External Spaces Research Articles

Tactile Architectural Models as Universal ‘Urban Furniture’

Tactile architectural models and maquettes have been built in the external public spaces of Polish cities since the latter half of the 00s of the 21st century. These objects are designed for the blind, but also other people - tourists, children, and those who arrive in wheelchairs. This collection has got currently more than 70 implements, which places Poland in the group of European leaders. Unfortunately, this “furniture”, is not always “convenient” and safe for all recipients. Studies, which have been conducted together with Maciej Kłopotowski since 2016 across the country, show a number of serious design and executive mistakes or examples of misuse. The purpose of this article is drawing attention to these issues and pointing out ways how they can be avoided. These objects may become completely valuable, universal tool for learning and a great way of studying architecture in an alternative way.

علاقة تغیر تکوین الفراغات الحضریة العامة بتغیر الأنماط البنائیة من حولها فی مدینة القاهرة

The open spaces of the city are exposed to many changes. The architectural configuration of these spaces is a direct result of the changes in the urban, social, technological and economic conditions. These conditions and their mutual effects are reflected on the nature of the composition, characteristics and shape of the outer spaces. The change in building patterns is one of the most important changes in the architectural conditions that affect the architectural configuration of the external spaces. The change in building patterns changes the urban configuration of the urban spaces. Changes to building patterns may be planned by official bodies and agencies that develop programs and plans that aim at developing thought in the characteristics of the urban fabric; they may be random and unthought by individuals or some investors for the purpose of profiting or may be due to external circumstances Such as wars, earthquakes and volcanoes. In the case of randomized and unplanned changes, the spatial and structural differences in the patterns of different building patterns lead to further deterioration in the visual image and the plastic properties of the surrounding outer spaces. If the random shifts in the architectural patterns of the buildings continue, they gradually lead to the loss of the architectural identity of the spaces External city. The research aims to identify the most important factors that lead to the change of building patterns, with an analysis of how this affects the changes of the architectural configuration and the characteristics of the architectural identity of the external spaces of the city through the study and analysis of some international and local examples in Cairo. The research concludes with a set of recommendations that set the basic features for controlling architectural changes in building patterns in order to improve and develop the architectural design of the open spaces of the city.

Modern Stadium Design: An Adaptive Renovation or Urban Renewal

In recent years, China has accelerated the modernization and renovation of the sports facilities, which greatly promoted the development of sports in China. However, adaptability and renovation experience in our country is lacking, moreover, the reconstruction of the stadium has certain blindness. In this study, the adaptability of the external and internal spaces of the stadium were analyzed and studied separately. The external transformation transformed the stadium into an open space to be combined with the surrounding environment. The internal transformation mainly expands and functions richly. The stadium can enhance the level of competition and the opening of the transformation through the case study of the adaptability of the Z stadium.

Role of the urban vegetal in improving the thermal comfort of a public place of a contemporary Saharan city

The open public spaces, especially the public places, are for the population meeting, communication, conviviality. So that these spaces play their role they must be ruled by a comfortable physical environment. The optimal use of these spaces deserves detailed knowledge of all the elements that can improve the climatic conditions of use of these spaces. The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the role played by vegetation (urban vegetal) in urban external spaces since it is a fundamental component in this latter of which it minimizes and intercepts the solar rays, a very important factor of thermal comfort outside it reduces air temperatures generates shade; absorbs radiated fluxes and in general, it participates in the positive modification of physical environments (heat, humidity, light ...). Knowing that the people of the Saharan cities (hot climate and arid zone) seek to shelter solar rays by all means especially during the summer. To the latter, most of people are affected by thermal stress, given the lack of freshness and shade.This leads them to abandon the public place, and to join the built spaces, while using air conditioning, which engendered more energy consumption (electricity). The "in situ" investigation has affected the climate dimension ambient temperature, humidity, sunshine, solar radiation. And the insertion of urban vegetation (by simulation) as a mask against solar rays. The results confirm the primordial role of urban vegetal in the creation of shade, which has improved the thermal comfort of public places. Then the quality of urban life. Now it is limited, in this article, to expose a single example of the research. It is a public place (Ben Badis) in the city of Biskra / Algeria (dry climate and arid zone). The technique followed in this work is a combination of measures of the necessary climatic factors "in situ" and simulation using software.

SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF A CITY: FEATURES OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT FORMATION

The interaction between internal and external spaces in modern architecture of low-rise residential house is shown. The features of spatial boundaries and their resources for low-rise residential architectural objects are studied. Ecological problems of spatial boundaries formation are revealed. Current researches in the fi eld of architecture ecology are viewed. The major criteria of evaluation of sustainability of architectural boundaries of low-rise housing are determined. The principle of nature conformity of space in low-rise architecture is revealed. This principle is studied on two levels - methodological and practical, and it supposes internal space formation in according with nature environment factors and its ecological status.

SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF A CITY: FEATURES OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT FORMATION

The interaction between internal and external spaces in modern architecture of low-rise residential house is shown. The features of spatial boundaries and their resources for low-rise residential architectural objects are studied. Ecological problems of spatial boundaries formation are revealed. Current researches in the fi eld of architecture ecology are viewed. The major criteria of evaluation of sustainability of architectural boundaries of low-rise housing are determined. The principle of nature conformity of space in low-rise architecture is revealed. This principle is studied on two levels - methodological and practical, and it supposes internal space formation in according with nature environment factors and its ecological status.

The Cultural and Technological Elements That Promote the Advance of History: Research on the Evolution of Architectural Structure

Based on the research on the evolution of architectural structure, this paper reflects on the elements that push history forward. We analyze the influence of the cultural and technological elements on the architectural structure, and conduct further analysis by combining such two elements. For the analysis by means of such combination, we firstly take the assembly space as an example to provide a framework which combines the historical time and the physical space. At the intersection of the two directions, we list some classical buildings and then describe the cultural and technological elements that influenced them one by one. Similarly, we illustrate the characteristics of some Chinese bridges and some landmark buildings at different stages, as well as the cultural and technological elements which influenced them. Besides, we clarify the development relationship between the two elements on the basis of a large number of cases. Through introduction of some academic viewpoints, this paper analyzes relevant data, researches the cultural and technological elements that influenced the architectural structure development, and has eventually clarified the relationship between these two elements. It is not difficult to find out that the cultural and technological elements were interdependent in the history of architectural structure development, but resulted in separation of them. The cultural element is primarily embodied in the design partition by architects of the external and internal spaces of a building to satisfy the requirements for functionality and aesthetics, while for the technological element, the structure engineers are in place to ensure the quality of buildings. We can see that in the near future the breakthroughs in science and technology will eclipse the technological element, while the cultural one will become the only significant factor that influences the architectural development.

A convivência com os avós: um estudo exploratório na perspectiva das crianças

O objetivo do estudo foi estudar a convivência entre avós e netos, na perspectiva das crianças. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa com seis netos e seis avós, respondendo questões sobre o motivo do cuidado, o significado da convivência, local de interação e atividades lúdicas. Os resultados apontam que os motivos que levam os netos a serem cuidados pelos avós foram adoção, gravidez na adolescência e apoio aos filhos. O significado da convivência depende do tipo de cuidado, para os netos que ficam em tempo integral os avós são cuidadores; para os sistemáticos, companheiros e para os esporádicos, divertidos. As atividades lúdicas entre avós e netos de tempo integral tendem a ocorrer em espaços internos, como jogos educativos e eletrônicos, enquanto os avós sistemáticos e esporádicos priorizam brincadeiras em espaços externos, como praia, piscina, parques e jogos esportivos ao ar livre. A principal conclusão do estudo foi que a relação entre avós e netos está baseada no tipo de relacionamento determinado pela frequência de encontros. Esta frequência possibilita não apenas a quantidade das interações como a sua qualidade na convivência.

Intelligent wheeled mobile robots for blind navigation application

PurposeVisually impaired people have long been living in the dark. They cannot realize the colorful world with their vision, so they rely on hearing, touch and smell to feel the space they live in. Lacking image information, they face challenges in the external environment and barrier spaces. They face danger that is hundreds of times higher than that faced by normal people. Especially during outdoor activities, they can only explore the surrounding environment aided by their hearing and crutches and then based on a vague impression speculate where they are located. To let the blind confidently take each step, this paper proposes sticking the electronic tag of the radio-frequency identification (RFID) system on the back of guide bricks.Design/methodology/approachThus, the RFID reader, ultrasonic sensor and voice chip on a wheeled mobile robot link the front end to the crutch. Once the blind person nears a guide brick, the RFID will read the message on the tag through the voice broadcast system, and a voice will inform the visually impaired person of the direction to walk and information of the surrounding environment. In addition, the CMOS image sensor set up in the wheeled mobile robot is used to detect the black marking on the guide brick and to guide the blind to walk forward or turn around between the two markings. Finally, the lithium battery charging control unit was installed on the wheeled mobile robot. The ATtiny25 microcontroller conducts the battery charge and discharge control and monitoring of the current battery capacity.FindingsThe development of this system will let visually impaired people acquire environmental information, road guidance function and nearby traffic information.Originality/valueThrough rich spatial environment messages, the blind can have the confidence and courage to go outside.

