External Motivational Factors Research Articles

Motives of gifted high school students for pursuing a teaching degree at university

Introduction. The problem of professional choice is one of the most pressing for any high school student. Gifted children are no exception. At the same time, the choice of a professional path is based on very different motives, which affects the success of professional self-determination and further career self-actualization. The choice of teacher’s training by gifted high school students is also made for various reasons. The purpose of the article is to identify the motives of gifted high school students for pursuing a teaching degree at university. Materials and methods. The participants in the study were 97 gifted students (51 students in 2022 and 46 students in 2023) who entered pedagogical courses at Kostroma State University. Methods: “Career Anchors” technique by E. Shein (translation and adaptation by V.A. Chiker, V.E. Vinokurova) “Methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological attitudes of the individual in the motivational-need sphere” by O.F. Potemkina; questionnaire by I.N. Grushetskaya, S.M. Nemchenko. Results. The study data showed that about a third of respondents took into account the opinions of their parents when making professional choices. The participants understand the essence of their profession, and, based on this understanding, they are satisfied with their choice (the percentage of gifted students who regret their choice is 2% in 2022; 4.3% in 2023). More than a half of the freshmen who entered the teacher’s training courses, starting from their first year, think about their professional future and the steps necessary to build a career. The students surveyed strive for independence, the opportunity to work independently and to implement their values and ideals into work to achieve socially important goals; they value a balance between career, family, personal interests and other aspects of life. The study showed that respondents often focus on external motivational factors of their professional choice, despite the “helping nature” of the chosen areas of training. According to the results of our study, the main motives for choosing a profession were an interest in this profession and correspondence of the profession with skills and abilities. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the need for systematic work with all categories of applicants, especially with gifted high school students, who often make their professional choice spontaneously, not consciously, relying on past achievements in various types of activities, focusing on the opinions of parents and teachers.

The implementation of metacognitive strategies in students’ teaching practice in microteaching class

A B S T R A C T Microteaching classes can be a challenging area of negotiation between personal and professional values which can help and provide pre-service teachers understanding and opportunities to hone their teaching and learning process better. This research aims to identify the application of metacognitive strategies in the preparation process for teaching practice in microteaching classes, by focusing on the research questions regarding the implementation of metacognitive strategies in teaching practice exercises and students’s motivation to apply metacognitive strategies in micro-teaching classes. A qualitative case study method was used to answer these two research questions by employing purposive sampling with three participants in a micro-teaching class (semester five). The study reveals that students applied metacognitive strategies of goal-setting, planning, monitoring, and evaluating strategies to enhance their teaching practices. These strategies are influenced by internal and external motivation factors, such as intuition, personal experience, and self-awareness. Nevertheless, as this study involved a small group and did not focus on real classroom practices, future studies are suggested to involve more participants and combine methods to track both the immediate and long-term effects of using metacognitive strategies in teacher training.

THE IMPACT OF GAMIFICATION WITH AN EMPHASIS ON EXTERNAL MOTIVATION IN MOOCS FOR STUDENTS IN EMERGING REGIONS FROM AN UNDERPRIVILEGED GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF THE LEVEL UP COURSE BY GAMELAB KBTU AND UNICEF IN KAZAKHSTAN

This paper examines the impact of gamification and external motivation on the engagement and completion rates of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), with a focus on underprivileged groups in emerging regions. The research centres around the “LEVEL UP” course, a gamified MOOC designed to enhance STEM skills among young women in Kazakhstan, developed by GameLab KBTU in collaboration with UNICEF. Utilizing a combination of quantitative data analysis and literature review, the study investigates the efficacy of gamification strategies in increasing course completion rates, which are traditionally low in MOOCs. The findings indicate that the inclusion of gamification and external motivational elements, such as competitive elements and rewards, can improve completion rates. The LEVEL UP course, for example, achieved a completion rate of 10%, which is higher than the average completion rate of MOOC courses, which 5-8%. However, the study also highlights the complexity of balancing external and internal motivational factors to sustain long-term engagement and deep learning. Limitations encountered, including technical issues and platform constraints, underline the challenges of implementing such strategies effectively. Recommendations for further research include exploring the long-term impact of gamification, the optimal balance of motivational elements, and the customization of gamification to individual learner needs. This paper contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of gamification in education, emphasizing the need for nuanced approaches that enhance both engagement and learning outcomes, particularly in the context of democratizing education for learners worldwide.

