Extra Hour Research Articles

Estimating the True Effect of Lifestyle Risk Factors for Myopia: A Longitudinal Study of UK Children.

Lifestyle risk factors are implicated in driving the current surge in myopia prevalence yet, paradoxically, known risk factors explain little of the variation in refractive error in the population. Here, we applied "instrumental variable" (IV) methods designed to avoid reverse causation and decrease confounding bias, to gauge lifestyle risk factor effect sizes. Three myopia risk factors (time outdoors, time reading, and sleep duration) were assessed in participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: a cross-sectional sample of 2302 children aged 15years old and a longitudinal sample of 3086 children followed from age 7 to 15years. Seven IVs were considered jointly: dog ownership, cat ownership, bedtime variability, birth order, and polygenic scores quantifying genetic predisposition to spend additional time outdoors, years in fulltime education, and time asleep overnight. Risk factor effect sizes were 4-fold to 9-fold higher in the IV analyses compared with conventional regression analyses. In IV analyses, one extra hour spent outdoors every day during childhood was associated with a shift toward hyperopia of +0.53 to +0.94 diopters (D), whereas 1 extra hour spent reading every day was associated with a shift toward myopia of -0.44 to -0.88 D. There was inconsistent evidence that sleep duration influenced refractive error. Myopia risk factor effects were underestimated up to 9-fold in conventional analyses in this sample, compared with IV analyses. We speculate that the effects of lifestyle risk factors for myopia have been underestimated in past studies.

Device-measured stationary behaviour and cardiovascular and orthostatic circulatory disease incidence.

Previous studies have indicated that standing may be beneficially associated with surrogate metabolic markers, whereas more time spent sitting has an adverse association. Studies assessing the dose-response associations of standing, sitting and composite stationary behaviour time with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and orthostatic circulatory disease are scarce and show an unclear picture. To examine associations of daily sitting, standing and stationary time with CVD and orthostatic circulatory disease incidence. We used accelerometer data from 83 013 adults (mean age ± standard deviation = 61.3 ± 7.8; female = 55.6%) from the UK Biobank to assess daily time spent sitting and standing. Major CVD was defined as coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke. Orthostatic circulatory disease was defined as orthostatic hypotension, varicose vein, chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcers. To estimate the dose-response hazard ratios (HR) we used Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic splines. The Fine-Gray subdistribution method was used to account for competing risks. During 6.9 (±0.9) years of follow-up, 6829 CVD and 2042 orthostatic circulatory disease events occurred. When stationary time exceeded 12 h/day, orthostatic circulatory disease risk was higher by an average HR (95% confidence interval) of 0.22 (0.16, 0.29) per hour. Every additional hour above 10 h/day of sitting was associated with a 0.26 (0.18, 0.36) higher risk. Standing more than 2 h/day was associated with an 0.11 (0.05, 0.18) higher risk for every additional 30 min/day. For major CVD, when stationary time exceeded 12 h/day, risk was higher by an average of 0.13 (0.10, 0.16) per hour. Sitting time was associated with a 0.15 (0.11, 0.19) higher risk per extra hour. Time spent standing was not associated with major CVD risk. Time spent standing was not associated with CVD risk but was associated with higher orthostatic circulatory disease risk. Time spent sitting above 10 h/day was associated with both higher orthostatic circulatory disease and major CVD risk. The deleterious associations of overall stationary time were primarily driven by sitting. Collectively, our findings indicate increasing standing time as a prescription may not lower major CVD risk and may lead to higher orthostatic circulatory disease risk.

Sleep Duration and Blood Pressure in Youth Referred for Elevated Blood Pressure Evaluation.

