Variation In External Morphology Research Articles

Morphological Variation and New Description of the Subcutaneous Gland of Sepiella inermis (Van Hasselt, 1835) in Thai Waters

The external morphology and morphological variations of Sepiella inermis vary across regions, necessitating investigation. However, the histological information on the subcutaneous gland has been insufficient to describe it. In this study, specimens were systematically collected and characterized from the Gulf of Thailand. Regarding external morphology, female cuttlebones exhibit greater width and more pronounced curves compared to males, while males feature 17–19 white dots along the fin margins. The presence of the subcutaneous gland was discerned during the embryonic stage at stage 19. A histological study of the subcutaneous gland illustrated the structure and development of the gland in both embryonic and adult stages, with four layers of membranes covering the gland. In the adult stage, trabeculae are dispersed throughout the gland, whereas in the embryonic stage, they form four distinct lines. The morphometric analysis revealed significant differences between males and females (p < 0.05) and the morphological variations within both sexes across the seven study areas exhibit significant differences (p < 0.05). According to the discriminant analysis results, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the groups in Surat Thani Province. Examining the length–weight relationship between dorsal mantle length and body weight showed significant differences between the sexes, indicating an allometric growth.

Forensic significance of Roundup Full® II effect on the development of Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The most widely used herbicides in the world are glyphosate formulations. These have been used in self-poisoning and accidental poisoning. Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are associated with decomposing human and animal remains. The aim of the study was to evaluate Roundup Full® II effects on saprophagous insects´ development. For this, green bottle flies and hide beetles were exposed to different doses of the herbicide. The duration of life cycles was recorded by observations made every 8 and 24 h. To register possible variations in size, external morphology, and female proportion, specimens of all developmental stages were collected. The duration of developmental stages in L. sericata did not change due to the herbicide, but this reduced all size parameters of puparium with pupae inside, the weight of L1, and of adults. The larval stage and total duration in D. maculatus were decreased by the highest dose, while size parameters of hide beetles remained unchanged at all development stages. In both flies and beetles, there was no evidence of abnormal external morphology and the female proportion did not change in response to the herbicide. Finally, this study exhibited an impact on L. sericata and D. maculatus, so the possibility that the herbicide may affect other forensically important species should be considered, but more work is needed. Taxonomic determination could be done as usual; however, caution should be exercised when estimating the postmortem interval. This study represents the first to analyze a glyphosate-based herbicide associated with Forensic Entomology.

Unity in diversity: morphological and genetic variability, integrative systematics, and phylogeography of the widespread nudibranch mollusc Onchidoris muricata

Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Onchidorididae) is a well-known nudibranch species, which has a wide amphiboreal range confirmed by molecular data. However, O. muricata shows a high degree of variation in external morphology among distant populations, which may indicate the presence of cryptic diversity within this species. There are also two closely related species with an unconfirmed taxonomic status, which were recently described from the northwestern Pacific based on morphological data. In this paper we study the taxonomic status and population structure of O. muricata based on an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular data and using O. muricata as a model we explore issues of boreal marine fauna connectivity and glaciation-driven isolation. The external morphology, spicule composition, and features of the buccal armature and the reproductive system were studied using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and mCT scan technology. The molecular study included various population genetic analyses as well as divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction analyses. Onchidoris muricata represents a true amphiboreal species, which shows a high degree of heterogeneity in morphological characters, especially in the radular morphology and in features of the reproductive system. Our new data question the validity of the North-West Pacific species O. macropompa and O. pavli as the morphology of both these species fall within the phenotypic diversity of O. muricata. Although our sampling does not include the type localities of these two species, the observed morphological variability in O. muricata and the lack of molecular data for the North Pacific species O. macropompa and O. pavli suggest the latter two species are in fact part of O. muricata morphological diversity. Phylogeographic analyses indicate a genetic separation of the North Pacific and North Atlantic-Arctic populations of O. muricata, suggesting restricted gene flow between these areas. We show that this divergence may be a result of glacial cycles during the late Pleistocene, which were a key factor in the reduction of gene flow across the Arctic Ocean. Our molecular results also suggest that the White Sea population experienced a bottleneck event during the last Glacial Maximum.

