External Security Threats Research Articles

Research on the Role of the Third Front Construction in China’s Modernization

The Third Front Construction was a major national strategy implemented by China in the 1960s, aimed at promoting the industrialization of the central and western regions while addressing external security threats. This initiative not only laid a solid foundation for China’s industrialization but also revealed unique paths of Chinese modernization, such as regional coordinated development and the integration of national defense and economic growth. However, the Third Front Construction also brought about environmental degradation and over-exploitation of resources, providing important lessons for contemporary China’s development. In the modernization process, it is crucial to draw on the experiences of the Third Front Construction, focusing on regional coordinated development and enhancing social mobilization capabilities. By summarizing the experiences and lessons of the Third Front Construction, this paper provides historical references and future directions for the development of Chinese-style modernization.

Challenges of Deradicalisation, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Boko Haram Insurgents in Northeast Nigeria

Purpose: For more than a decade, the Boko Haram insurgency has been an internal and external security threat to Nigeria. This study aims to identify challenges and provide policy input to ensure the success of deradicalization and reintegration programs as a pathway to peacebuilding in North Eastern Nigeria.Methodology:This research method adopts a qualitative data collection and analysis strategy, with special interviews using unstructured questionnaires with family members of victims, officials from the North East National Emergency Management Agency, security officers, academics, and officials from international donor organizations.Findings: The findings show that the main obstacles to deradicalization and rehabilitation of repentant Boko Haram members include negative perceptions of victims' families, desire for revenge, suspicion of the authenticity of repentance, accusations of espionage, corruption of public officials, and the inability to provide an environment that supports full reintegration.Implication:These findings impact the importance of practical steps to ensure that surrendering rebels can be productive. At the same time, victims and their families must be adequately compensated to prevent future tendencies toward retaliation and the resurgence of the insurgency.

EU Solidarity in the Face of External Security Threats: The example of the Crimea Platform Initiative

CEEOL: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1197958 The Crimea Platform is a diplomatic initiative of Ukraine, designed as an international coordination mechanism to reverse the 2014 annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by the Russian Federation. The initiative attracted the attention of EU member states, due to the very nature of the annexation – a result of Russia’s aggressive and assertive foreign policy. However, attitudes to the issue of the annexation and the perception of its impact on the security of the EU vary greatly from one Crimea Platform participant to another, which leads to numerous discussions on the level of the security threat to the EU and the support to be provided to its eastern neighbours. For this article, I have used process tracing to track the formation of the attitudes to the annexation of EU members participating in the Crimea Platform, which is an essential step in conducting a comprehensive analysis of European solidarity in the face of external security threats

Initiatives, public trust, and citizen engagement during crises: A comparative analysis across Baltic states

The purpose of this study is to investigate the interplay between government initiatives, public trust in government, and citizen engagement within the context of two distinct crisis scenarios: a global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and an international security crisis caused by Russian aggression against Ukraine. A two-stage biennial survey methodology is used to collect quantitative data. In the first phase, which took place in the context of a global health crisis, an omnibus survey was conducted, involving a randomly selected sample of 3,175 respondents from three Baltic countries: Estonia (n = 1002), Latvia (n = 1017), and Lithuania (n = 1006). In the second stage, which took place in the context of an international security crisis, a random sample was carried out of 2026 respondents from two Baltic countries: Estonia (n = 1002) and Lithuania (n = 1024). The analysis examined causal relationships in political, rational, and social trust.The findings reveal that the relationship between trust in the government and government initiatives that foster political, rational, or emotional trust is stronger during international security crises than during health crises. This means that citizens perceive government behavior as more credible in the context of external security threats. Research on the interaction between government behavior and citizen participation is more nuanced than on public trust. In general, government initiatives have a greater impact on citizen participation than public trust in both crises. This highlights the positive impact of government initiatives in cooperation with the population. AcknowledgmentThe study is financed from the funds of the study-supporting project “Research on the Management of Security and Defense Institutions of Small States” (General Jonas Žemaitis Lithuanian Military Academy, 2020-12-17, No. V-828).