Determining factors in the career choice of music high school students

In Hungary, little attention has been devoted to the secondary level of music education, even though it is not only a transition between primary and tertiary education but also has predictive power regarding the future of music education. In our research, we surveyed students in their final year at a vocational secondary school with music specialisation using open-ended questions to investigate the factors influencing their career choice, their vision of the future, and the external and internal professional motivational factors. The questions focused on music-related career choice, practising, the attraction of a career in music, motivations for persevering, and the factors and people strengthening self-confidence. According to the respondents, healthy self-confidence and adequate motivation constitute an inevitable basis and source of professional success. Motivation is best derived from the positive feedback of the environment and the experience of success. Due to the individualised instruction in music education, the main subject teacher plays a decisive role, often influencing not only students’ professional career but also their personal path. In our research, we also examined students’ perception of the ideal main subject teacher. Students’ recognition of a main subject teacher is enhanced by personalised attention, setting realistic expectations to the student, exemplary professional knowledge, and interpersonal skills. Based on their professional experience and perceptions, students also commented on the qualities required from a musician and the personal meaning of music. According to the responses, the best characteristics of a musician are perseverance, humility, and diligence, whereas music is a means of self-expression, which provides relaxation, serenity, and refuge.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ТРАДИЦИОННЫХ И СОВРЕМЕННЫХ МЕТОДОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The purpose of this study is to examine the key differences between traditional and modern management methods. The parameters chosen for comparative analysis are planning perspectives, the ability to assess the risks and performance of the enterprise, and the influence and importance of internal and external motivation factors from the perspective of modern and traditional management.

Motivational management of enterprise innovation development in the context of limited resources and environmental influences

The article reveals the main characteristics of motivational management of the enterprise, directly related to the innovation development, especially in conditions of limited resources. The authors define the main goal of the motivation process and analyze the role of motivational management in the activities of modern enterprises and organizations. It is established that the development of an effective system motivation of employees stimulates their actions, and therefore activates and directs their actions to the development of innovative activities and contributes to increasing the level of interest in making a significant labor contribution to the achievement of the goals set by the enterprise. As a result of the research the internal and external motivational factors influencing motivational management and innovations implementation. It was found that creative activity in the innovative activity of enterprises is achieved through an optimal combination of various incentives, however, the current incentive system at enterprises is not able to effectively stimulate employees to engage in innovative activities. The authors propose the system of formation of motivational management of innovative development of the enterprise in conditions of limited resources and environmental influences. The coefficients of motivational management at the industrial enterprises in the conditions of limited resources have been calculated by means of mathematical modeling.

COURAGE IN R. J. PALACIO’S NOVEL WONDER

This research is entitled Courage in R. J. Palacio's Novel Wonder. This study focuses on the types of courage and the factors behind the courageous actions taken by August Pullman as a protagonist in the novel. It examines what actions are considered courageous actions and what factors affect the courageous actions. This study used the qualitative method as the research method because the data is not numerical. The type of data in the study is the text from two data sources, i.e., primary data and secondary data. The primary data source is the novel, and the secondary data source is the related information. The aim of this study is to find out what types of courage are given by the protagonist and what factors cause him to be courageous in the novel. The writers used Dungate’s theory of the six types of courage to classify the types. The study also applied the study conducted by Rate et al. in implicit theories of courage to classify the factors of courageous actions. The result of the study shows that first, the types of courage found in the protagonist are physical courage, social courage, intellectual courage, and emotional courage; second, the factors that can be found in the protagonist are external circumstances, affective, and motivational factors.

Significance of the regional stage of the All-Russian Olympiad results

The Olympiad movement in domestic pedagogy is perceived simultaneously as a driver of the development of students’ creative abilities and an alternative system for assessing their educational results. The problem of our research is associated with the implementation of Olympiad practices, in particular, with the results of the regional stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for Schoolchildren. The relevance of the study is due to the constantly increasing schoolchildren’s participation and popularity of Olympiads in different subjects. For example, in the 2022-23 academic year, more than 20 million cases of participation were recorded. There is no doubt that the Olympiad movement is important for the development of students’ creativity, however, schoolchildren tend to avoid intellectual competitions. Thus, the aim of the study is to examine additional external motivational factors that may improve the situation. As a theoretical framework of the study, the cultural approach was used along with the cultural theory of the education content. The main research methods are theoretical, including the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, regulatory documentation and tasks of the past years, categorization, induction and deduction. As a result, conclusions were made about the need to reform the Olympiad movement in the area of recognition of the significance of the regional stage results of the All-Russian Olympiad for Schoolchildren. We propose to take into account the effective participation in the Olympiads in the system of state final certification and equate the diploma of the winner and prize-winner of the regional stage with 85 and 75 points of the Unified State Exam, respectively. The article reveals prerequisites for such a reform, indicating a high level of competitions, with the transparency of the procedure for assessing and holding competitions under the direct control of the Ministry of Education. The theoretical significance of the study is refracted in the enrichment of pedagogical science in the field of the implementation of Subject Olympiads for Schoolchildren, its practical significance is the possibility of using the obtained results both to reform the procedure at the federal level and to recognize the significance of the regional stage results by universities when working with applicants.