Dynamique symboligène et créative du moi inconscient

Le moi inconscient est envisagé ici en tant qu’entité dynamique dont les racines hétérogènes s’étendent sur un gradient de symbolisation dans les espaces intra-psychique, vigile et onirique, en lien avec les espaces externe et inter-psychique. Son fonctionnement contribue à créer et organiser le spectre d’altérité entrelacé avec le spectre d’identité, parcourant et investissant des objets animés et inanimés. Différentes hypothèses sont proposées à la réflexion.

Black Holes or Dark Stars—What Follows from the General Relativity Theory

The paper is concerned with spherically symmetric static problem of the Classical Gravitation Theory (CGT) and the General Relativity Theory (GRT). First, the Dark Stars, i.e. the objects that are invisible because of high gravitation preventing the propagation of light discovered in the 18th century by J. Michel and P. Laplace are discussed. Second, the Schwarzchild solution which was obtained in the beginning of the 20th century for the internal and external spaces of the perfect fluid sphere is analyzed. This solution results in singular metric coefficients and provides the basis of the Black Holes. Third, the general metric form in spherical coordinates is introduced and the solution of GRT problem is obtained under the assumption that gravitation does not affect the sphere mass. The critical sphere radius similar to the Black Hole horizon of events is found. In contrast to the Schwarzchild solution, the radial metric coefficient for the sphere with the critical radius referred to as the Dark Star is not singular. For the sphere with radius which is less than the critical value, the GRT solution becomes imaginary. The problem is discussed within the framework of the phenomenological theory which does not take into account the actual microstructure of the gravitating objects and, though the term “star” is used, the analysis is concerned with a model fluid sphere rather than with a real astrophysical object.

공공아파트형 공장 건립방안에 관한 연구

본 논문은 영세한 제조업체들을 지원하기 위해 도입되었던 아파트형 공장이 민간에 의해 주도되면서 고급화, 오피스화, 고가화됨에 따라 본래 취지와는 달리 영세 제조업체에게 도시 내 생산공간을 제공하기 어렵게 되었다는 문제인식 아래 공공부문에서의 아파트형 공장의 건축방안을 모색하고자 연구를 실시하였다. 이에 본 연구는 1984년 협동화사업으로 도입된 아파트형 공장에서부터 최근(2000년대 이후) 공급되고 있는 지식산업센터를 대상으로 아파트형 공장의 건축적 특징을 분석하고, 미래 건축트렌드 전망, 기업체 설문결과 등을 바탕으로 공공아파트형 공장의 공급방향 및 건축방안을 제시하였다. 그 결과, 공공에서 공급하는 아파트형 공장은 현재 민간에서 공급하는 오피스 위주의 아파트형 공장과는 차별화된 제조형 아파트형 공장의 건축이 적절하며 공급방식도 분양보다는 임대를 위주로 공급하는 것이 민간시장을 보완하는 효과가 있을 것이다. 그리고 저렴한 건축비용과 임대비용을 위해 화려한 외장보다는 경제적인 내외장재를 활용한 설계와 제조활동에 최적화된 내 외부 공간의 설계가 필요하다. 특히 충분한 주차공간 확보 및 하역과 창고, 물류를 고려한 동선설계 등이 지금의 지식산업센터와 차별화될 부분임을 도출하였다. The purpose of this paper is to explore ways in the construction of Apartment-type factories in the public sector. Recently the markets of Apartment-type factories are driven by the private sector as high quality, high price and supply of in the form of office, these construction trends are different from the original aim of introduce policy of Apartment-type factories which supply production spaces in the city to small capital enterprises. We analyzed the architectural characteristics of Apartment-type factories in Korea, the prospect of their future construction trends and the survey results targeted to small enterprises. In the results of this survey, we grope for the direction for construct Apartment-type factories in the public sector. The Apartment-type factories constructed by the public sector are appropriate supply for manufacturing plants and sale rather than lease form to complement the private market. To optimize economically and functionally for manufacturing activities, the design space in the internal and external spaces is required in order to supply more affordable. Route design, especially considering parking, unloading and warehousing of merchandise, and logistics should be differentiated from the Apartment-type Factories constructed by private sector.