INDO–FRENCH DEFENCE PARTNERSHIP AND REGIONAL SECURITY BALANCE IN SOUTH ASIA

The article aims to describe the regional security challenges and major threats for India in South Asia. Since 1947, India has been suffering from external security threats such as a form of proxy warfare and terrorism from neighbouring countries. To this purpose, the article also examines recurring issues where India has major border issues with China in the Himalayan terrain to the Eastern region. India has been facing bigger security threats from China and Pakistan in the South Asia region. This article looks at defence cooperation between India and France through the prism of India’s serious security threats in the South Asian region. India’s soft power policy is reflected in a neo-realist approach and expanded by its long-standing defence cooperation with France. Therefore, India has been receiving support from the French government whenever the country needs defence equipment and other assistance. The article uses case studies and discourse analysis methods to answer the questions and draw the main findings and conclusions of the study. Finally, as a result of the study, India’s serious security threats in the South Asian region are pushing the country to purchase defence equipment from France. The relationship between India and France is strengthening bilateral cooperation at a broader level and shaping a strong strategic partnership by uniting in South Asia and the Indo-Pacific as well.

Secure and Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme Using Decentralized Identifier in Metaverse Environment

The metaverse provides a virtual world with many social activities that parallel the real world. As the metaverse attracts more attention, the importance of security and privacy preservation is increasing significantly. In the metaverse, users have the capability to create various avatars, which can be exploited to deceive or threaten others, leading to internal security issues. Additionally, users attempting to access the metaverse are susceptible to various external security threats since they communicate with service providers through public channels. To address these challenges, we propose an authentication scheme using blockchain, a decentralized identifier, and a verifiable credential to enable metaverse users to perform secure identity verification and authentication without disclosing sensitive information to service providers. Furthermore, the proposed approach mitigates privacy concerns associated with the management of personal information by enabling users to prove the necessary identity information independently without relying on service providers. We demonstrate that the proposed scheme is resistant to malicious security attacks and provides privacy preservation by performing security analyses, such as AVISPA simulation, BAN logic, and the real-or-random (ROR) model. We also show that the performance of our proposed scheme is better suited for the metaverse environment by providing greater security and efficiency when compared to competing schemes.

Indo-French Defence and Security Partnership

The article aims to describe the regional security challenges and major threats for India in South Asia. Since 1947, India has been suffering from external security threats such as, a form of proxy warfare and terrorism from its neighbouring countries. To this purpose, the article also examines recurring issues where India has major border issues with China, in the Himalayan terrain to the eastern region of India. This article looks at the defence cooperation between India and France through the prism of India’s security threats in the South Asian region. India's soft power policy reflected in a neo-realist approach and expanded its long-standing defence cooperation with France. Therefore, India has been receiving support from the French government whenever the country needs defence equipment and other assistance. The article uses empirical and discourse analysis methods to answer the questions, and to draw a proper conclusion to the study. Finally, as a result of the study, we can see that India’s serious security threats in the South Asian region are pushing the country to purchase defence equipment from France. The relationship between India and France is strengthening the bilateral cooperation at a broader level and shaping a strong strategic partnership by uniting South Asia and the Indo-Pacific as well.

