External Languages Research Articles

No unleashed expression without language.

While the metarepresentational structure of ostensive communication may explain the unleashing of human expression, it neither explains the open-endedness of the thoughts expressed/communicated, nor how the multiply embedded nature of the metarepresentational structure invoked arose. These both require the recursivity of human language, a capacity which must be distinguished from external (public) languages and their use in communication.

Ostension and the communicative function of natural language

Linguistic pragmatics has traditionally focused on the ways in which speaker-intended meanings are contextually inferred in solid communicative contexts. In this paper, I explore the possibility that all linguistic utterances necessitate (at least some) pragmatic processing, even when they are not transparently embedded in a speaker's overt communicative behavior. Following a relevance-theoretic rationale, I argue that, being externalized objects with special characteristics which set them apart from their internalized mental counterparts – most notably the linguistic underdeterminacy of their propositional form, linguistic utterances automatically trigger the dedicated mental module that is responsible for pragmatic inference, because they would otherwise not have evolved to invariably pre-empt our attention, as they typically do. In this picture, external language's evolutionary advantage lies precisely in its unique ability to reveal meaning with an amount of precision that cannot be reached through the use of other types of stimuli, while at the same time avoiding unnecessary expressive prolixity. Viewed in this way, contextual inference becomes an underlying feature of the way in which external languages link up with our internalized linguistic capacity, in an approach that reinforces the possibility of incorporating it in the study of meaning over and above the remit of overt communication.

Comparing protein structures with RINspector automation in Cytoscape

Residue interaction networks (RINs) have been shown to be relevant representations of the tertiary or quaternary structures of proteins, in particular thanks to network centrality analyses. We recently developed the RINspector 1.0.0 Cytoscape app, which couples centrality analyses with backbone flexibility predictions. This combined approach permits the identification of crucial residues for the folding or function of the protein that can constitute good targets for mutagenesis experiments. Here we present an application programming interface (API) for RINspector 1.1.0 that enables interplay between Cytoscape, RINspector and external languages, such as R or Python. This API provides easy access to batch centrality calculations and flexibility predictions, and allows for the easy comparison of results between different structures. These comparisons can lead to the identification of specific and conserved central residues, and show the impact of mutations to these and other residues on the flexibility of the proteins. We give two use cases to demonstrate the interest of these functionalities and provide the corresponding scripts: the first concerns NMR conformers, the second focuses on mutations in a structure.

Comparing protein structures with RINspector automation in Cytoscape

Residue interaction networks (RINs) have been shown to be relevant representations of the tertiary or quaternary structures of proteins, in particular thanks to network centrality analyses. We recently developed the RINspector 1.0.0 Cytoscape app, which couples centrality analyses with backbone flexibility predictions. This combined approach permits the identification of crucial residues for the folding or function of the protein that can constitute good targets for mutagenesis experiments. Here we present an application programming interface (API) for RINspector 1.1.0 that enables interplay between Cytoscape, RINspector and external languages, such as R or Python. This API provides easy access to batch centrality calculations and flexibility predictions, and allows for the easy comparison of results between different structures. These comparisons can lead to the identification of specific and conserved central residues, and show the impact of mutations to these and other residues on the flexibility of the proteins. We give two use cases to demonstrate the interest of these functionalities and provide the corresponding scripts: the first concerns NMR conformers, the second focuses on mutations in a structure.

Comparing protein structures with RINspector automation in Cytoscape

Residue interaction networks (RINs) have been shown to be relevant representations of the tertiary or quaternary structures of proteins, in particular thanks to network centrality analyses. We recently developed the RINspector Cytoscape app, which couples centrality analyses with backbone flexibility predictions. This combined approach permits the identification of crucial residues for the folding or function of the protein that can constitute good targets for mutagenesis experiments. Here we present an application programming interface (API) for RINspector that enables interplay between Cytoscape, RINspector and external languages, such as R or Python. This API provides easy access to batch centrality calculations and flexibility predictions, and allows for the easy comparison of results between different structures. These comparisons can lead to the identification of specific and conserved central residues, and show the impact of mutations to these and other residues on the flexibility of the proteins. We give two use cases to demonstrate the interest of these functionalities and provide the corresponding scripts: the first concerns NMR conformers, the second focuses on mutations in a structure.

