External Evaluation Process Research Articles

Review of a Manpower Recruitment Business Toward a Corporate Expansion Model

This study aims to evaluate JPM Manpower for the proposed business expansion with the development of a marketing strategy. JPM Manpower is a recruitment company bringing professionals and skilled labor force to different countries in the world. This year, a proposed expansion was thought of by the researcher who is the owner of the firm. The combination of the quantitative and qualitative methods was used. To assess if the JPM Manpower is ready for expansion, the researcher conducted this study. Using the quantitative method, the researcher used the survey method in the data gathering to assess customer satisfaction. Using the qualitative method, the researcher evaluated JPM Manpower using the Internal Factors Evaluation (IFE) Matrix where the internal strengths and weaknesses were identified. The results revealed that JPM Manpower has an internal position of 3.25, which indicates that it is in a strong internal position. The EFE Matrix depicts the opportunities and dangers faced by JPM Manpower, as well as the effectiveness of its tactics to capitalize on the opportunities and prevent threats from entering the system. The overall weighted score of 2.66 suggests that, although the firm can meet opportunities and defend against threats, it does not have a strong enough score to safely assume 100% market domination. A representation of the three key zones, each of which has a distinct strategic significance for JPM Manpower is shown in the IE matrix. Data for the JPM Manpower SWOT Analysis was derived from the results of a survey done to measure consumer loyalty and satisfaction, which was then utilized in the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation (EFE) processes (EFE). It was indicated by the SPACE Matrix study of JPM Manpower that it should take a more aggressive approach to prosper. The company has a solid competitive position in the industry and is now undergoing substantial growth. Keywords: Business expansion, IE Matrix, IFE Matrix, EFE Matrix, Space Matrix, Competitor Profile Matrix

How Parents Understand Evaluation Process – Mental Models as the Main Obstacle for Engaging Parents in School Evaluation

One of the most important elements ofthe recent reform of the school inspection system in Polandis to focus on the parents’ voice through the collection of data during evaluation process in schools. Three years of experience with this system has shown that there still is a lot of confusion with the actual understanding of the evaluation process among all the groups actively involved: external evaluators (school inspectors), head-teachers, teachers, and representatives of school partners, parents and students. The authors claim that this is the most important obstacle in the promotion of evaluation as a crucial element in the process of school development. The paper presents an attempt to describe different understandings of school evaluation among parents actively partaking in this process which was undertaken randomly in Polish schools of different types. The paper shows how these understandings can influence participation of parents in an external evaluation process, and following developmental activities that take place in schools. The authors claim that an understanding of different ways of thinking about evaluation process through the analysis of the metaphors used by parents can be a good basis for drawing up recommendations for those working on parents’ participation in transforming school reality.

Instrumento para valorar el impacto del sistema de acreditación en educación superior: validación mediante análisis factorial exploratorio

Introduction: interest in evaluating the improvements resulting from external evaluation processes in higher education has revealed that there is a lack of objective instruments available for this purpose. Consequently, this study presents the design and validation of an instrument for evaluating the improvement effect of the accreditation system of Spanish university degrees. Methodology: a 108-item questionnaire was prepared and was applied to a sample of 1964 subjects from different university groups (students, teachers, management, etc.). Its reliability and construct validity were analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results: analysis of the instrument’s technical characteristics showed high reliability, both overall and at the dimensional level, with Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω being greater than .95. The EFA identified eight factors that contained the 105 items finally included, explaining 77.37% of the variance in Discussion and conclusions: these results all indicate that the instrument designed is reliable and valid, with a solid multidimensional structure that makes it possible to evaluate the impact of the accreditation system on various aspects of Spanish university degrees.