A Study of External Ear Morphological Variation in Central Indian Population for Genealogical Purposes

The study aims to determine the inheritance pattern of different morphological features of the external ear in three generations from five states of India to assess the similarities between P1, F1, and F2 generations. The research involved 62 families, each with 124 grandparents P1 (62 males and 62 females), 124 parents F1 (62 males and 62 females), and 82 F2 generations (53 males and 29 females), a total of 330 samples, ranging in age from 1 to 75 years. All the samples were collected from five different states of India: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Maharashtra. The external ear is distinct in terms of shape, size, and orientation. Its morphological variation aids in the determination of genetic inheritance. Fisher exact test was performed to assess the inter-generation association of morphological characteristics of the ear. Similar to other body characteristics, it is established that the auricle shape, lobule shape, and ear lobule attachment are also inherited. The associations of ear traits in three generations were studied, and the results might be used in forensic identification.

Geographic variation in external morphology of North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus)

Geographic variations in size and proportions of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) were investigated using length data acquired from whaling records and aerial photogrammetric surveys. Results showed that blue whales found in the eastern Pacific off Central and North America are significantly shorter (by approximately 2m) than blue whales found at higher latitudes in the North Pacific. Results support the occurrence of a morphologically distinct eastern North Pacific (ENP) blue whale population which migrates in spring/summer from warm waters off Central America and Mexico to temperate feeding grounds along the west coast of North America. Southern Hemisphere blue whales sampled with vertical aerial photogrammetry off northern Peru and the Galapagos Islands were similar in size to the ENP blue whales. However, the population affinity of these southern blue whales remains uncertain. No length data were available for blue whales formerly captured off southern Japan and Korea. Nonetheless, a history of diminishing fishery catches and a lack of any recent sightings suggests that these whales were members of a geographic population that is now severely depleted or extinct. Based on comparisons of total length, length of rostrum and length of tail region, ENP blue whales were found to be morphologically similar to the ‘pygmy’ blue whale (B.m. brevicauda) described from the Kerguelen Island region of the southern Indian Ocean. ‘Antarctic’ blue whales (B.m. intermedia) from the Southern Ocean were found to be statistically significantly larger than their conspecifics at high latitudes in the North Pacific. These results support the hypotheses that blue whales that migrate from warm seas to cold feeding grounds in high latitudes are larger than those whose distributions are limited to low and mid-latitudes. Differences in morphology may reflect selective pressure on populations to adapt physiologically to energy demands associated with different migration, environmental and ecological regimes. As some of the results come from populations located far apart in different oceans, questions remain concerning the continuity of populations within and among ocean basins. Consequently, research using fishery data and approaches such as photogrammetry, telemetry, acoustics and molecular genetic analysis should be continued to better understand the worldwide blue whale population structure.

English

Abstract Both external and internal morphological characteristics (the gastric mill and the gill on maxillipeds) of museum specimens of European Astacidae, namely Astacus astacus and Pontastacus leptodactylus, were observed and detailed illustrations and descriptions are herein provided. Several morphological variations in external morphology were detected, and the characters to discriminate between Astacus and Pontastacus have been used to update the diagnoses of these two genera.

ENDODONTIC MANAGEMENT OF RADIX ENTOMOLARISIN PERMANENT MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR: A CASE REPORT

Mandibular first molars show most of the anatomical variations not only in the number of canals but also in the presence of number of roots and their morphology. The presence of additional root either lingually or buccally in addition to two roots is one of the complex morphological variations. Diagnosis, identification, and treatment of these variations needadequate knowledge of root and root canal anatomy and configurations which can contribute to the better outcome. This case report discusses the endodontic treatment of two mandibular first molars with a radix entomolaris (RE), which are rare macrostructures. The prevalence, the external morphological variations, and internal anatomy of the RE are described.