Computation semantics of the functional scientific workflow language Cuneiform

AbstractCuneiform is a minimal functional programming language for large-scale scientific data analysis. Implementing a strict black-box view on external operators and data, it allows the direct embedding of code in a variety of external languages like Python or R, provides data-parallel higher order operators for processing large partitioned data sets, allows conditionals and general recursion, and has a naturally parallelizable evaluation strategy suitable for multi-core servers and distributed execution environments like Hadoop, HTCondor, or distributed Erlang. Cuneiform has been applied in several data-intensive research areas including remote sensing, machine learning, and bioinformatics, all of which critically depend on the flexible assembly of pre-existing tools and libraries written in different languages into complex pipelines. This paper introduces the computation semantics for Cuneiform. It presents Cuneiform's abstract syntax, a simple type system, and the semantics of evaluation. Providing an unambiguous specification of the behavior of Cuneiform eases the implementation of interpreters which we showcase by providing a concise reference implementation in Erlang. The similarity of Cuneiform's syntax to the simply typed lambda calculus puts Cuneiform in perspective and allows a straightforward discussion of its design in the context of functional programming. Moreover, the simple type system allows the deduction of the language's safety up to black-box operators. Last, the formulation of the semantics also permits the verification of compilers to and from other workflow languages.

A low cost and fast controller architecture for multimedia data storage and retrieval to flash-based storage device

Real-time multimedia data access plays an important role in electronic systems; as time goes by, with decrease in data processing speed and increase in communication time, storage time, and retrieval time, the overall response time increases for real-time applications. Therefore, in this paper, a novel real-time, fast, low-cost, system-on-chip (SoC) controller has been proposed and implemented where large volume of data can be efficiently stored and retrieved from flash memory cards. It is being implemented only using hardware description language (HDL) on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip without using any other on-board or external hardware resources or high-level languages. The entire controller architecture, in a single chip, contains five different modules and is designed using finite state machine (FSM)-based approach. The modules are card initialization module (CINM), idle module (IM), card read module (CRM), card write module (CWM), and decision module (DM). The architecture is completely synthesized for Spartan 3E xc3s500e-4-fg320 FPGA with only 5% of the total logic utilization. The experimental results tested for microSD, SD, and SDHC cards of different size, and these show that the architecture uses less hardware and clock cycles for card initialization and single/multiblock read/write procedure.

Grammaticality and educational research

ABSTRACTThis paper uses Bernstein’s concept of grammar to illuminate aspects of educational research. The relationship between internal and external languages of description in the production of disciplinary knowledge is examined. This leads to a reflection on the various factors both internal and external to the discipline of educational studies that foster and undermine forms of research knowledge.

Modeling of Computational Systemic Deep Mind Under Uncertainty

In this paper are considered a computational model, method and system of Modeling of Computational Systemic Deep Mind. This system is capable to operate under uncertainty, without the use of human intelligence and generate inferences, expressed in internal and external languages of representation of these reasoning. The use of this system is oriented on the introduction in the Complex Adaptive Systems as a plug-in, enabling these systems to be self-organized and operate computationally, intellectually, autonomously, systemically, in real time, in the inhomogeneous subject areas and in unknown in advance situations and scenarios of processing. These possibilities are realized in proposed system by the processes of computational of Perception, Reasoning, Systemic Thinking and Cognition, using our self-developed methods of application of principles of Systems Approach and Situational Control, main aspects of Fuzzy Logic, Linguistics, Computational Mind, Cognitive Science and of methods of: a) Perception the reality of environment, b) Situational Fuzzy Control of data, information, knowledge, objects, models and processes, c) Representation, Generalization and Explanation of Knowledge, d) Fuzzy Inference, e) Decision making, f) Intelligent User Interface, g) Control of Dialogue, h) Reasoning and Systems Thinking, and i) Cognition, using these methods systemically and at whole.