Professional self-development of a person as the evolution of his subject potential

In the article, professional self-development is considered as a human activity during which subject potential changes. This allows you to see the logic of the formation of the personality of the profession in a new way. Data from sociological research served as the basis for revealing the specifics of work motivation of young people at the stage of professional self-determination, professional self-actualization, and professional self-realization. The contradiction between external and internal motivational and value factors of professional self-development is revealed. The dynamism of the socio-economic situation of modern Ukrainian society requires professional flexibility from a person. Professional self-actualization today does not look like a linear process of achievements within the once chosen profession. Motivation for constant growth and self-improvement ensures professional mobility: professional development, development of related specialties, and, if necessary, a change of profession. A person realizes his vocation to be himself in various fields of activity - industrial, scientific, artistic, managerial, pedagogical and others, the basis of which is work. For the professional self-actualization of an individual, labor activity is fundamental. The understanding of work as a sphere of human self-actualization leads to the need to create such a quality of working life that would contribute to a person's disclosure of his subjects. A person is not simply "integrated" into the system of labor relations as an object, a kind of "screw", but reveals himself as a subject of a specific professional activity, with certain requirements for work, aimed at satisfying a wide range of needs and actualizing abilities. A person's labor activity, which is especially characterized by joint work with other people, allows meeting various social needs of a person in cognition, communication, developing cognitive, communicative and other abilities. The proposed approach is of great importance not only for the theory of professional self-development of the individual, but also for solving practical tasks of increasing the effectiveness of professional education.

Opening the Black Box of an mHealth Patient-Reported Outcome Tool for Diabetes Self-Management: Interview Study Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Mobile health (mHealth) tools are used to collect data on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and facilitate the assessment of patients' self-management behaviors outside the clinic environment. Despite the high availability of mHealth diabetes tools, there is a lack of understanding regarding the underlying reasons why these mHealth PRO tools succeed or fail in terms of changing patients' self-management behaviors. This study aims to identify the factors that drive engagement with an mHealth PRO tool and facilitate patients' adoption of self-management behaviors, as well as elicit suggestions for improvement. This qualitative study was conducted within the context of a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of an mHealth PRO tool (known as i-Matter) versus usual care regarding reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and adherence to self-management behaviors at 12 months among patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Patients randomized to i-Matter participated in semistructured interviews about their experiences at the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month study visits. A qualitative analysis of the interviews was conducted by 2 experienced qualitative researchers using conventional qualitative content analysis. The sample comprised 71 patients, of whom 67 (94%) completed at least one interview (n=48, 72% female patients; n=25, 37% identified as African American or Black; mean age 56.65 [SD 9.79] years). We identified 4 overarching themes and 6 subthemes. Theme 1 showed that the patients' reasons for engagement with i-Matter were multifactorial. Patients were driven by internal motivating factors that bolstered their engagement and helped them feel accountable for their diabetes (subtheme 1) and external motivating factors that helped to serve as reminders to be consistent with their self-management behaviors (subtheme 2). Theme 2 revealed that the use of i-Matter changed patients' attitudes toward their disease and their health behaviors in 2 ways: patients developed more positive attitudes about their condition and their ability to effectively self-manage it (subtheme 3), and they also developed a better awareness of their current behaviors, which motivated them to adopt healthier lifestyle behaviors (subtheme 4). Theme 3 showed that patients felt more committed to their health as a result of using i-Matter. Theme 4 highlighted the limitations of i-Matter, which included its technical design (subtheme 5) and the need for more resources to support the PRO data collected and shared through the tool (subtheme 6). This study isolated internal and external factors that prompted patients to change their views about their diabetes, become more engaged with the intervention and their health, and adopt healthy behaviors. These behavioral mechanisms provide important insights to drive future development of mHealth interventions that could lead to sustained behavior change.