Compliance with International Quality Standards: Evaluation of Turkish Higher Education Institutions in Terms of Management Dimensions

This study describes and evaluates the situation of Turkish higher education institutions in terms of European Quality Assurance Standards (ESG). We considered the management processes of goal setting, planning, organizing, resourcing, leading, directing and evaluating, and improving. "Higher Education Evaluation and Quality Assurance Case Reports-EER" constitutes the main data sources of the study, which is carried out with multiple case analysis, one of the qualitative research designs. Content analysis was applied to reports covering 160 higher education institutions whose external evaluation process was completed in the 2016-2019 period. The analysis generated both qualitative and quantitative data. The study detected that a significant part of the ESG standards (.46) was not taken into account in the external evaluation process of Turkish higher education institutions. While the dimension in which Turkish higher education institutions are most successful in meeting international standards in terms of management is goal setting and planning, the managerial dimension experiencing the least success is evaluation and development. The area with the lowest level of maturity is ensuring stakeholder participation. It has been concluded that the vast majority of institutions are not focused on student learning. Furthermore, the centralized management structure of the Turkish higher education system has a limiting effect on the process of applying ESG standards.

Joint external evaluation of the international health regulations (2005) capacity in South Sudan: assessing the country´s capacity for health security.

Introductionjoint external evaluation is a voluntary and collaborative process to assess a country´s capacity under International Health Regulations (2005) to prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats. The main objective is to measure a country´s status in building the necessary capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats and establish a baseline measurement of capacities and capabilities. The Republic of South Sudan conducted the Joint External Evaluation from 16-20 October 2017, where its capacities were assessed to public health threats per the International Health Regulation (2005).Methodscross-sectional descriptive study of the Joint External Evaluation process and the findings are described along with major findings and recommendations for the country.ResultsSouth Sudan’s overall mean score across 48 indicators was 1.5 (min= 1, max= 4) and 42/48 indicators (87.5%) scored < 2 on a 1 to 5 scale. Technical areas in the prevent category with the lowest score were antimicrobial resistance, biosafety and biosecurity, and National legislation, policy, and financing. In the detect category, the mean score was 2. Technical areas with the lowest mean scores were workforce development and the National Laboratory System. Preparedness, medical countermeasures, personnel deployment, linking public health, and security authorities had the lowest scores in the respond category. Chemical events, radiation emergencies, and points of entry had a score of 1 in the other IHR-related hazards and points of entry category.ConclusionSouth Sudan’s mean score of 1.5 can be attributed to several civil conflicts experienced, which have impacted negatively on the health system. Recommendations from the Joint External Evaluation need to be implemented and these must be aligned with the costed National Action Plan for Health Security.

MANAJEMEN STRATEGI DIVISI KEWIRAUSAHAAN UNESA CAREER CENTER (UCC) DALAM MENINGKATKAN MINAT KEWIRAUSAHAAN MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

The Ministry of Education and Culture issued Decree No. 3/M/2021 on Key Performance Indicators (KPI), the decision was issued for the reason of seeing the increasingly difficult labor conditions in Indonesia. Thus, it is expected to increase the role of students in the field of entrepreneurship so as to create new jobs. The State University of Surabaya as one of the collague in Indonesia answer this challenge by establishing the Unesa Career Center (UCC) as a special institution in preparing students and alumni to be able to compete in the business sector. The purpose of this research is to find out about the strategy of UCC's entrepreneurship division in increasing the entrepreneurial interest of its students. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The focus of research is in terms of seven (7) steps of strategic management theory, Suyanto, 2007. Data were collected through observation, documentation, interview, and literature study. Analysis of the data through data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclude. Result of the research shows that the strategic management that used by the UCC entrepreneurship division has been going quite well. However, the researcher have some suggestions for future improvement, such as: making more detailed goals, equitable distribution of HR competencies, budget management to re-optimizing the external evaluation process from student input.&#x0D; Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Strategic Management, Unesa Career Center

Implicações do processo de expansão do neoliberalismo na formação inicial docente: uma análise a partir dos documentos da UNESCO