Cost-efficient security-aware scheduling for dependent tasks with endpoint contention in edge computing

Edge computing empowers latency-sensitive and computation-intensive applications composed of multiple dependent tasks of mobile devices to execute on nearby edge servers. Despite the advantages, intermediate data across edge servers faces external security threats. Moreover, most existing works on task scheduling are designed on the idealized system model where communications are performed in parallel, they neglect the endpoint contention problem during data transmission, and thereby can hardly meet the user-specified deadline. To tackle these issues, this paper studies the endpoint contention-aware scheduling problem for dependent tasks to minimize the execution cost under the security and deadline constraints in the edge computing environment. We propose a heuristic algorithm named CSSDE that first distributes the deadline to each task and sorts tasks according to probabilistic endpoint contention-aware upward rank, and then allocates bandwidth resources and computation resources to intermediate data and tasks, respectively, finally performs rescheduling to improve the initial scheduling scheme. In addition, based on CSSDE and genetic algorithm, we present a metaheuristic algorithm called C-GA that considers the impact of task ordering and incorporates a multi-population co-evolution mechanism to enhance population diversity and avoid falling into local optimum for a better scheduling scheme. Simulation experiments are conducted on synthetic and real-world applications. The results demonstrate that our proposed algorithms achieve a higher success rate, and C-GA reduces the execution cost by 43.92, 40.52, and 8.56 percent compared with SCAS-E, ELSH, and CSSDE, respectively.

Developing a framework to achieve resilience in the oil and gas supply chain during logistics disruptions: an empirical study

PurposeOil and gas sector has more disruptions regarding its logistics management than any other industry. It is critical to understand which external security threats disrupt the oil and gas supply chain (OGSC). Recently, the time interval between these disruptions became frequent. the purpose of this paper is to identify key logistics elements that lead to such disruptions which would greatly benefit the oil and gas industry in developing more effective mitigation measures and resilient practices in the future.Design/methodology/approachThis research develops the theoretical framework through a critical review of all theories related to resilience, logistics disruptions and mitigation methods in the oil and gas industry. Afterward, semi-structured interviews were conducted with executives in the Egyptian oil and gas industry to develop a conceptual framework. Finally, an empirical study was conducted through questionnaires with managers in the Egyptian oil and gas sector to develop the applied framework.FindingsThis research revealed that achieving an elevated level of flexibility, redundancy, visibility and collaboration in the Egyptian OGSC will significantly increase the level of resilience in the sector and consequently help in mitigating probable logistics disruptions.Practical implicationsThis research contributes to academia by providing a conceptual framework for the most common logistics disruptions in the Egyptian OGSC and providing practitioners with the best resilience practices that are feasible and effective in mitigating logistics disruptions.Originality/valuePrevious research studied disruptions in OGSC from different perspectives: economic, social, political, technical, safety, legal and environmental perspectives, but no research highlighted the logistics perspective in the Egyptian context, to the best of the authors’ knowledge.

THE ALTERATION OF DYNAMICS SECURITY THREATS IN PAKISTAN: A SURVEY

Pakistan has also internal as well as external security threats. By means of internal threats are provincialism, sectarianism and etc. When Pakistan was created it was based on the two-nation theory but now there are more than two nations like Punjabis, Sindhi’s, Balochi and Pathans. Due to this reason, the people of Pakistan do not think as Pakistani but they divide them according to their provinces. And if the talk goes about sectarianism there are two groups of people who fight with each other on the name of their religion. Now the time goes about external security threats, there are many countries against Pakistan and trying their best to beat it down. For example, Pakistan has a main issue related to Kashmir. But it’s not only the direct relation with other country, it’s the threat to the security of neighbor country and its effect on the people like after 9/11 a war is start in Afghanistan and its hardly effect the Pakistani tribes and also the other country relation and their effect on Pakistan securityery main things are written here. All this need a network in which so many threats can cover-up regarding security.

Military Regimes and Resistance to Nuclear Weapons Development

Few military regimes have seriously pursued a nuclear weapons capability, and only Pakistan has succeeded. I argue that military regimes governing nonnuclear weapons states are likely to prefer to invest in conventional rather than nuclear forces, even in the presence of external security threats. I identify two domestic sources of nuclear proliferation behavior in military regimes: the resource distribution preferences of the military organization and the need to manage the domestic conflicts that threaten the regime’s political survival. I test this theory using case evidence from Egypt, Brazil, and Pakistan. This study suggests that while external conditions are certainly important, domestic factors also have a significant impact on state security behavior.

