External Burning Research Articles

Types and Treatments of Surgical Diseases in Ancient China Found in Bamboo and Silk Texts: Focusing on External Injuries, Burns and Scalds, Intestines, Anus Diseases.

This article aims to analyze the types of surgical diseases and treatments in ancient China as documented in bamboo and silk texts, with a particular focus on (external) injury, tetanus, burns, rectal and anal diseases, and inguinal hernias. For this analysis, I gathered 85 instances of disease and treatments recorded in these texts. The 85 cases were further categorized into 13 (external) injuries, 13 metal wounds, 6 tetanus, 22 burns, 16 rectal and anal diseases, and 15 inguinal hernias. The analysis revealed that the treatment of (external) injury and burns focused primarily on the wound site, while the treatment of metal wounds and tetanus centered on addressing the internal body. Internal treatments were mainly prescribed through the use of medicine and food. Surgical intervention was recommended primarily for diseases of the rectum and anus, with medications applied to the woundspost-surgery. For inguinal hernias, a high-protein diet was typically prescribed. As we've seen, in ancient China, surgical diseases were mainly treated with medication, surgery, and dietary prescriptions. And among these prescriptions, drug prescriptions were utilized not only by medical doctors but also by witch-doctors treating diseases in civilian society and soldiers stationed at frontline military posts. In the absence of medical doctors in both civilian society and frontline units, witch-doctors and frontline units purchased or stockpiled prescription drugs and used them to treat patients according to prescription.

Adult Burn Inpatients Have Increased Burn Severity and Mortality Compared to Children in Retrospective Analysis of National Inpatient Sample 2017.

Socioeconomic status and comorbidities are associated with increased mortality in patients with external surface burn patients, however differences between pediatric and adult burn populations have not been adequately studied. Our objectives were to explore the presentation, management, and outcomes of external surface burns across age groups. The 2017 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried for patients with any diagnosis of external body surface burns. Demographics, comorbidities, complications, total charges, length of stay (LOS), number of procedures undergone (NPU), and time from admission to first procedure (TFP) were identified. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to identify statistical associations with age. 52,335 inpatients were identified with burns, with the majority male (63.6%) and adults (81.8%). Mean age was 50.5 (standard error [SE] 0.1) and 5.5 (SE 0.1) years for adults and children, respectively. Adults had higher prevalence of hypertensive disease (43.5% versus. 1.4%), diabetes mellitus (24.1% versus 0.3%), and obesity (11.7% versus 1.6%) than children (P < 0.001). Adults versus children had higher odds for mortality (odds ratio [OR] 4.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.08-5.89), sepsis (OR 5.16, 95% CI 4.10-6.48), and pneumonia (OR 4.26, 95% CI 3.30-5.50). In this national cohort of inpatients with external surface burns, comorbidities, and odds for mortality and complications varied by age. Pediatric patients more often had lower household incomes; however, adults had significantly higher odds for mortality suggesting that age and comorbidity status are more impactful on burn outcomes than socioeconomic status.

The survival rate of patients with burns induced by explosions was significantly higher than that of common burn cases: A nationwide observational study using the Japan Trauma Data Bank

BackgroundsBlast injuries have a variety of mechanisms, with some cases resulting in immediate death and others resulting in burns as a fourth type of blast injury when the energy of the explosion is relatively low. We reported in 2020, as an incidental result, that burns caused by explosions had a higher survival rate than usual burns caused by other mechanisms. The present study confirmed whether or not burns caused by explosions had higher survival rates than those caused by other mechanisms using the Japan Trauma Data Bank (JTDB), a leading nationwide trauma registry in Japan. MethodsBurn patients registered to the JTDB database from January 2004 to March 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The 338,744 patients registered to the JTDB database published in 2021 were identified. After exclusion, 7127 patients met the criteria for inclusion in this study. Logistic regression analyses were conducted for in-hospital survival rates using patients with burns, including cases complicated by usual trauma and burned patients without usual trauma. The survival rates by External burn grade AIS98 were compared between the explosion group and other cause groups using burn cases without usual trauma. ResultsThe cause of the explosion significantly influenced the survival according to logistic regression analyses using burn groups with and without usual trauma. For AIS 4 and 5, we found significant differences between the explosion group and other cause groups in survival rates among burn cases without usual trauma. ConclusionThe survival rate of patients with burns induced by explosions was higher than that of common burn cases according to analyses based on a burn grade of AIS98 among burn cases without common trauma. Multivariate analyses also showed that explosion burns had a significantly better outcome than those induced by other causes.

Cyanide Poisoning.

Cyanide Poisoning.

Mitigation of irregular burning in a small solid propellant rocket motor

An irregular burning phenomenon arises in some solid propellant motors(SRM), where the time-averaged pressure differs largely from that dedicated by instantaneous area burning. This phenomenon is generally considered the result of the interaction of pressure disturbances within the motor cavity with solid propellant deflagration. Hence, it is a combustion-dependent acoustic phenomenon. Historically, different suppression devices included the classical resonance rods and paddles, and arrays of acoustic resonators and various baffle arrangements were applied. In this paper, irregular burning which arises in a modification of a shoulder-launched rocket is investigated. Several techniques dealing with the irregular burning problem were attempted. In each case, the signal of pressure was analysed in the time domain through time average and AC pressure signal, and in the frequency domain through Fourier transform and power spectral density. The most successful technique was the drilling of holes through the grain, connecting the perforation to the external burning region of the cylinder. Next was the increasing of blocking factor, both methods lead to stabilizing the modified motor.