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as implicações da expansão do neoliberalismo na reforma do aparelho do estado e suas relações com a formação Inicial Docente. Sustentou-se na pesquisa bibliográfica com análise documental. Para as ilações com o campo da formação inicial docente resgatou-se as conferências de Dakar e Incheon. As análises indicam que a reforma do estado, fomentadas pelos organismos internacionais, influenciam na dinâmica das instituições educacionais e na formação docente por meio da instauração dos pilares da administração gerencial no campo educacional, haja vista que observa-se nas conferências mundiais de educação, um consenso quanto à formação docente e os pressupostos elegidos como objetivos estruturais e conjunturais para a própria sociedade. As indicações implícitas trazidas nestes documentos evidenciam a necessidade de processos avaliativos, internos e externos alicerçados aos conceitos de eficiência, competitividade e produtividade estabelecendo relação entre fiscalização, controle e regulação do atual cenário educacional. &#x0D; Palavras-chave: formação docente, políticas educacionais, reforma do estado.&#x0D; &#x0D; Implications of the neoliberalism expansion process in the initial teaching formation: an analysis from UNESCO documents&#x0D; ABSTRACT. The aim of the present study was to investigate the implications of the expansion of neoliberalism in the reform of the state apparatus and its relationship with the Initial Teacher education. It was supported by bibliographic research with documentary analysis. For the lessons in the field of initial teacher training, Dakar and Incheon conferences were rescued. The analyzes indicate that the reform of the state, fostered by international organizations, influences the dynamics of educational institutions and teacher training through the establishment of the pillars of managerial administration in the educational field, given that it is observed in world education conferences, a consensus on teacher training and the assumptions chosen as structural and cyclical objectives for society itself. The implicit indications in these documents show the need for internal and external evaluation processes based on the concepts of efficiency, competitiveness and productivity, establishing a relationship between inspection, control and regulation of the current educational scenario.&#x0D; Keywords: teacher education, educational policies, state reform.&#x0D; &#x0D; Implicaciones del proceso de expansión del neoliberalismo en la formación docente inicial: análisis de los documentos de la UNESCO&#x0D; &#x0D; RESUMEN. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar las implicaciones de la expansión del neoliberalismo en la reforma del aparato estatal y su relación con la formación inicial del profesorado. Se apoyó en una investigación bibliográfica con análisis documental. Para las lecciones en el campo de la formación inicial del profesorado, se rescataron las conferencias de Dakar e Incheon. Los análisis indican que la reforma del Estado, impulsada por organismos internacionales, incide en la dinámica de las instituciones educativas y la formación docente a través del establecimiento de los pilares de la administración gerencial en el ámbito educativo, dado que se observa en las conferencias mundiales de educación, una consenso sobre la formación del profesorado y los supuestos elegidos como objetivos estructurales y cíclicos de la propia sociedad. Las indicaciones implícitas en estos documentos muestran la necesidad de procesos de evaluación internos y externos basados en los conceptos de eficiencia, competitividad y productividad, estableciendo una relación entre fiscalización, control y regulación del escenario educativo actual.&#x0D; Palabras clave: formación del profesorado, políticas educativas, reforma del estado.

Optimization of Learning Outcome Achievements in an Outcome-Based System

The conventional outcome-based system under the Washington Accord on the international equivalence of engineering education quality has paved the way for the accreditation of engineering courses in internal and external evaluation processes. This system is defined as a set of outcomes, including learning outcomes of the subject and the program outcomes. Recent findings indicated that learning outcomes of the issue and their achievement levels will be closely linked to enhancing the quality of education and helps taking strides in quality management. The main driving force behind this system and modern accreditation mechanisms is learning outcomes’ achievement levels. Due to the importance of learning achievements, in this paper, a mathematical optimization model is introduced. In this model, the objective function is formulated to maximize the mean of learning outcomes of the subject, and the decision variables are those of allocation weight for assessment items. In the proposed optimization problem, the model constraints are added as mathematical equations, which will form its solution space. Advanced Power System Analysis Subject from Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree is selected to analyze learning outcomes optimization model. There are six learning outcomes designed for Power System Analysis 2 and 12 program outcomes for the Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Program. Implementation of the optimization model on Power System Analysis 2 shows that the average level of learning achievement has improved from 53.1% to 57.5%.