여가 동기와 제약요인이 노인 여가 만족에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

This study sought to derive major leisure motivation, leisure constraints, and leisure satisfaction factors of the elderly, and to find out how leisure motivation and leisure constraints affect leisure satisfaction. The subjects of the study were the elderly using Wonju Senior Welfare Facility, which was conducted as an on-site survey between April 1 and May 30, 2022. A total of 320 copies were distributed, of which 299 were used for data analysis as effective samples. The analysis results are summarized as follows. First, three factors (external motivation factors, no motivation factors, and internal motivation factors) were extracted as leisure motivation, and three factors (structure, intra-personal, inter-personal were extracted for leisure constraints and three factors (family relation satisfaction, environmental satisfaction, and life satisfaction) were drew for leisure motivation factors. Second, the respondents expressed their opinion that they are not satisfied with where they lives and are not satisfied with the space they live in when they have no family or colleagues to share leisure activities or when they want to participate but have no one to help them. In addition, when participating in leisure activities for no particular reason, there was nothing to do, so when participating to eliminate other miscellaneous thoughts, they felt close to their families and relationships with their relatives improved, and they were satisfied with the space and place they lived. In conclusion, practical implications based on the results of this study were proposed

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Motivation of Hungarian Junior Handball Players

Study purpose. In sports, just like in everyday life, motivation plays an important role in achieving individual goals. Motivation is an individual’s decision to engage in certain activities and make various efforts to do so. Sports require a continuous, constant effort from individuals, so it is even more important here that the athlete has the necessary motivation. Without motivation, it is not possible to do sports at a high level in the long term. The aim of the study was to examine the sports motivation factors of handball players in the Hungarian junior classes. Handball is one of the most popular sports in Hungary. As a result, it can be said that, from the point of view of the long-term success of the sport, it is essential to know the factors that motivate youth athletes. Materials and methods. We collected the data required for the research using a questionnaire. The research took place in the fall of 2022, with 190 youth athletes interviewed. During our research, we established that internal and external motivational factors are equally important for Hungarian youth handball players. Results. With statistical calculations, we show a significant relationship between the athletes’ motivation and the joy caused by sports, the avoidance of disappointment caused to the environment due to the cessation of sports, and the sports results achieved. Conclusions. The results of the study will be a useful resource for those interested in the sport of handball, to better consider the motivational factors that help to understand the motivation of young athletes and which are important in order to consistently provide a high level of performance.

Seeking support through solidarity: female leader's experiences of workplace solidarity in male-dominated professions.

While there is a plethora of research that documents the numerous barriers affecting female leaders in the modern workplace, there is a lack of literature which focuses on strategies or motivating resources that women use to navigate the workplace environment. Despite facing significant barriers in their leadership journeys, there are female leaders who are able to overcome these barriers to achieve leadership positions. These women leaders draw on personal and external motivating factors to assist them in dealing with the challenges associated with being a female leader as a result, research on motivating strategies for women's career progression is a research topic that warrants immediate attention. Female solidarity as a motivating resource has been gaining traction in the field of leadership studies and can be seen as a supportive resource that can be used by current and aspiring female leaders to progress in underrepresented environments. Although female solidarity is but only one of the many strategies that can be implemented to motivate women in leadership positions, the increase of female solidarity in the workplace is expected to alleviate the conditions that reinforce essentialist notions of the "queen bee syndrome" in which women are seen as unsupportive of each other. A qualitative research approach was used for this study, following an interpretive descriptive design. A total of 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted with female leaders in male-dominated professions within South Africa. Data was analysed using thematic content analysis. Results of the study were analyzed in line with three primary content areas, i.e., barriers to female solidarity in the workplace, benefits of female solidarity in the workplace and workplace interventions to increase solidarity. In the context of the study the predominant barriers to female solidarity within male-dominated workplaces were identified as unfair workplace behaviours, generational beliefs, societal expectations, organisational cultures, stereotypes and stigmas. The benefits of female solidarity within male-dominated workplaces were identified as career shaping mentorship, female recognition, female representation and female support. Lastly, the interventions that can be implemented to increase female solidarity within male-dominated workplaces were conceptualised as networking, transforming the company culture, socialisation and mentorship.