Sleep promotion is not specifically recommended as a target for hypertension management. We examined associations of sleep duration and timing with blood pressure parameters in patients referred to pediatric nephrology clinic for elevated blood pressure evaluation. This is a retrospective study of initial ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data and self-report sleep data collected from patients referred to nephrology clinic for the evaluation of elevated blood pressure. Linear and logistic regression modeling determined associations between sleep exposures (duration and timing) and continuous and dichotomous blood pressure outcomes, respectively, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and weekday versus weekend status. The study sample included 539 patients with mean age 14.6 years and 56% meeting hypertension criteria. Sleep duration averaged 9.1 hours per night. Average timing of sleep onset and offset were 11:06 pm and 8:18 am, respectively. Longer sleep duration was associated with better daytime blood pressure parameters (eg, every extra hour of sleep duration was associated with a reduced odds of wake hypertension [odds ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79-0.99]). Later sleep onset was associated with worse daytime blood pressure parameters (eg, each additional hour of later sleep onset was associated with higher wake systolic blood pressure index [mean wake blood pressure/95th percentile]) (β = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02-0.13). Associations were consistent across sex, age, body mass index, and weekday status. Longer sleep duration and earlier sleep onset were associated with lower blood pressure. This suggests that sleep optimization may be an important target for intervention in hypertension management.

Slowing myopia progression in children

Background: A large proportion of individuals develop myopia, which is recognized as a global health concern and is predicted to increase in prevalence. Long-term eye problems are associated with myopia, particularly in young individuals. Retinal detachment and choroidal degeneration are among the causes of visual impairments associated with myopia. In this narrative review, we summarized the current measures for slowing myopia progression in children, including their safety profiles and potential drawbacks. Methods: We conducted an English literature search for articles published between January 1, 2000, and October 31, 2023, using various combinations of keywords related to myopia, myopia progression, childhood myopia, myopia control, atropine, orthokeratology, and contact lenses. We included original or review articles pertaining to lifestyle changes and pharmacological, optical, or laser interventions for managing myopia progression in children. Our search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Wiley Online Library. We reviewed the full text of included articles and qualitatively summarized the results of relevant studies using a narrative synthesis approach. Results: Multiple meta-analyses indicated that increased outdoor time is associated with a lower myopia prevalence, with each extra hour spent outside each week reducing the risk of myopia by 2%. Candidate drugs, such as atropine, pirenzepine, and 7-methylxanthine, and certain intraocular pressure-lowering medications, such as timolol, have been studied in human trials for their ability to manage myopia. The nonselective antimuscarinic drug atropine, followed by the M1-selective antimuscarinic drug pirenzepine, displayed positive results in slowing myopia. Oral 7-methylxanthine, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, reduces axial myopia caused by hyperopic defocus in a primate model. Low-intensity laser therapy using low doses of red and near-infrared light, visual biofeedback training, bifocal or multifocal spectacles, orthokeratology using a rigid gas-permeable contact lens, combined orthokeratology and atropine, soft contact lenses with a central distance zone and higher positive power in the periphery, and peripheral defocus contact lenses are among the interventional therapies with promising results in managing myopia progression in children. Conclusions: The current literature supports the efficacy of increased outdoor time, administration of pharmacological agents, and special contact lenses as treatment modalities for slowing myopia progression in children. The effectiveness of orthokeratology alone and in combination with topical atropine therapy has also been assessed. Further research is needed to pinpoint the precise mechanisms of action of these therapies and to determine the best course of treatment. The increasing global prevalence of childhood myopia necessitates robust interventional studies into slowing myopia progression and preventing high myopia and related sight-threatening conditions in adulthood.

The Impact of Work-Life Balance on Employee Performance: An Evaluative Study of Health and Safety Industry in Nigeria

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the impacts of work-life balance on the performance of employees in the Nigerian health and safety industry using interviews and quantitative based online questionnaire involving one hundred participants from ten different companies.
 Methodology: Eighty three fully completed and returned questionnaires were utilized for the purpose of the research. The questionnaire encompasses the demographic survey of participants, well-being, job satisfaction and job performance-oriented questions. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used in developing a linear statistical relationship between employee performance and productivity as the dependent variable and employment factors - extent of work-life balance and impact of work-life balance as the independent variables respectively.
 Findings: 2.6295, 3.1325 and 2.8554 mean values were recorded for data generated from Work-Life Balance; Company Policies and Performance and Company Support Policy on Work-Life Balance respectively. Based on the mean values obtained, normality of the variables under study is statistically attainable. Findings from the study depict positive relationship for the variables under study. It also implies less stress in the work environments under study. Similarly, findings in terms of work environment, team support, area of specialization, workload, flexibility, supervisors’ commitment to employee’s personal lives, work force and discipline have indicated that the teaming population of health and safety employees have, to a reasonable degree, a control over their time and personal lives. Additionally, the company’s support and policies for work-life balance are said to be reasonable enough as they pave ways for sound employees’ performance.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: companies should improve on support and policies/programs that have direct impact on work-life balance - telecommuting, compression of work week; strict adherence to the work hours stipulated by law and any extra hour(s) spent by an employee should be adequately compensated; develop and implement a business continuity plan and carry out manpower audits to determine areas of under manning with a view of providing the qualified manpower to man the company operations. These will pave ways for the employees to develop themselves educationally, create time for families and friends, thereby, aiding the concept of meaningful work-life balance.