A criança em movimento

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar as descobertas que as crianças da turma das “Borboletas” (convivência II) fazem com o seu corpo nos primeiros anos de vida, dentro da Creche Área de Saúde/ Unicamp. Nessa fase os pequenos começam a integrar os seus movimentos superiores e inferiores. Por isso, resolvemos trabalhar com circuito de movimentos, que visa o conhecimento dos limites do seu próprio corpo, fortalecimento da musculatura e exploração do espaço. Assim, andar, subir, descer, afastar, mexer e outras ações adquirem novas formas de exploração. Todo este processo, embora comum a todas as crianças, acontece de forma singular para cada uma delas. Através da motricidade a criança faz o seu conhecimento de mundo, explora situações, experimenta sensações, construindo desta maneira noções básicas para o seu desenvolvimento intelectual, modificando o meio onde está inserida. De acordo com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais da Educação Básica (pág. 96, 2013) "a criança deve ter possibilidade de fazer deslocamentos e movimentos amplos nos espaços internos e externos às salas de referência das turmas à instituição, envolver-se em explorações e brincadeiras com objetos e materiais diversificados que contemplem as particularidades das diferentes idades". Cabe ao professor propiciar um ambiente “desafiador” para que as crianças possam, de maneira lúdica, vivenciar novas descobertas; porém, o mesmo não deve interferir e nem fazer avaliações definitivas com relação às vivências infantis. O projeto ainda está em andamento, pois pretendemos fazer um parâmetro das conquistas adquiridas ao longo do ano de 2016.

Projeto conexão cultural UNICAMP

Acompanhando de perto essa discussão a respeito da segurança nos câmpus da Unicamp, a Coordenadoria de Desenvolvimento Cultural (CDC), propôs à Reitoria o projeto “Conexão Cultural” que, aprovado, foi incorporado ao programa “Campus Tranquilo, Universidade Viva” da Unicamp, no eixo denominado “Convívio”. O “Conexão Cultural” foi estabelecido, visando à ocupação dos espaços externos dos campi da Universidade com eventos culturais e esportivos, promovendo a circulação e a permanência das pessoas e, consequentemente, o convívio, permitindo ampliar a sensação de segurança, tanto pela própria frequência, como pelo fato de que as pessoas, ao se encontrarem, poderem conhecer-se umas às outras, especialmente aquelas que fazem parte da comunidade universitária. A estratégia de trabalho é a de fomentar a produção cultural – em artes e em esportes – da Universidade, para que se realize por meio de apresentações abertas à comunidade em geral. A participação de alunos, funcionários e docentes, na produção ou na realização do evento, é de fundamental importância. Também foi estabelecida uma linha de fomento à produção cultural de outras unidades e órgãos da Universidade, visando prestar apoio às manifestações culturais realizadas por eles (em infraestrutura, logística e divulgação), desde que realizadas preferencialmente em espaços abertos dos campi; portanto, em consonância com os objetivos do projeto.

A Neolithic case of fibrous dysplasia from Çatalhöyük (Turkey)

The vast majority of primary burials at Neolithic Çatalhöyük (Central Anatolia, Turkey, 7100–6000cal BC) are recovered from beneath house floors, with burials in external spaces extremely rare. Excavations at Çatalhöyük in 1998 brought to light a young adult male buried in a midden (a burial location observed so far for only 4 out of 440 individuals), showing a suite of pathological features affecting the entire skeleton. The observed pathological changes include perimortem and antemortem fractures, proliferative and resorptive areas, thinning of the bone cortex, and localized areas of disorganized spongy bone invaded by fibrous tissue. We propose a differential diagnosis by considering a set of conditions: Paget’s disease, osteomyelitis, hyperparathyrhoidism, Ollier’s disease, fibrosarcoma, and fibrous dysplasia. The severity and distribution of the observed skeletal changes are consistent with a diagnosis of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, a possibly debilitating and disfiguring condition. This, together with an unusual depositional context, may suggest a socially-mediated reaction to this individual’s infirmity.