The rising environmentalists: Fostering environmental goal attainment through volunteer tourism

This study attends to Generation Zers’ volunteer tourism. It draws on self-determination and goal-setting theories to synthesize a model delineating how the interplay of internal and external environmental motivational factors reshapes green volunteering involvement amid the pandemic, leading to environmental goal attainment and persistent endeavors. The inquiry adopted an online survey-based design with data collected from 340 rising environmentalists. Results first suggest that environmental self-efficacy and social climate are positively related to green volunteering involvement, with environmental self-efficacy exhibiting a more profound effect. These relationships are also moderated by eudaimonic environmental pursuits in that the relationships remain stronger when volunteers pursue eudaimonia to a high degree. Furthermore, involvement is evident in fostering environmental goal attainment, leading to pro-environmental behaviors and advocacy. With the above findings taken together, this investigation sheds light on environmental goal attainment through volunteer tourism amid the COVID-19 turbulence. It brings to light a motivation–goal attainment–behavior model that deserves investigating.

Impacts of COVID-19 on Appropriate Use of Screening Colonoscopy in a Large Integrated Healthcare Delivery System.

Decreasing low-value colonoscopy is critical to optimizing access for high-need patients, particularly in resource-constrained environments such as those created by the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesized that rates of screening colonoscopy overuse would decline during COVID compared to pre-COVID due to enhanced procedural scrutiny and prioritization in the setting of constrained access. To characterize impacts of COVID-19 on screening colonoscopy overuse DESIGN: Retrospective national cohort study using Veterans Health Administration administrative data PARTICIPANTS: Veterans undergoing screening colonoscopy in Q4 2019 (pre-COVID) and Q4 2020 (COVID) at 109 endoscopy facilities MAIN MEASURES: Rates of screening colonoscopy overuse KEY RESULTS: 18,376 screening colonoscopies were performed pre-COVID, 19% (3,641) of which met overuse criteria. While only 9,360 screening colonoscopies were performed in Q4 2020, 25% met overuse criteria. Overall change in median facility-level overuse during COVID compared to pre-COVID was 6% (95%CI 5%-7%), with significant variability across facilities (IQR: 2%-11%). Of colonoscopies meeting overuse criteria, the top reason for overuse in both periods was screening colonoscopy performed <9 years after previous screening procedure (55% pre-COVID, 49% during COVID). The largest shifts in overuse category were in screening procedures performed <9 years after prior screening colonoscopy (-6% decline COVID vs. pre-COVID) and screening procedures performed in patients below average-risk screening age (i.e., age <40 (5% increase COVID compared to pre-COVID), age 40-44 (4% increase COVID vs. pre-COVID)). Within facility performance was stable over time; 83/109 facilities changed their performance by <=1 quartile during COVID compared to pre-COVID. Despite pandemic-related resource constraints and enhanced procedural scrutiny and prioritization in the setting of COVID-related backlogs, screening colonoscopy overuse rates remained roughly stable during COVID compared to pre-COVID, with continued variability across facilities. These data highlight the need for systematic and concerted efforts to address overuse, even in the face of strong external motivating factors.

Analysis of Students’ Learning Motivation: Psychometric Parameters Study of Learning English Courses in the Business Travel Department

This study's goal is to determine the variables that affect students' motivation to learn English at Darussalam Polytechnic Palembang's Travel Business study program. The basis of this research is seen in the weak mastery of English possessed by students of the travel business study program. This study also aims to find specific motivations that best influence learning English. This study used a qualitative method by giving participants a questionnaire consisting of 20 statements and a Likert scale. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling. The data from the questionnaire were analyzed using statistical procedures and described descriptively. The findings of this investigation indicate that external motivational factors have a better contribution than internal motivational factors, and in external motivation, there is the quality of the instructor and teaching materials, which are the most dominant sub-factors for maintaining learning motivation.