Darwin’s and Wallace’s Fascinations With Oversized Morphology and the Question of Developmental Plasticity

AbstractDarwin in his book, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, described his fascination with a male Chiasognathus grantii Stephens (Coreptera, Lucanidae), a stag beetle species with enormous mandibles. Wallace in his book, The Malay Archipelago, recorded his enchantment with a male Euchirus longimanus L. (Coreptera, Scarabaeoidae), a ‘chafer’ species with ‘immense fore-arms’ (tibia or femora). These oversized traits have been interpreted as the results of allometry through sexual selection. Both Darwin and Wallace were aware that there was a large variation in these oversized traits intraspecifically, leading to the question of the role of variability in species-level evolution. To answer this question, I studied the variation in developmental plasticity (DP; the individual ability to react to external environment) of the stag beetles, which shows a great variation in external morphology. These observations indicated that 1) DP (measured in body length) is independent of allometry of the mandibles, 2) allometry of the mandibles had been ingrained in most members of the Family before the differentiation of DP took place, 3) DP is indirectly related to sexual selection through elongated mandibles that are used for fighting or securing the mate, as evidenced by the close correlation of DP with the mandible length, and 4) the enormous mandibles of stag beetles are the product of enlarged DP through allometry and sexual selection. From these results, I add enhanced DP as an independent element in the evolution of seemingly oversized traits seen in many beetle species.

Multivariate Characterization of Phenotypic Variation from throughout the Geographic Ranges of Philippine False Coral Snakes: Two Species or Four?

The Philippine-endemic elapid genus Hemibungarus consists of three described species that are widely distributed across northern and central portions of the archipelago. Hemibungarus calligaster, H. mcclungi, and H. gemianulis were originally diagnosed, and remain recognized today, primarily based on differences in color pattern. Previous studies and faunal checklists suggest that these species occupy distinct geographic distributions within the Philippines. However, the relatively low numbers of specimens in collections and the misidentification of older specimens under outdated taxonomy have hampered a synthetic understanding of their actual distributional limits. Thus, an in-depth revisiting of the range of external morphological and color pattern variation within and among each species is still needed to clarify species boundaries and determine whether distributional limits change once properly documented. We provide a geographic assessment of morphological variation, using 98 specimens of Hemibungarus from institutional collections and public databases to reevaluate the range of phenotypic variation exhibited by each taxon and critically assess the geographic ranges of all three species of Hemibungarus. We use these data and multivariate statistics (principal coordinate and linear discriminant analyses) to demonstrate quantitatively how meristic data support the phenotypic distinctiveness of each species and to update the identifications of all accessible specimens. Georeferencing all specimens reidentified with morphological data indicates that H. calligaster is limited to central and northern regions of Luzon Island, whereas H. gemianulis is restricted to islands in central Philippines (Visayas). Hemibungarus mcclungi, previously considered restricted to the Bicol Peninsula in southern Luzon, appears to be more widely distributed—extending north into central and northern Luzon. We also identify a population of Hemibungarus that is intermediate in morphology between the parapatric H. calligaster and H. mcclungi, which raises the question of species boundaries and should be the focus of future study. Overall, our results provide a much-needed reconsideration of the identities of all available specimens in the world's biodiversity repositories, which use newly summarized data to elucidate the geographic distributions of the members of this enigmatic elapid genus, identify future directions for research on this group, and highlight the importance of returning to verified species occurrence data from the source (museum specimens) when considering biogeographical questions, species boundaries, and all related natural history studies.

Structure and evolution of the sexually dimorphic integumentary swelling on the hands of dendrobatid poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatoidea).

The hands of adult males of many dendrobatid poison frogs and their relatives possess swelling formed by glandular tissue hypothesized to secrete courtship pheromones delivered to the female during cephalic amplexus. Variation in the occurrence and external morphology of the swelling of finger IV has provided important evidence for dendrobatoid systematics for decades, but its underlying structure has not been investigated. We undertook a detailed comparative analysis of the integument of the hand, including both external morphology and histology, of 36 species representing the diversity of dendrobatoid frogs and several close relatives. The swelling is caused by four densely packed, hypertrophic, morpho‐histochemical types of specialized mucous glands (SMGs). We observed type I SMGs on fingers II–V and the wrist, including areas that are not swollen, types II and IV exclusively on finger IV, and type III on finger IV and the wrist. Type I SMGs occur either in isolation or together with types II, III, or IV; types II, III, and IV never occur together or without type I. We delimited 15 characters to account for the variation in external morphology and the occurrence of SMGs. Our data suggest that type I SMGs are a new synapomorphy for Dendrobatoidea and that type II SMGs originated in either the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Dendrobatidae or independently in the MRCAs of Aromobatidae and Colostethinae, respectively, while types III and IV are restricted to Anomaloglossus. The discovery of these SMGs adds a new dimension to studies of poison frog reproductive biology, which have investigated acoustic, visual, and tactile cues in courtship, mating, and parental care across the diversity of Dendrobatoidea for decades but have almost entirely overlooked the possible role of chemical cues.