Geopolitical Issues and Trajectories of Water Security in South Asia

In the current academic debate on non-traditional security, the issue of water security has come to the forefront of discussions. This is primarily due to the developing discourse on climate change as a threat multiplier linked with conflicts surrounding access, use, and the management of shared water resources. The Indian subcontinent is therefore an interesting case study where water security and inter-connected security issues have converged as both internal and external security threats. Using the case study of the Indian Subcontinent, this essay serves to enrich the debate on geopolitical challenges and the paths toward achieving water security. The essay provides a general review of the security environment, including the risks and vulnerabilities facing the Indian subcontinent and challenges to water governance arising from both internal and external security concerns, through examples of geopolitical tensions in the region. This includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, China, and Tibet (the latter which forms the Hindu Kush Himalaya region). The research leads to the conclusion that institutional structures may be able to reduce regional tensions.

Security-Aware and Time-Guaranteed Service Placement in Edge Clouds

Most of the emerging applications such as the Deep Neural Networks (DNN) based smart Internet of Things (IoT) systems need intensive and high-performance computing, which is contradictory to the limited resources of IoT/terminal devices. It is a big challenge to offload all tasks to the cloud due to the bandwidth limitation, processing overhead, and transmission costs. Edge computing as an extension of cloud computing that can provide abundant computing resources near the edge of the network and thereby can potentially improve the QoS of applications. However, offloading tasks to the edge servers is liable to external security threats. How to balance the response time and the security of application services is a big challenge for realizing good application service placement. This paper proposes a time and security efficient task scheduling framework in the edge-cloud environment. The corresponding computing models are established, such as the security-related model, time model, and the risk probability model. Then, a time-guaranteed and security-aware task scheduling algorithm is proposed including the domain construction, the security-aware task ranking, and the task dispatching. Extensive simulation experiments have been conducted. Results show that the proposed method has better performance than the other four compared methods in general.

External threats and state support for arms control

The successful closure of arms control negotiations today is conditional on the commitment of many more states than during the Cold War. The question of what determines states’ positions on arms control has therefore become increasingly relevant. Multiple scholars have identified external security threats by other states as the key explanatory factor of opposition to arms control, but empirical evidence hereof is so far limited to a small set of cases. Against this backdrop, this article carries out a global examination of the effect of external threats in the form of interstate disputes and rivalries on state support for arms control. This analysis is facilitated by a novel measure of arms control support that combines United Nations General Assembly voting data with manual coding of 1,178 resolutions. Across a variety of model specifications, the results do not show any significant effect of external threats on support for arms control. This article argues that this means either that the two variables are not related at all, or that two opposing mechanisms cancel out each other: arms control not only entails costs, but also benefits for states that face external threats, as it limits both states involved in a rivalry or dispute. Either way, this study challenges the notion that there is a strictly negative relationship between external threats and arms control support and thus contributes to our understanding of arms control and foreign policy making in general.

The Fragility of the Philippines in the Context of Increasing China-U.S. Rivalry in the Western Pacific

Abstract The situation in Southeast Asia is of concern not only to the countries in the region, but also to the world’s great powers. The growing economic and military power of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and its rivalry with the United States (U.S.) are perceived as disruption of the regional status quo. Smaller Southeast Asian states try to secure their position in the changing international environment. These countries include the Philippines, which faces many internal and external security threats. The situation is worsened by the fact that the Philippines is considered by scholars to be a weak and fragile state. The article attempts to elucidate the issue of the Philippines’ fragile state and its influence on the country’s position in the age of growing China-U.S. competition. Moreover, the study tries to answer the question of why the Philippines earned the reputation of a fragile state. The article uses on content analysis of existing literature plus the data from readily accessible sources, and it mostly employs descriptive data analysis methodology.