Perception of the healthcare accreditation system in Colombia.

Introduction: Accreditation is an external, systematic, periodic, and voluntary evaluation process to which health care institutions submit themselves in order to demonstrate compliance with superior levels of quality of care. The Icontec, through an evaluative model, accredits the quality of health institutions in Colombia.Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study following the recommendations of the survey study report. Using an electronic format, 22 health institutions with experience in the Icontec accreditation process were surveyed. The instrument evaluated three thematic axes of the process: added value provided by the accreditation process, evaluation process and final report. The measurement was carried out using a Likert-type scale and a descriptive statistical analysis to establish the perception of the phases of the process.Results: the items with the best perception were the humanization of care (86.4%) followed by patient safety and teamwork (81.8%). After accreditation, the quality of the processes improved (77.4%), infection prevention and control (68.1%) and physician commitment (63.6%). 54.6% felt that evaluators use different methods of evaluation. 63.6% of the respondents considered that Icontec does not comply with the times defined for the delivery of the report.Conclusion: the Icontec accreditation system adds value to health institutions in most of the thematic areas evaluated, especially in the humanization of care and patient safety. The lowest perception is presented in the increase of physicians' commitment.

Developing and validating an instrument measuring school renewal: testing the factorial validity and reliability

ABSTRACT For this paper, we developed and validated the Orientation to School Renewal instrument,a 21-item instrument, based on seven factors, which allows schools to measure their school renewal efforts. The research is based on Goodlad’s notion of school renewal. Through an extensive literature review and our work over an eight-year period engaged in discussions with over 110 principals and 300 teachers, we gradually developed dimensions of the construct of school renewal. We then obtained survey data from a sample of 1,195 teachers in 83 schools, and validated the instrument using confirmatory factor analysis and other procedures. The seven factors identified from the literature and discussions with K-12 educators and confirmed via the validation process included: (a) focus on students and their achievements, (b) continuous school improvement, (c) balance between the internal and external influences, (d) the dialogue, decision, action and evaluation (DDAE) process, (e) implementation integrity, (f) implementers as active developers, and (g) internal responsibility and professionalism. Researchers and practitioners can use the instrument to collect valid and reliable data to measure, evaluate, and understand school renewal.

EXTERNAL EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION AS A TOOL OF DEVELOPING A COMPETITIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND A FACTOR OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY GROWTH

The article is devoted to a brief description of the external evaluation process of the quality of education as a tool to increase the level of socio-economic development of the state. Prerequisites for admission of entrants to higher education institutions and the main challenges facing university quality assurance systems are presented. The description of the external independent evaluation results showed the level of entrants who have the opportunity to continue their education in higher education institutions. A short description of the demographic situation and its consequences for applicants’ potential contingent in higher education institutions is given. Simultaneously, an important factor that provokes the improvement of tools for assessing the quality of education is the current state of socio-economic development of the state and the urgent task of raising its level. The evaluation of the educational program’s quality must be carried out during the external audit – accreditation of the educational program by the National Agency for Higher Education Quality Assurance or international or domestic independent agencies. The article describes the algorithm of external evaluation of the quality of the educational program (accreditation), proposals for the work of experts during the accreditation examination, identifies the factors influencing the external evaluation of the quality of the educational program on the development of the national economy. The main elements of the Code of Expert Honor, developed within the project "New accreditation system as a means of quality assurance and overcoming corruption in higher education in Ukraine" are presented. The SMART approach is used to assess the educational program’s purpose to ensure a socio-economic impact on the labor market .