Taxonomic Revision of Hook-Forming Acrosorium (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Northwestern Pacific Based on Morphology and Molecular Data.

Cosmopolitan Acrosorium species with hook-forming thalli have been merged under the name of Acrosorium ciliolatum (Harvey) Kylin through a long and complicated nomenclatural history. We examined the specimens of ‘A. ciliolatum’ and related taxa from the northwestern (NW) Pacific, the UK, southern Spain, Australia, New Zealand, and Chile, using morphological and molecular analyses. We confirmed that these specimens are separated into four clades based on rbcL phylogeny, and the absence or presence of terminal hook-like structures represent intraspecific variation. Our results indicated that Acrosorium flabellatum Yamada, Cryptopleura hayamensis Yamada, Cryptopleura membranacea Yamada and the entities known as ‘A. ciliolatum’ in the NW Pacific are conspecific; the name A. flabellatum is the oldest and has priority. This taxon exhibits extreme variations in external blade morphology. We also confirmed that the position of the tetrasporangial sori is a valuable diagnostic characteristic for distinguishing A. flabellatum in the NW Pacific. We also discussed the need for further study of European and southern hemisphere specimens from type localities, as well as the ambiguous position of California specimens.

External morphological stages and protein variations along with the embryonic development of the longarm river prawn Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871)

A good understanding of a given species' embryology is important to settle the larval rearing bases when juveniles are required for culture purposes or conservation programs. Changes in embryonic morphology, protein concentration, and protein type occurring in prawn eggs were analyzed in the present work. Berried females of Macrobrachium tenellum were collected in the Colotepec River, Oaxaca, Mexico. The eggs were taken from the ovigerous mass and embryonic stages classified by their color. Morphological changes in the embryos allowed identifying six embryonic stages based on color, egg size, and morphological features. Determinations of the protein extract were executed in SDS-PAGE (electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels) and, subsequently, proteomic analyses were also performed. Protein bands along embryonic development and their molecular weights are presented and commented.

Filling distribution gaps: Two new species of the catfish genus Cambeva from southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae)

The fauna and flora of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest have been intensively inventoried since the 19thcentury, but some components of this rich biota are still poorly known, and some areas have been poorly sampled. Recent studies on a rich collection of mountain catfishes of the genusCambevahave revealed a high diversity of species still undescribed in the region. Here we provide formal descriptions for two of these species, found in areas inserted in a broad gap of the presently known genus distribution. The first one is endemic to small coastal river basins of Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil; it is tentatively placed in an intrageneric clade, also includingC. castroi,C. davisi,C. guareiensisandC. zonata, by all sharing the presence of a flat small process on the dorsal margin of the quadrate, laterally overlapping metapterygoid and situated just posterior to the syncondrial joint between the metapterygoid and the quadrate. Phylogenetic relationships of the second new species, endemic to the Rio Itajaí-Mirim basin, are still obscure, but it shares a derived morphology of the mesethmoid with some species of theC. baliosgroup. Although species ofCambevahave little external morphological variation when compared to other trichomycterine groups, the present study once more shows the importance of recording and using osteological characters to diagnose externally similar trichomycterine species.

Roosting ecology and morphometric analysis of Pteropus medius (Indian flying fox) in Lower Dir, district, Pakistan.