A Short-Duration Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test for the Diagnosis of Central Precocious Puberty.

Background and Objectives: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is the gold standard method for diagnosing central precocious puberty (CPP), although it requires multiple blood samplings over 120 min. This study aimed to evaluate if a shorter test may have an equivalent diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the GnRH tests of 188 consecutive pediatric patients (169 females) referred for signs of early pubertal development. The diagnostic accuracy of the hormonal levels was evaluated at different time points (15, 0, 60, 90, and 120 min after the GnRH stimulus). Results: A diagnosis of CPP was made in 130 cases (69%), with 111 (85%) being female. Sensitivity and specificity ratings higher than 99% for the diagnosis of CPP were achieved for LH levels ≥4.7 mU/mL at 30 and 60 min after the stimulus (area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 1), with no further increase in the diagnostic accuracy in the remaining time points. No sex differences in diagnostic accuracy were found. The LH/FSH ratio at 30 min showed a sensitivity of 94.9%, with an AUC of 0.997 and a value ≥0.76. Conclusions: A short-duration GnRH test of 60 min provided optimal results for the diagnosis of CPP. Extending the test for an extra hour is therefore unnecessary and inadvisable.

Current opinion: advances in machine perfusion and preservation of vascularized composite allografts - will time still matter?

A major hurdle hindering more widespread application of reconstructive transplantation is the very limited cold ischemia time (CIT) of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs). In this review, we discuss cutting edge machine perfusion protocols and preservation strategies to overcome this limitation. Several preclinical machine perfusion studies have demonstrated the multifactorial utility of this technology to extend preservation windows, assess graft viability prior to transplantation and salvage damaged tissue, yet there are currently no clinically approved machine perfusion protocols for reconstructive transplantation. Thus, machine perfusion remains an open challenge in VCA due to the complexity of the various tissue types. In addition, multiple other promising avenues to prolong preservation of composite allografts have emerged. These include cryopreservation, high subzero preservation, vitrification and nanowarming. Despite several studies demonstrating extended preservation windows, there are several limitations that must be overcome prior to clinical translation. As both machine perfusion and subzero preservation protocols have rapidly advanced in the past few years, special consideration should be given to their potential complementary utilization. Current and emerging machine perfusion and preservation technologies in VCA have great promise to transform the field of reconstructive transplantation, as every extra hour of CIT helps ease the complexities of the peri-transplant workflow. Amongst the many advantages, longer preservation windows may allow for elective procedures, improved matching, establishment of novel immunomodulatory protocols and global transport of grafts, ultimately enabling us the ability to offer this life changing procedure to more patients.

Increased vigorous exercise and decreased sedentary activities are associated with decreased depressive symptoms in United States adults: Analysis of The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2020.

Depression is a major public health concern that affects over 4% of the global population. Identification of new nonpharmacologic recommendations will help decrease the burden of disease. The overarching of this study was to examine the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms in a large sample of adults in the United States. Presently, researchers utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 2017-2020), which is a retrospective, complex, multistage, representative, and modern cohort of the United States. Adult patients ( > 18 years; N = 8091) with complete 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) information were included in the study. The PHQ-9 is a well-validated survey, per literature, scores ≥10 are considered to have clinically relevant depression. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was fit for active and sedentary activities on clinical depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). The acquisition and analysis of the data within this study were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Ethics Review Board. After adjusting for potential confounders like age, race, sex, and income, we found that increased vigorous exercise was associated with lower rates of depressive symptoms. Each extra day of vigorous exercise was associated with 11% decreased odds of depression (odd ratio [OR]: 0.89, confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-0.96, p < 0.01). Increased sedentary activity was associated with increased depression. Each extra hour per day of sedentary activity was associated with a 6% increase in odds of depression (OR: 1.06, (1.02-1.10, p < 0.01). To conclude, exercise appears to be protective against depressive symptoms; however, further prospective studies are required to ascertain whether exercise causes decreased depressive symptoms.