Security Technology by using Firewall for Smart Grid

Due to the increasing development of computer systems and information networks, power grids should change extensively too. Nowadays, substantial movement has begun to implement the Smart Grid industry around the world. Since with the creation of smart electricity grids, it is possible to access the internal network from the external spaces, it is also necessary to protect information and data against unauthorized access. Therefore, a firewall should be used for information security. The firewall based on existing security regulations, decides which data is incoming to the network or going out of the network. Considering the discussions of passive defense topics at the national level and also the high importance of information security in Smart Grids, in this paper, in addition to examining the Firewalls, its advantages and disadvantages are also stated. Although the firewall has a major role in establishing security, and its installation and appropriate configuration can only be one of the primary activities in this field, we should also take advantage of other security mechanisms to enhance the security of the Smart Grid.

리모델링 공동주택단지의 외부공간 성능평가 비교 연구

In this study, remodeling projects are perceived as a sustainable urban management policy to boost the value of old apartments and stimulate urban regeneration and development. To evaluate the physical environmental performance of external spaces of remodeled apartments, an evaluation model was developed. After applying it to the target places, the following results were obtained. First, analysis of the external space change index of the target apartments revealed that institutional standards are necessary in line with the building arrangement type, parking lot expansion method, and changes in the building-to-land ratio. Second, the score ratio as to the external space change index performance is as follows: safety (48.30); pleasantness (25.90); convenience (18.90); eco-friendliness (14.90). In other words, "safety" had the biggest score ratio. Third, to boost the external space performance of remodeled apartments, the needs of residents and neighboring environmental plans should be considered from a communality standpoint.

OKUL ÖNCESİ EĞİTİM KURUMLARINDA DIŞ MEKÂN PEYZAJ TASARIMININ 5-6 YAŞ ÇOCUK GRUBU ALGISI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Okul öncesi eğitim, 5-6 yaş grubu çocuklar için çok önemlidir ve dış mekânlar okul öncesi eğitimin büyük bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Çocukların dış mekânları nasıl algıladıklarını ve peyzaj tasarımı açısından okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarının ihtiyaçlarının neler olduğu belirlenmek amacıyla; fiziksel çevrenin çocuk algısı üzerindeki etkileri ele alınmış, anket ve resim çalışmaları yapılmıştır.Çocukların kendi okul bahçeleriyle ilgili isteklerini ortaya koymak amacıyla dış mekân tasarım örnekleri üzerinden Antalya Konyaaltı Bölgesi’nden seçilen 4 okulda görsel bir anket uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca aynı okullarda, onlara hayal ettikleri ama dile getiremedikleri tasarım unsurlarını belirlemek amacıyla “Hayalinizdeki Okul Bahçesi” konulu resim çalışması yaptırılmıştır. Anket çalışmaları ve yapılmış olan bu resimler yorumlanmış ve sonuçlar ortaya konulmuştur.

Application of Persona Based Brainstorming Method for Improvement in External Spaces of Movement in Housing Complex

The present research, by applying Persona based brainstorming method (PBM) to the housing complex planning, aims at objectively analyzing the behavior and claims postulated of a variety of users, seeking strategies to draw a planning, and examining its effectiveness through cases application. It looked into the concept of user experience design, the brainstorming method in the field of user experience design, and Persona application all through literature review, and also, examined the features of PBM and its beneficial application methods with case study. Furthermore, it investigated the application method for improvement of residential space through the cases of implementation of residential space planning, and then, verified the validity of PBM in residential space improvement plan through surveys for engineering/planning experts and users. The results of this study were as follows ; It has been confirmed that PBMBRwas able to be used as a user-centered design tool for residential space design/planning including identifying problems, requirement elicitation, improvement direction and developmental design.

Las urbanizaciones multifamiliares cerradas y su entorno urbano: una nueva geografía simbólica en la ciudad de Cali (Colombia)

The relation between gated communities in Latin America and their external spaces of proximity has been one of the least explored dimensions since their emergence until their consolidation; hence it is necessary to pay attention to this issue and reflect on how most of the new neighbors of these communities -particularly of Multifamily Gated Housings (MGH´s)- belonging to the new middle class, organize and imagine their neighborhood from their own spatial practices, subjective experiences and interaction with the urban environment. This paper is based on an ethnographical research carried out in a new neighborhood of the city of Cali (Colombia) in 2013, where the concepts of “privatized space” and “expected symbolic benefits”, the latter through the analysis of “cognitive maps”, have been taken as essential bases for this article.