The present study was conducted to explore morphometric variations of Pteropus medius (the Indian flying fox) and the roosting trees in Lower Dir, Pakistan. The bats were captured from Morus alba, Morus nigra, Brousonetia papyrifera, Pinus raxburghii, Hevea brasiliensis, Platanus orientalis, Populous nigra, Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Grevillea robusta through sling shot and mess net methods. A total of 12 bats were studied for the differential morphological features based on age and sex. Male bats were recorded higher in weight than females. The variations were found in body mass (821.1±34.65gm), circumference of body with wings (25.43±0.39cm), wingspan (112.58±1.90cm), Body length (20.73±0.68cm), Snout length (3.42±0.04cm), Eye length (1.45±0.033cm), Length of ear (3.56±0.05cm), Width of ear (2.46±0.04cm), Length b/w ear (5.51±0.11cm), Circumference of neck (12.23±0.24cm), Circumference of body without wings (18.68±0.31cm), Arm wing length (23.2±1.03cm), Length of thumb (5.43±0.1cm), Length of nail (1.89±0.05cm), Hand wing length (29.1±0.51cm), Maximum width of wing (21.03±0.68cm), Length b/w tip of wing to 5th digit (29.39±0.30cm), Length b/w 5th digit to foot (22.97±1.09cm), Length b/w feet (18.31±0.74cm) and Length of foot claw (4.23±0.05cm). This study was designed for analysis of external morphological variations for P. medius (the Indian flying fox) that may help in identification of these bats and their roosting sites.

Genomic and morphological evidence of distinct populations in the endemic common (weedy) seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Syngnathidae) along the east coast of Australia.

The common or weedy seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, is an iconic and endemic fish found across temperate reefs of southern Australia. Despite its charismatic nature, few studies have been published, and the extent of population sub-structuring remains poorly resolved. Here we used 7462 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify the extent of population structure in the weedy seadragon along the temperate southeast coast of Australia. We identified four populations, with strong genetic structure (FST = 0.562) between them. Both Discriminant Analysis of Principle Components (DAPC) and Bayesian clustering analyses support four distinct genetic clusters (north to south: central New South Wales, southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania). In addition to these genetic differences, geographical variation in external morphology was recorded, with individuals from New South Wales shaped differently for a few measurements to those from the Mornington Peninsula (Victoria). We posit that these genetic and morphological differences suggest that the Victorian population of P. taeniolatus was historically isolated by the Bassian Isthmus during the last glacial maximum and should now be considered at least a distinct population. We also recorded high levels of genetic structure among the other locations. Based on the genomic and to a degree morphological evidence presented in this study, we recommend that the Victorian population be managed separately from the eastern populations (New South Wales and Tasmania).

Geographic variation in shape and size of anuran tadpoles: Interpopulation comparisons in Scinax fuscovarius (Anura, Hylidae)

Among anuran species with biphasic life cycle, the occurrence of intraspecific larval morphotypes has been related to variations in developmental time, diet, geographical variation, or response to predators. Here, we evaluated the external morphological variation of larvae among three populations, located more than 270 km apart, of the anuran hylid Scinax fuscovarius by linear and geometric methods, to elucidate the presence of geographically different morphs. Comparisons targeted development, growth, and external morphology. Studied populations exhibited differences in reproductive seasonality, growth rate, timing of development, shape, and size. Shape and size comparisons revealed two well-differentiated morphs, one of them shared by the two closest populations. Morphological differences evidenced a smaller and depressed form of the entire body plan in the most distant population, which showed continuous reproduction throughout the rainy season and under more unpredictable conditions. We interpret the occurrence of the two different larval morphs in S. fuscovarius as a by-product of local geographical conditions, and discuss on possible associations with biotic and abiotic factors cues.

Variation in external morphology between the native and invasive populations of the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae)

Fish established outside their native range often express various changes in external morphology, which may result in significant variation between individuals inhabiting different regions. In the current study we aim to explore differences in morphology among several populations of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), an invasive fish in Europe and North America. A total of 753 round gobies were collected from several invasive and native populations, including marine, brackish, freshwater, lake and river ecosystems belonging to the Black Sea, Baltic Sea and Great Lakes watersheds. We analysed 35 metric and meristic characters using ANOVA, discriminant analysis and allometric coefficients. Our results indicate significant differences between most of the populations in characters such as inter orbital distance, eye diameter, head width, second dorsal fin length and depth. River dwelling round gobies had elongated ventral fins compared to those from standing water bodies—a possible adaptation for upstream dispersal in flowing habitats. Most of the morphologic characters expressed positive allometry with significant differences in allometric coefficients between populations. Probably due to their recent invasive history, some of the head characters and allometric models grouped together round gobies from the Great Lakes watershed with those from a newly established population in the Danube tributaries. Similarities between geographically distant round goby populations might reflect common adaptations in external morphology during the course of invasion.