0216 The relationship between work and sleep in the naval operational environment

Abstract Introduction Several studies conducted by the Naval Postgraduate School Crew Endurance Team have shown that a sailor’s life at sea is characterized by limited opportunities to sleep and long work hours. In this environment, which is saturated with work duties, time is a rare commodity. This study assesses how work hours affect sleep duration. The information presented herein is a subset of the measures taken from multiple field assessments on sailors aboard nine different USN ships. Methods Longitudinal (average = 11 days; range = 7 to 18 days), prospective, naturalistic observations were made of sailors (N=675; 18-59 years of age, 79.3% males, 85.3% enlisted) while performing their normal underway duties on nine US Navy surface ships. Activity logs were used to assess work hours, messing (meals), and personal time. Sleep was objectively assessed by actigraphs. Results The average sailor’s workday was 11.6 hours (s.d.=2.48). Sailors slept on average 6.53 hours/day (s.d.=0.97), a median 1.34 hours/day (IQR=0.88) were spent messing/eating and a median 3.25 hours/day (IQR=2.50) were reported for personal time. Work hours were associated with daily sleep duration (F(1,602)=105, p &amp;lt; 0.001; R2=0.148), personal time (F(1,673)=1539, p &amp;lt; 0.001; R2=0.696), and messing time (F(1,673)=32.0, p&amp;lt; 0.001; R2=0.044). Within the range of our data, every extra hour of work was associated with an average of ~9 minutes less sleep, ~41 minutes less personal time, and ~3 minutes less time at meals. The association between work hours and sleep duration was evident (all p&amp;lt; 0.001) even after adjusting for confounding factors, i.e., watchstanding status (watchstander, non-watchstander), type of watch schedule (fixed, rotating), rank group (officer, enlisted), and detailed rank group (E1-E3, E4-E6, E7-E9, O1-O3, O4-O6). Conclusion The naval operational environment is dominated by long work hours that, in turn, lead to sleep deprivation. The competing relation between work and sleep, however, is ameliorated by the existence of personal time (i.e., spare time in which sailors do not work). More research should be focused on spare time and its importance for sailor wellbeing while underway. Support (if any)

Bringing High-Dose Neurorestorative Behavioral Training Into the Acute Stroke Unit.

Stroke remains common and is a leading cause of adult disability. While there have been enormous system changes for the diagnosis and delivery of hyperacute stroke treatments at comprehensive stroke centers, few advances have been made in those same centers for treatments focused on behavioral recovery and brain repair. Specifically, during the early hospital period, there is a paucity of approaches available for reduction of impairment beyond what is expected from spontaneous biological recovery. Thus, patients in the early stroke recovery period are not receiving the kind of training needed, at the requisite intensity and dose, to exploit a potential critical period of heightened brain plasticity that could maximize true recovery instead of just compensation. Here, we describe an ongoing pilot program to reconfigure the acute stroke unit experience to allow for a new emphasis on brain repair. More specifically, we have introduced a novel room-based video-gaming intervention; restorative neuroanimation, into the acute stroke hospital setting. This new intervention provides the opportunity for an extra hour(s) of high-intensity neurorestorative behavioral treatment that is complementary to conventional rehabilitation. To accomplish this, system redesign was required to insert this new treatment into the patient day, to properly stratify patients behaviorally and physiologically for the treatment, to optimize the digital therapeutic approach itself, and to maintain the impairment reduction after discharge.

Impact of Sleep Pattern of Pharmacy College Students on Academic Performance.