PESTEL-analysis of the system “state – independent quality assessment agencies”: Political and socio-economic aspects

The aim of the study. The article is devoted to determining the influence of political and socio-economic factors on the process of external evaluation of the quality of higher education at the university. The main factors that motivate a thorough analysis of the educational environment are described both from the point of view of the participants in this process and from the point of view of auditors, independent institutions. The analysis of external factors is the first stage of creating an effective strategy for the advanced development of the educational institution and ensuring its financial stability. Methodology. The use of PESTEL-analysis as a tool for assessing the impact of external factors on the quality of education is substantiated. The list of criteria (indicators) of external assessment of the quality of educational programs is presented and the use of these criteria for the creation of effective mechanisms of maintenance of the quality of higher education in HEI is offered. Results. When considering the relationship “state – independent quality assessment agencies” input parameters are factors of external influence, system parameters – financial performance indicators, management parameters – regulatory framework and criteria for assessing the quality of educational programs, output parameters – recommendations for building an internal quality assurance system education in HEI. Among the political factors of influence can be identified both destabilizing and positive factors on the quality assurance system of free economic zones. Destabilizing factors provoke a constructive response from NAQA in the form of development and active implementation of the regulatory framework in the activities to ensure the quality of education. Practical meaning. The criteria for the external evaluation of the educational program and the activities of the NAQA in terms of improving the national regulatory framework respond to the economic challenges facing the quality assurance system of education. In response to social challenges, the system of external evaluation of the quality of education becomes more “flexible” and prone to a variety of methods for solving problems. Prospects for further research. The analysis of all these factors, as well as the tools to influence these factors, developed by the NAQA, should be the basis of the strategy for the development of free economic relations and regulations on the development of quality assurance in education. The creation of a tool of technological influence on the analyzed factors by the management of the HEI determines the prospects for further research.

Integrating recovery-oriented and realistic evaluation principles into an evaluation of a Partners in Recovery programme

Partners in Recovery (PIR) was an Australian government initiative designed to provide support and service linkage for individuals with complex needs living with severe and persistent mental illness. This article reports the external evaluation process and approach that was undertaken of the Gold Coast Partners in Recovery initiative between September and December 2015 regarding the achievement of PIR outcomes. The evaluation of this consortia-based initiative was framed using principles of realistic evaluation and recovery-oriented practice. Numerous evaluations of similar initiatives have recently been undertaken, each adopting different approaches and methods in accordance with local needs and expectations. The incorporation of realistic evaluation with recovery-oriented principles in this mixed methods research design, however, offers a unique perspective. This can be used to inform future developments in evaluative practice particularly in the area of recovery-oriented services and/or partnership-focused, capacity-building initiatives.

National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance: stakeholder analysis of implementation in Ghana

Background Understanding potential barriers to implementation of public health policy is important to ensure well-informed decisions, and stakeholders play critical roles in implementation. Stakeholder analysis is expected to shed light on Ghana’s progress with the implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance since the completion of the Global Health Security Agenda’s Joint External Evaluation. The outcome of stakeholder analysis can improve understanding of their roles and institutional capacity to promote prudent use of antibiotics in populations at the community level. Methods Eight semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with participants of the Joint External Evaluation process, including personnel from the policy, research, and practice programs in Ghana’s public health sector. In-person interviews were conducted between September and October 2018 in the Greater Accra and Upper West regions. Results The analysis revealed four main themes: national burden of disease and antibiotic resistance, policy development, implementation barriers, and strategies. Ghana’s national antimicrobial policy and action plans to enhance public education and awareness align with the objectives of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. All respondents expressed concern about the increasing proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which they attribute in part to the inappropriate use of antibiotics in local communities. Although Ghana has laws to regulate the sale of antibiotics, enforcement has been a major challenge. Inadequate funding for monitoring compliance comprises the greatest challenge. Stakeholders also acknowledged the importance of strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration, and the need to leverage resources from the animal and environmental sectors through a One Health approach to ensure successful implementation of the national action plan. Conclusions This study identified several opportunities for effective implementation of the Ghana’s National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Stakeholders were enthusiastic about the effectiveness of the One Health approach, and there is strong political will to promote multisectoral partnership to advance implementation efforts.