Compatibility investigation of liquid tin and tungsten-based capillary porous system under high-density plasma environment

The bias voltage-enhanced plasma was utilized to investigate the compatibility of liquid tin and CPS (capillary porous system) in Sichuan University Plasma Surface Interaction (SCU-PSI). Prewetted (through static heating method) and unwetted (without preheating) Sn-CPS were prepared and then irradiated by different bias voltage-driven plasma. In comparison to bare CPS exposed to plasma, the Sn wetted CPS showed slightly internal and external morphology variation after plasma irradiation with + 20 V and − 20 V bias voltage. However, for unwetted Sn-CPS samples, the CPS revealed varying degrees of damage along with a range of bias voltage (0 V to − 16 V), which has not been observed before. It is interesting that there is no obvious surface structure change or damage for bare CPS after the irradiation of plasma and corrosion of liquid tin from other report. The inside mechanism still needs further investigation.

The Neanderthal teeth from Marillac (Charente, Southwestern France): Morphology, comparisons and paleobiology

Few European sites have yielded human dental remains safely dated to the end of MIS 4/beginning of MIS 3. One of those sites is Marillac (Southwestern France), a collapsed karstic cave where archeological excavations (1967–1980) conducted by B. Vandermeersch unearthed numerous faunal and human remains, as well as a few Mousterian Quina tools. The Marillac sinkhole was occasionally used by humans to process the carcasses of different prey, but there is no evidence for a residential use of the site, nor have any hearths been found. Rare carnivore bones were also discovered, demonstrating that the sinkhole was seasonally used, not only by Neanderthals, but also by predators across several millennia. The lithostratigraphic units containing the human remains were dated to ∼60 kyr. The fossils consisted of numerous fragments of skulls and jaws, isolated teeth and several post-cranial bones, many of them with traces of perimortem manipulations. For those already published, their morphological characteristics and chronostratigraphic context allowed their attribution to Neanderthals.This paper analyzes sixteen unpublished human teeth (fourteen permanent and two deciduous) by investigating the external morphology and metrical variation with respect to other Neanderthal remains and a sample from modern populations. We also investigate their enamel thickness distribution in 2D and 3D, the enamel-dentine junction morphology (using geometric morphometrics) of one molar and two premolars, the roots and the possible expression of taurodontism, as well as pathologies and developmental defects. The anterior tooth use and paramasticatory activities are also discussed. Morphological and structural alterations were found on several teeth, and interpreted in light of human behavior (tooth-pick) and carnivores' actions (partial digestion). The data are interpreted in the context of the available information for the Eurasian Neanderthals.

Morphology Of Gall Bladder- A Cadaveric Study

Aim: To study variations in external morphology of cadaveric gall bladder. Materials and Methods: This study was undertaken on 30 cadaveric liver and gall bladder specimens in the Department of Anatomy at Tertiary Medical College of West Uttar Pradesh in terms of maximum length, maximum transverse diameter, thickness, shape, external variations and length of gall bladder below the inferior border of the liver using vernier caliper. Results: Gall bladder had length ranging between 5.52 and 11.32 cm, transverse diameter between 2.78 and 5.57 cm, thickness at neck, body and fundus was not found uniform. The commonest shape observed in this study was pear shaped. The length of gall bladder below the inferior border of liver varied between 0.46 and 3.93 cm. Conclusion: Since the incidence of gall bladder illness in our country is increasing day by day hence morphological knowledge is essential, not only from the point of biliary disease but also with respect to the various laprascopic, surgical and invasive techniques for example T-tube cholangiogram in the proper diagnosis and management of gall bladder and extrahepatic bile duct diseases. The morphological data may be useful to the surgeon’s radiologists and anatomists.