Disrupted sleep pattern has shown to impact the mental health of medical sciences students. However, few studies assessed its association with academic performance, and the impact of other factors among pharmacy students. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between different sleep pattern variables and academic performance among pharmacy students. A cross-sectional study using self-administered survey was distributed to all students at a large pharmacy college in Saudi Arabia between November 2020 and February 2021. The students were asked to answer based on their sleep pattern and academic performance in the previous year of 2019-2020 (before COVID-19 lockdown). 237 students completed the survey. Shorter sleeps before exams and taking medicines for insomnia were significantly associated with failing at least one course (adjOR = 0.78 and 3.68; 95% CI 0.63-0.97 and 1.18-11.49; P = 0.028 and 0.025, respectively). As such, for each extra hour of sleep/night on exam nights, there is a 0.22 lower odd of failing at least one course, and taking insomnia medications increases the odds of failing by 3.68 times. Fewer sleep hours were significantly correlated with tiredness upon wake up, daytime sleepiness, and in-class sleepiness (r s = - 0.24, - 0.38, and - 0.24, respectively; P ≤ 0.001 for all correlations). Disrupted sleep pattern negatively impacted the academic performance of pharmacy students. Getting sufficient quality sleep, especially before exams, maybe associated with better performance and lower odds of course failures. College administrators should encourage good sleep hygiene to their students and pair the recommendations with evidence on the impact of sleep on academic performance.

Exhaustive or exhausting? Evidence on respondent fatigue in long surveys

Living standards measurement surveys require sustained attention for several hours. We quantify survey fatigue by randomizing the order of questions in 2–3 hour-long in-person surveys. An additional hour of survey time increases the probability that a respondent skips a question by 10%–64%. Because skips are more common, the total monetary value of aggregated categories such as assets or expenditures declines as the survey goes on, and this effect is sizeable for some categories: for example, an extra hour of survey time lowers food expenditures by 25%. We find similar effect sizes within phone surveys in which respondents were already familiar with questions, suggesting that cognitive burden may be a key driver of survey fatigue.

(Ba,Ca)(Ti,Zr)O3–CeO2 translucent and opaque ceramics — Optical and electromechanical characteristics

This work demonstrates promising approaches to synthesize multifunctional-translucent BCZT-CeO2 ceramic for electro-mechanical/optical conversion. Nearly fully dense BCZT-CeO2 electroceramics were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) showing high dielectric permittivity of 5875 and low dielectric loss of 2.1%. Altogether, an extraordinary optical transmittance was attained as ∼ 40% at 750 nm wavelength and ∼ 46% in the infrared region. The fine grains restricted piezoelectric constant, d33, to a moderate value of ∼ 145 pC/N but with an enhanced Curie temperature, TC ∼ 135 °C. Post rapid pressure-less sintering on SPSed samples led to a fast grain growth within an extra hour of sintering and a major improvement of piezoelectric properties (d33 = 532 pC/N and kp = 43%) was achieved. A substantial amount of energy can be saved by both approaches owing to rapid heating/cooling rates and short dwell-times, at least when compared to conventional sintering. This success highlights ingenious avenues for further studies on BCZT-CeO2 electro-optical ceramics.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on School-Aged Children's Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Repeated Measures Study.

Despite concerns about the negative effects of social distancing and prolonged school closures on children’s lifestyle and physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 pandemic, robust evidence is lacking on the impact of the pandemic-related school closures and social distancing on children’s wellbeing and daily life. This study aimed to examine changes in the PA levels, sleep patterns, and screen time of school-aged children during the different phases of the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong using a repeated cross-sectional design. School students (grades 1 to 12) were asked to report their daily electronic device usage and to fill in a sleep diary, recording their daily sleep onset and wake-up time. They were equipped with a PA monitor, Actigraph wGT3X-BT, to obtain objective data on their PA levels and sleep patterns. Students were recruited before the pandemic (September 2019–January 2020; n = 577), during school closures (March 2020–April 2020; n = 146), and after schools partially reopened (October 2020–July 2021; n = 227). Our results indicated lower PA levels, longer sleep duration, and longer screen time among participants recruited during school closures than those recruited before the COVID-19 outbreak. Primary school students were found to sleep on average for an extra hour during school closures. The later sleep onset and increased screen time documented during school closures persisted when schools partially reopened. Our findings illustrate the significant impact of social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic on the sleep pattern, screen time, and PA level in school-aged children in Hong Kong. Professionals should urgently reinforce the importance of improving physically activity, good sleep hygiene, and regulated use of electronic devices for parents and school-aged children during this unprecedented time.