Towards A Relational Model for Emerging Urban Nature Concepts: A Practical Application and an External Assessment in Landscape Planning Education

The increasing interest in urban nature and its connection to urban sustainability and resilience has promoted the generalized use of new concepts such as green infrastructure, ecosystem services and nature-based solutions. However, due to their heterogeneous origins and interpretations, the usage and understanding of these concepts may vary considerably between different academic and professional groups, affecting their coordinated and synergistic use in integrative planning education and emphasizing the need for the exploration of clearer syntaxes and articulations between them. Accordingly, the main aim of this research was to develop a relational model and to investigate, through an external evaluation process, the benefits that these types of models can provide in higher education and in professional practice. This article presents the background theory and process that led to the development of the relational model, the outcomes of its academic implementation and the results of the assessment of both the model and the students’ work by different types of planners, researchers and practitioners. The findings show the potential of the defined relational model to integrate different concepts operating in complex socio-ecological systems and the benefits of developing, testing and validating models by linking research, education and professional practice.

Assessing countries capacity for public health emergencies preparedness and response: the joint external evaluation process in Cameroon

INTRODUCTION: The International Health Regulation (2005) requires all countries to develop and maintain core capacities for preparedness and response to public health emergencies. The objective of this study was to assess Cameroon´s capacities to prevent, detect and respond to public health threats through the Joint External Evaluation process. METHODS: data for the 48 indicators within the 19 technical areas of the Joint External Evaluation tool were examined. The scores for the 19 technical areas were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and R.3.4.3 for descriptive statistics (median and interquartile ranges). RESULTS: Cameroon´s overall median score was 2 (Min =1, Max=4) and 34/48 indicators (71%) had scores less than 2 on a 1 to 5 scale. The weakest technical areas in the “Prevent” category were antimicrobial resistance, biosafety and biosecurity, and National legislation, policy and financing. In the “Detect” category, the median score was 2. Technical areas with the lowest median scores were reporting and national laboratory system. Emergency response operations, preparedness, medical countermeasures and personnel deployment had the lowest scores in the “Respond” category. Chemical events and points of entry had the lowest score in “Other IHR-related hazards and points of entry” category. CONCLUSION: recommendations from the Joint External Evaluation to address the gaps should be aligned in a National Action Plan for Health Security and implementation ensured by a high level multi sectoral platform to strengthen IHR core capacities in the country.

A Intervenção da Inspeção na Avaliação Externa das Escolas: um estudo com base das perceções de diretores de escolas

Em Portugal, o sistema de avaliação da educação e do ensino não superior surge em 2002, com a publicação da Lei n.º 31/2002, determinando pela mesma via jurídico-normativa que as escolas sejam submetidas a processos de avaliação externa. Este processo avaliativo foi confiado à Inspeção da Educação, a partir de 2007, passando este a ser um dos principais domínios da intervenção inspetiva. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar como é percecionado, por diretores de escolas públicas portuguesas, o papel da Inspeção no processo de Avaliação Externa das Escolas. Com uma natureza descritiva, o estudo apoiou-se na aplicação de um inquérito por questionário, respondido por 111 diretores do território de Portugal Continental. Os resultados evidenciam que a Avaliação Externa das Escolas é uma atividade inspetiva valorizada pelos diretores de escolas e desenvolvida em alinhamento, por um lado, com a missão e funções da Inspeção da Educação no sistema educativo, e, por outro, com os objetivos consignados na lei para aquela atividade. Evidencia-se ainda que os diretores de escolas percecionam esta atividade como oportunidade de afirmação da figura do diretor, de acreditação da sua liderança no exercício da sua autonomia.