Who Gets Smart? Explaining How Precision Bombs Proliferate

Smart weapons represent a key element of military power for countries around the world, and nothing symbolizes them more than smart bombs—the guided aerial bombs that the United States debuted in the Vietnam War. Yet, international relations scholars know little about these weapons and what explains their proliferation. In this paper, we theorize about the key drivers of smart bomb proliferation, including an interaction between the security environment, regime type, and the interest of states in precision to help them follow the law of war. We then introduce a new dataset on smart bombs from 1960-2017. The results show that internal and external security threats make countries more likely to acquire smart bombs. These effects interact with regime type and whether countries are more likely to ratify treaties related to the law of war. GDP per capita and economic capacity also appears fundamental to explaining smart bomb adoption.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police Participations with Pakistan's Army to Fight the Terrorism after 9/11

A modern state keeps on attending to governmental matters without paying attention to the dangers and confrontations thereof. Otherwise, the State cannot attain a stable, peaceful environment. The inner threats such as terrorism and extremism faced by the country are not different from going into a war with another country as it also weakens and demolishes the State. Hence, the country going through a critical period due to inner threats needs to strengthen the base of the law enforcement agencies. When it comes to Pakistan, the ability of the security agencies has been greatly weakened and affected by the presence of internal and external security threats. Pakistan's security has been greatly compromised due to the massive number of terror attacks and various crimes orchestrated from the unchecked villages and tribal areas. The army, intelligence services institutions and all other security departments are responsible for assisting the police force when they are performing their main duty, which is to maintain the law and order situation. The study will focus on the role of KP Police in the battle against terrorism and analyze their weak points.

Internal Capability of the State Matters in International Relations: Evidence from East African Tri-national Border Zone

The realist theoretical perspective suggests that the ‘inside’ of the state is not a critical variable since, unlike the anarchical international system, the domestic arena entails a sovereign entity in form of a government which is able to exercise effective authority, secure compliance from citizens, and guarantee internal order. However, studies continue to expose a litany of states especially in the developing world, whose weaknesses can be attributed to domestic antagonism. Consequently, the states face external security threats due to such internal incapacity gaps. This article draws data from Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan to demonstrate that internal capacity of states matter in international relations. The study establishes that the three states have been unable to establish effective authority over the pastoral Turkana, Karamojong and Toposa who reside in their respective territorial jurisdictions and this weakness has a corresponding effect on the ability of the state to promote its national interest, which is mainly security. The article therefore, argues that while realism still remains a compelling theoretical perspective for conceptualizing security in the international system, it could be strengthened by paying attention to the domestic variable.

Security Requirements for Electronic Health Record (EHR) Sharing in Public Clouds

Hospital health care supplier is also moving from paper records to electronic health records (EHRs) or may be mistreatment EHRs already. EHRs permit suppliers to use info additional effectively to boost the standard and potency of your care, however EHRs won't amendment the privacy protections or security safeguards that apply to your health information. Our project focuses on developing secure cloud framework for evolving and accessing trustworthy computing services all told levels of public cloud readying model. Thus, eliminates each internal and external security threats. These leads to achieving knowledge confidentiality, data integrity, authentication and authorization, eliminating both active and passive attacks from cloud network environment. To develop a secure cloud framework for accessing trustworthy computing and storage services all told levels of public cloud readying model.

Analysis of Legal Basis for Computer Cyber Security Review

The development of computer and information technology enables the in-depth application for human beings in the network and information application, and accordingly, more and more fields in human society are deeply associated with computer networks. The emergence of computer network enables human beings to obtain higher efficiency in information processing and transaction. However, computer network is endowed with virtuality, complexity and openness, which pose itself in internal and external security threats. At the same time, the speed of technological development is always faster than the updating and optimization of administrative regulations, which makes it difficult to guarantee cyber security in terms of legal basis. This paper discusses the legal basis of computer cyber security review with the hope to provide support for the relevant work and theoretical research of computer cyber security review.