The impact of daylight on suicide rates

Since Durkheim and Morselli found a spring peak in suicides in the late 19th century, researchers have presented possible explanations, including daylight variation, for this seasonal pattern. Our identification strategy exploits the idiosyncratic variation in daylight within Norwegian regions, arising from the country’s substantial latitudinal range. We use full population data for a period of 45 years in a pre-registered research design. We find a small and non-significant relationship: One extra hour of daylight increases the suicide rate by merely 0.75 % (95 % CI: −0.4 % to 1.9 %).

An extra hour wasted? Bar closing hours and traffic accidents in Norway.

Driving under the influence of alcohol is a major cause of fatalities worldwide. There have been a range of legislative and policy interventions aiming to address this. Bar closing hours is one policy with clear implications for drink driving. Existing evidence, largely drawn from one‐off policy changes in urban settings, reports mixed evidence that is difficult to generalize. We return to this issue using a setting, Norway, that is advantageous due to large temporal and regional variation in closing times, frequent changes, and a lack of confounding policy changes. We demonstrate an average zero effect of closing hours on traffic accidents that masks large variations in effects: in terms of population density; accident severity; and direction of change in closing hours. Extensions in closing hours in populous municipalities decrease accidents, whereas the opposite is true for rural municipalities. Our findings suggest that estimates from single policy changes may be difficult to generalize, while demonstrating that closing hours can generate large effects on traffic accidents.

Hypocapnia in early hours of life is associated with brain injury in moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy.

To evaluate the association between hypocapnia within the first 24 h of life and brain injury assessed by a detailed MRI scoring system in infants receiving therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for neonatal encephalopathy (NE) stratified by the stage of NE. This retrospective cohort study included infants who received TH for mild to severe NE. 188 infants were included in the study with 48% having mild and 52% moderate-severe NE. Infants with moderate-severe NE spent more time in hypocapnia (PCO2 ≤ 35 mmHg) and presented with more severe brain injury on MRI compared to mild cases. The MRI injury score increased by 6% for each extra hour spent in hypocapnic range in infants with moderate-severe NE. There was no association between hypocapnia and injury scores in mild cases. In infants with moderate-severe NE, the hours spent in hypocapnia was an independent predictor of brain injury.

Working from home, hours worked and wages: Heterogeneity by gender and parenthood

Working from home (WfH) has been widely adopted since the Covid-19 pandemic. Pre-pandemic evidence on how hybrid work arrangements relate to labour market outcomes is a scarce and valuable benchmark. We exploit the German Socio-Economic Panel between 1997 and 2014 to investigate how such a work arrangement relates to working hours, wages and job satisfaction for different demographic groups. We find that childless employees work an extra hour of unpaid overtime per week and report higher job satisfaction after taking up WfH. Among parents, gender differences in working hours and monthly earnings are lower after WfH take-up. However, hourly wage increases with WfH take-up are limited to fathers, unless mothers change employers. We discuss the role of career changes, commuting and working-time flexibility in explaining these findings.

With and Without, Wise and Otherwise, José and José

With and Without, Wise and Otherwise, José and <i>José</i>

Physical activity, time spent outdoors, and near work in relation to myopia prevalence, incidence, and progression: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Myopia has reached epidemic levels in recent years. Stopping the development and progression of myopia is critical, as high myopia is a major cause of blindness worldwide. This overview aims at finding the association of time spent outdoors (TSO), near work (NW), and physical activity (PA) with the incidence, prevalence, and progression of myopia in children. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases. Systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) on the TSO, NW, and PA in relation to myopia were reviewed. Methodological nature of qualified studies were evaluated utilizing the Risk of Bias in Systematic Review tool. We identified four SRs out of which three had MA, which included 62 unique studies, involving >1,00,000 children. This overview found a protective trend toward TSO with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.982 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.979–0.985, I2 = 93.5%, P < 0.001) per extra hour of TSO every week. A pooled OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.08–1.20) suggested NW to be related to risk of myopia. However, studies associating myopia with NW activities are not necessarily a causality as the effect of myopia might force children to indoor confinement with more NW and less TSO. PA presented no effect on myopia. Though the strength of evidence is less because of high heterogeneity and lack of clinical trials with clear definition, increased TSO and reduced NW are protective against myopia development among nonmyopes.