Skilling up: evaluation of a design-based research methodology

This paper reports on the external evaluation of a two-year project aimed at improving educational opportunities for Aboriginal Education Workers (AEWs) through technology-based pedagogy. A design-based approach was selected by the research team to increase the relevance of the research for both praxis and practice, with emphasis on improvement of practice through evidence-based education throughout the project. To complement this research approach, a design-based approach was also adopted for the external evaluation that was undertaken in parallel to the research study. Design-based methodology has advantages and issues for an independent evaluator due to the inter-relationship of the research team in iteratively using findings of phases of the evaluation to inform and enhance the project. Internal evaluative data collected by the research team need to be balanced with that collected independently by the external evaluator to ensure authentic evaluation of the nature and effects of the interventions on participants. The paper reports on the outcomes of the external evaluation process and reflects on its capacity to serve dual objectives for evaluator and research team.

Analysis of sectoral participation in the development of Joint External Evaluations

BackgroundThe Joint External Evaluation Process (JEE), developed in response to the 2014 Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), is a voluntary, independent process conducted by a team of external evaluators to assess a country’s public health preparedness capabilities under the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR) revision. Feedback from the JEE process is intended to aid in the development of national action plans by elucidating weaknesses in current preparedness and response capabilities.MethodsTo identify gaps in sector participation and the development of national action plans in response to public health emergencies, all English-language JEE reports available on March 31, 2018 (N = 47) were systematically reviewed to determine sectoral backgrounds of key host country participants.ResultsOverall, strong representation was seen in the health, agriculture, domestic security, and environment sectors, whereas the energy/nuclear and defense sectors were largely under-represented.ConclusionsWhile strong participation by more traditional sectors such as health and agriculture is common in the JEE development process, involvement by the defense and energy/nuclear sectors in the JEE process could be increased, potentially improving preparedness and response to widespread public health emergencies.

Synergising tools for capacity assessment and One Health operationalisation.

Multisectoral, One Health collaboration is essential for addressing national and international health threats that arise at the human-animal-environment interface. Thanks to the efforts of multiple organisations, countries now have an array of One Health tools available to assess capacities within and between sectors, plan and prioritise activities, and strengthen multisectoral, One Health coordination, communication, and collaboration. By doing so, they are able to address health threats at the human-animal-environment interface, including emerging zoonotic and infectious diseases, more efficiently. However, to ensure optimal outcomes for the countries using these One Health tools, the partners responsible for implementation should regularly collaborate and share information such as implementation timelines, results and lessons learned, so that one process can inform the next. This paper presents a consensus framework on how commonly implemented One Health tools might align to best support countries in strengthening One Health systems. Twelve One Health tools were selected based on their high implementation rates, authors' experience with these tools and their focus on multisectoral, One Health coordination. Through a four-step process, the authors: a) jointly carried out a landscape analysis of One Health tools, using a Cloudbased spreadsheet to share the unique characteristics and applications of each tool; b) performed an implementation analysis to identify and share implementation dynamics and identify respective outcomes and synergies; c) jointly created a consensus conceptual model of how the authors suggest the tools might logically work together; and d) extrapolated from steps 1-3 an agreed-upon overarching conceptual framework for how current and future One Health tools could be categorised to best support One Health system strengthening at the national level. Highlighted One Health tools include the States Parties Annual Reporting Tool under the International Health Regulations (IHR), the World Organisation for Animal Health Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway, the Joint External Evaluation process, IHR/PVS National Bridging Workshops, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Tool, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Laboratory Mapping Tool, the FAO Assessment Tool for Laboratories and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Systems, the FAO Surveillance Evaluation Tool, the One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit, the National Action Plan for Health Security, and IHR Monitoring and Evaluation Framework tools for After Action Reviews and Simulation Exercises. A new guidance document entitled, Taking a Multisectoral, One Health Approach: A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries was also included as a framework that provides guidance to support the implementation of the outputs of the tools described.