Beyond the Conference: Health Sciences Librarians’ Motivations for Publishing

Introduction: Previous studies have found that only 21.8% to 28% of abstracts presented at the annual Medical Library Association (MLA) conferences are later published as journal articles. What motivates health sciences librarians to take the next step in publishing and disseminating their work? This study will answer the following questions: 1) Are librarians presenting at MLA conferences more motivated to publish due to internal motivational factors (e.g., “to build a professional reputation for myself”), external motivational factors (e.g., “I am expected to participate in research for my job”), or a mix of both? 2) Do motivations for publication differ between academic and hospital librarians? 3) Do motivations for publication differ between those who published in peer-reviewed journals and those who published in other venues? Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the team surveyed first authors of abstracts presented at the MLA conferences in 2012 and 2014 to determine if they later published their work in any full-text format. If they did publish, the team asked authors where their work was published and the primary and secondary reasons for pursuing publication. The reasons for publication included internal and external motivational factors identified from the library science literature. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences in motivation. Results: One hundred and sixty one authors responded to the survey, and of these, 49 authors reported that they had published their abstract(s). Fifty-one percent (n=25) of respondents selected only internal motivational factors, 18.4% (n=9) selected only external motivational factors, and 30.6% (n=15) reported a mix of both. The author found no statistically significant differences between hospital and academic librarians, or those who published in peer-reviewed journals versus other venues. Discussion: Findings indicate that librarians who chose to publish their work after presenting at annual MLA conferences are primarily motivated to publish due to internal factors. Interventions designed to encourage MLA presenters to publish their work should consider ways to cultivate presenters’ internal motivation.

Developing and validating translators’ book selection criteria scale: The case of translators in Iran

The present study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to measure Iranian translators’ book selection criteria (TBSC). A mixed-methods approach was adopted to conduct the research. During the qualitative phase, the researchers developed the first draft of the questionnaire by generating items through focus groups and literature review. This led to constructing a 40-item closed-ended questionnaire ranging on a 6-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Participants of both phases were selected by snowball sampling and participated voluntarily in the study. The quantitative approach was used to pilot the web-based questionnaire with 50 participants. To assess the psychometric properties of the final instrument, a sample of 251 translators completed the questionnaire. The revised and modified version of the TBSC scale included 34 items loaded on six subscales, namely general considerations, external motivating factors, success guarantee factors, translator’s authority/agency, internal motivating factors, and finally, publisher’s authority/agency. The study’s findings indicate that the TBSC is a valid and reliable (α = .748) instrument to measure the criteria affecting the translator’s book selection in the context of Iran.

Öğretmenlerin Motivasyonunu Arttıran ve Azaltan Faktörler: Gazze Örneği

The goal of this study is to find out the situations that motivate and demotivate teachers in their job. In this study, phenomenology, one of the qualitative research method designs, was used to reveal the factors affecting teachers' motivation. Content analysis, one of the qualitative data analysis techniques, was used to examine the acquired data. The study group consisted of (25) teachers working in primary schools in Gaza Governorate-Occupied Palestine in the academic year 2019-2020. They were selected according to the convenience sampling method. (15) extrinsic motivators, (26) intrinsic motivators, (32) extrinsic demotivators, and (3) intrinsic demotivators emerged from the analysis and interviews. The findings of the study are in line with the attribution theory of motivation, especially the dimension of locus of causality, as teachers’ motivators and demotivational factors are classified according to internal and external motivation factors. In addition, some factors can be attributed to the stability dimension, specifically the demotivational factors including the school physical environment, administrative bureaucracy, the routine of governmental organizations, weak incentives, and unstable political conditions. These factors are stable causes that influence teachers’ behaviours consistently over time. Internal motivating factors are effective in increasing motivation more than exterior motivating factors; however, the external factors are effective in decreasing the motivation of teachers more than the internal factors.

Evaluation of abstinence motivation for people who have alcohol dependence

Problem. Alcohol addiction is an important problem for both society and healthcare. A lot of scientific research on the problems, conse-quences and treatment of alcohol consumption has been carried out in the world and in Lithuania, but there is a lack of deeper analysis of personal experiences related to the motivation of addicted persons, their opinion about treatment and needs.&#x0D; Aim of the study is to assess the motivation for sobriety of alcohol-dependent persons.&#x0D; Methods. A qualitative study was conducted using a semi-structured interview and analyzing the data using the qualitative content analysis method. The study participants are 6 alcohol-dependent persons who continue treatment in the psychosocial rehabilitation department during the study.&#x0D; Results and Conclusions. Based on the statements of the participants in the study, it was found out that it was not easy for the respondents to give up alcohol: they distanced themselves from friends who drank alcohol, they felt awkward and stupid when they had to explain why they did not drink, it was unpleasant to see drunken friends with sober eyes, it was difficult to figure out what to do, especially on weekends. The participants decided to pursue sobriety based on external and internal motivation. External motivating factors family members, relatives, colleagues, lost work and property; internal - deteriorated health, relationship problems in the family, stigmatizing society's attitude, self-loathing.