well as intrazonal hydromorphic gleyic kastanozems of the local relief depressions (by the inexhaustibility of freshwater lenses in salty subterranean waters based on its periodic resupply by the spring surface flow every 2–4 years). For forest stands established on automorphic soils, a prolonged period of annual draughts and mild winters with little snow deposit in forest lands has proven to be the most dangerous. During such periods, the large-scale death of trees is observed and many forest stands are ruined. For forest stands on hydromorphic soils, such periods prove to be just as dangerous because of the 15-year-long absence of spring surface flow. Such a climatogenic scenario of long-termed deterioration of forest growing conditions in the Northern Caspian region is similar to the southernmost regions of Russia that are currently totally unable to sustain forests, with unstable snow cover and frequent draughts.

Influence of Bagasse Ash on Compaction Behvaiour of Soil

Bagasse is one of the main by-products remaining from Sugarcane industry in tropical and subtropical regions. This by-product is used as a fuel in production of the sugar and a high amount of ash is remained due to this process. The remaining bagasse ash traditionally is used as a fertiliser, however recently it’s been used as a cost-effective additive in improvement of the mechanical characteristics of the soils by practitioners. This study investigates effect of addition of different percentages of bagasse ash on improvement of the compaction characteristics of the cemented kaolinite. The results showed that addition of bagasse ash increased the optimum moisture content of the soil (OMC) and reduced the maximum dry density (MDD). The recorded increase in OMC was attributed to the extra moisture that required to add for the hydration. Also, reduction in MDD was attributed to the weightless bagasse ash in compare with kaolinite clay.

Summer soil drying exacerbated by earlier spring greening of northern vegetation.

Earlier vegetation greening under climate change raises evapotranspiration and thus lowers spring soil moisture, yet the extent and magnitude of this water deficit persistence into the following summer remain elusive. We provide observational evidence that increased foliage cover over the Northern Hemisphere, during 1982-2011, triggers an additional soil moisture deficit that is further carried over into summer. Climate model simulations independently support this and attribute the driving process to be larger increases in evapotranspiration than in precipitation. This extra soil drying is projected to amplify the frequency and intensity of summer heatwaves. Most feedbacks operate locally, except for a notable teleconnection where extra moisture transpired over Europe is transported to central Siberia. Model results illustrate that this teleconnection offsets Siberian soil moisture losses from local spring greening. Our results highlight that climate change adaptation planning must account for the extra summer water and heatwave stress inherited from warming-induced earlier greening.

The modelling and simulation of a drying process in a poultry by-product processing plant

This paper studies the modelling and simulation of a drying process in a poultry by-product processing plant. In a poultry by-product processing plant, the material is separated into liquids, fats and solids. The liquids are removed, either by pressing or drying, the fats are collected in a centrifuge and the solid mass is dried and manufactured into a protein-rich solid powder. The process contains two rendering operations, where heat is applied to the material to both remove extra moisture and to raise the temperature of the material. These processes are vital for the sterilization of the material as well as for the quality of the product. To improve the understanding behind the drying process, a mathematical model is created using first principles and the obtained model is complemented with experimental data from the real-world process to produce a dynamic model of the drying process. The model is built on a digital computer, using a simulation software. The model is validated with data from the real process plant and used to reveal the underlying dynamics that complicate the control of the process. The model enables the design of automatic control for the process in a safe environment.

An Extensive Review of Face Powder Formulation Considerations

The face powder was demanded by many nations in the world in the beginning AD and in Asia white skin was believed to be the sign of aristocratism, membership of the elite, and yet, white color is the pure symbol of the internal beauty and nobility. In addition, some face powders are sold in varying specialty shades to suit different skin needs; for example, a face powder with a greenish tinge will minimize the appearance of redness, while a purple-tinted powder may help the appearance of sallow or yellow skin. There is a legitimate reason to use face powder, and the pharmacopeias prescribe them in the treatment of many skin affections. At all events the proper use of powder is beneficial, it lightly covers and unifies a complexion, hiding the ravages of time, improving even the beautiful face. Face powder comes in different shades to match varying skin tones, and it is a good idea to choose the skin tone that most closely matches the natural skin. This will help the makeup appear more natural; it should be virtually unnoticeable. It may be necessary to use different face powders for summer and winter, as the skin may become tanner in the summer, or drier and in need of extra moisture in the winter. They are of benefit in acne, freckles, sunburn and red nose. Beneath their attractive aspect and odor, face powders should be made by the perfumer to combine the qualities of an elegant cosmetic and therapeutic agent; they must primarily possess adherence, lightness and be transparent; secondly, they should be detergent and delicately absorbent in order to aid the natural functions of the skin, taking up the fatty matters not easily dislodged by water; they should also tend to increase the natural elasticity and regular functions of the skin.

Исследование процесса теплообмена при охлаждении форели с применением диоксида углерода

There is a growing demand for rapid cooling in modern food industry. Traditional methods of fish cooling involve cold air, cold liquid, and ice. These methods have a number of disadvantages. For instance, they may have a negative effect on the appearance of the product, require a longer cooling time, or make fish absorb extra moisture. As a result, the quality of the product and its shelf life decrease, which results in demand contraction. Carbon dioxide is becoming increasingly popular in closed refrigeration systems. It is one of the most promising refrigerants, since traditional refrigeration technologies for fish cooling have a number of serious drawbacks. The paper introduces a utilization method for carbon dioxide obtained at alcohol processing plants. The authors analyzed the prospects of using carbon dioxide in combination with a binary mixture for cooling trout. A series of experiments proved the technological advantages of this technology. The paper features heat transfer in roundfish during cooling with water ice, a mixture of water ice and snow-like carbon dioxide, and snow-like CO2 in pure form. The obtained results show the effect of the concentration of snow-like carbon dioxide in water ice on the intensity of the cooling process. A higher intensity of the cooling process reduced the cooling time and the amount of water ice. The study of quality indicators of trout proved that the environment of water ice and carbon dioxide increased its shelf life by several times. The paper contains temperature graphs and duration curves at different concentrations of CO2.

An extensive review of face powders: Functional uses and formulations

The face powder was demanded by many nations in the world in the beginning AD and in Asia white skin was believed to be the sign of aristocratism, membership of the elite, and yet, white color is the pure symbol of the internal beauty and nobility. In addition, some face powders are sold in varying specialty shades to suit different skin needs; for example, a face powder with a greenish tinge will minimize the appearance of redness, while a purple-tinted powder may help the appearance of sallow or yellow skin. There is a legitimate reason to use face powder, and the pharmacopeias prescribe them in the treatment of many skin affections. At all events the proper use of powder is beneficial, it lightly covers and unifies a complexion, hiding the ravages of time, improving even the beautiful face. Face powder comes in different shades to match varying skin tones, and it is a good idea to choose the skin tone that most closely matches the natural skin. This will help the makeup appear more natural; it should be virtually unnoticeable. It may be necessary to use different face powders for summer and winter, as the skin may become tanner in the summer, or drier and in need of extra moisture in the winter. They are of benefit in acne, freckles, sunburn and red nose. Beneath their attractive aspect and odor, face powders should be made by the perfumer to combine the qualities of an elegant cosmetic and therapeutic agent; they must primarily possess adherence, lightness and be transparent; secondly, they should be detergent and delicately absorbent in order to aid the natural functions of the skin, taking up the fatty matters not easily dislodged by water; they should also tend to increase the natural elasticity and regular functions of the skin.