The fall of language in the age of English

Preface to the English Edition Introduction, by Mari Yoshihara and Juliet Winters Carpenter 1. Under the Blue Sky of Iowa: Those Who Write in Their Own Language 2. From Par Avion to Via Air Mail: The Fall of French 3. People Around the World Writing in External Languages 4. The Birth of Japanese as a National Language 5. The Miracle of Modern Japanese Literature 6. English and National Languages in the Internet Age 7. The Future of National Languages Notes Selected Bibliography Index

Imágenes encontradas de una guerra. Un acercamiento al “Libro Bellamente Ilustrado” del siglo XIX Mexicano

The following lines will analyse The War between the United States and Mexico Karl Nebel, a “beautifully illustrated book” inspired in the American intervention in Mexican territory between 1846 and 1848, that, with its own goals and desires, offers several points of view, some of them adventurous. In that sense, we will explore the socio-political reasons, although the book is basically reviewed as a paratext, its receptions and lectures, deliberating -from the start- that the image in an edition also writes internal as well as external languages (complex and overwhelming). The present essay pretexts some of the contributions of male Humboldt in printed matter as well as the contribution and influence it had on the work of “community artists” who toured Mexico during the 19th century. This pretext aims to contextualize and situate The War between the United States and Mexico of Karl Nebel, as nodal work for both countries in beautifully illustrated books. But how do painting and literature coexist in the same space? Apparently, they always do it in constant struggle, according to the work, the artist and writer, are favourable to each other. In this case, the image is just the queen who demands literature to underscore her speech, at the same time that it symbolises the role of the image that can be analysed, studied and interpreted, just as other categories.

How often are theories developed through empirical research into higher education?

This article reports on a review of empirical research published in selected higher education journals in 2008, which was focused on examining how often theories are developed through research. This review found relatively little evidence of theory development. Drawing on the notions of internal and external languages of description, it is argued that this is partly due to the lack of explicit conceptualisation of the object of research in the writing-up of higher education research, and the lack of a discursive gap between the ways in which research objects are conceptualised and the ways in which data are analysed in accounts of empirical research into higher education. In conclusion, four ways of promoting such a discursive gap in the reporting of research are discussed.

On The Computational Complexity of Marcus Contextual Languages

We investigate the computational complexity of the basic type of contextual languages, that is, the ones introduced by Marcus and called subsequently external contextual languages. We prove that the family of languages generated by external contextual grammars with context-free selection contains only polynomial time parsable languages.

The linear landscape of external contextual languages

The class of external contextual languages isstrictly included in the class of linear languages. A reason for the strict inclusion in linear languages is that external contextual grammars generate languages in the exhaustive way: each sentential form belongs to the language of a grammar. In this paper we study the effect of adding various squeezing mechanisms to the basic classes of exhaustive contextual grammars. We obtain in this way a characterization of linear languages and a whole landscape of sublinear families. By restricting the contexts to be one-sided (only left-sided or only right-sided) we obtain a characterization of regular languages -- here the subregular landscape reduces to two families.

Extending SQL with Graph Matching and Set Covering for Decision Support Applications

Graph matching, set covering, and partitioning problems are both theoretically and practically important in decision support systems. Numerous decision support applications have been modeled as graph matching, set covering, and partitioning problems. These include applications in the areas of task assignment, marriage problem, airline crew scheduling, truck deliveries or vehicle routing, political redistricting, and the like. Currently, these applications are supported through programs written in external (to the database system) programming languages that use only the data in the database system. Thus, decision makers or application programmers require extra effort to get required decision support information. As opposed to database systems, the purpose of a model management system (MMS) is to make a wide variety of models available to decision makers so they can apply these models without having to become involved in technical and/or procedural aspects of implementation. The goal of this research is to integrate database systems and model systems for zero-one integer programming problems especially concerning graph matching, set covering, and partitioning problems. Users utilize a single integrated language for both problem formulation and model execution. In order to achieve this goal, we extend relational operators and the query language SQL. The relational operators are extended with six operators, namely, match, maxmatch, cover, mincover, partition, and minpartition. Some of these operators may take a very long time to find an optimal solution. In this article, we adopted genetic algorithms to find a near-optimal solution of this kind of operators. We found they performed well both on the computational effort and on the quality of the solutions through a variety of test problems. These algorithms are bounded by a polynomial time. Therefore, they enable a DBMS to respond to queries involving proposed operators in a restricted amount of time.

Procedure language access to proposed American national standard database management systems

Network and relational database standards are under development by technical committee X3H2 of the American National Standards Institute. This paper is an overview of the procedure language interface to these proposed standards. It introduces the basic structures and operations of each data model, focuses on the procedure language interface as a facility for database access from external languages, and discusses various alternatives for use of the database language standard with existing standard programming languages. The paper contains example application programs of each access alternative and concludes with a discussion of basic requirements for application of the standard specifications to distributed database processing in an open systems environment.