Unusual internal injuries induced by fatal low-voltage electrocution: About two cases report

Summary Electrical injuries consist mainly in external burn marks. Internal injuries are rarely observed especially in low-voltage electrocution. In this context, we report two fatal cases due to electrocution by low voltage current (220 volts), with a special emphasis on pathological internal changes. Case no. 1 A 30-year-old male construction worker died after a low-voltage electrocution in the workplace. A medico-legal autopsy was required by judicial authorities. An external examination of the body showed marked facial cyanosis and electrical burn marks on the chest. The autopsy findings showed necrotic lesions of the heart, the thoracic aorta and pulmonary artery. The ischemic lesions were confirmed by histological tests. Case 2 A 20-year-old male was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit for pneumothorax after an accidental low-voltage electrocution. Despite cardiopulmonary reanimation, he died two hours later. An external examination of the corpse showed an electrical burn mark on the right hand. The autopsy findings revealed mainly a right pneumothorax as well as some necrotic lesions in the inferior lobe of the right lung and the anterior face of the liver, which were confirmed microscopically. Discussion-conclusion Death during electrocution by a low-voltage current is uncommon. Visceral necrosis is rarely described in this situation.

Chemical components of Choerospondias axillaris wood by TD-GC/MS, Py-GC/MS, and TG

Choerospondias axillaris is a better fast-growing species. Its bark and fruit have the functions of anti-inflammation, detoxification, hemostasis and treatment of external burns. However, due to the lack of systematic and in-depth analysis of the chemical composition of Choerospondias axillaris, it is difficult to develop high value-added products, resulting in low processing efficiency and even direct abandonment. In order to improve the application value of Choerospondias axillaris and excavate its application in many fields, this paper takes Choerospondias axillaris as the research object to reveal the characteristics of volatile organic compounds and the variation rule of molecular components of jujube before and after extraction of Choerospondias axillaris. The extracts of Choerospondias axillaris were detected and identified by GC-MS and FTIR. The pyrolysis process of Choerospondias axillaris was characterized by TGA-DTG and Py-GC-MS. The volatile organic compounds in the ethanol extracts of Choerospondias axillaris were mainly alcohols, petroleum ether extracts were mainly alkanes and organic acids, and phenylethanol extracts were mainly esters. Among the three kinds of jujube extracts, nonanal, beta-caryophyllene, humus and caryophyllene oxides and other bioactive VOCs were observed. The total content of VOCs from high to low was petroleum ether extract, ethanol extract and benzene/ethanol extract. Choerospondias axillaris has three distinct stages of heat loss treatment: the first stage is 30–50°C, the second stage is 50–200°C, and the third stage is 200–247°C. During the heat loss treatment, three critical temperature turning points (50, 200 and 237) were observed, accompanied by significant chemical changes such as pyrolysis of macromolecules into small volatile molecules. By pyrolysis of the extracts and residues of Choerospondias axillaris, a large number of new components have been produced, which can be used in other industries and provide a new way for sour jujube to become a high-grade application resource.

Substance use and inhalation injury in adult\xa0burn patients: retrospective study of the impact on outcomes

BackgroundSubstance use, alcohol use, and smoking use have all been associated with burn injury. Few studies have investigated associations with substances, alcohol, smoking, inhalational only burns, and patient outcomes. The purpose of the study was to identify risk factors for pulmonary failure in patients suffering inhalation injury, focusing on the impact of substance, alcohol, and cigarette use.MethodsThis is a single-center retrospective analysis of 115 patients admitted to the Johns Hopkins Bayview Burn Center with inhalational injury from January 1, 2010, through September 30, 2018. Patients were excluded if they were under the age of 18 years or had burn involvement of the skin > 5%. Primary outcome variables measured were if patients were intubated, length of total time intubated, substance use, alcohol use, and smoking use. Secondary outcome variables measured were types of substances used (amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, methadone, codeine/morphine), total number of substances used, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, secondary complications, and patient mortality. Analysis was performed with Fisher’s exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test. A sub-group analysis for each substance, alcohol, smoking, and control sub-group was compared to its respective sub-group without substance, alcohol, smoking, and control within the no intubation and intubation group. A sub-group analysis of substance use, alcohol use, smoking use, and control was further analyzed with binomial logistic regression within the intubation group.ResultsFollowing inhalation injury, 50/115 (43%) patients required intubation. Forty-two of the 50 (84%) patients intubated had substance use (p < 0.001). Thirty-one of the 50 (62%) patients intubated had history of smoking (p = 0.038). Among the specific substances used, 26/50 (52%) patients intubated were using benzodiazepines (p < 0.001) and 7/50 (14%) patients were using cocaine (p = 0.022). The lengths of intubation, ICU LOS, and hospital LOS with no substance use were shorter than with substance use (p < 0.001). Following the adjusted sub-group analysis, patients with substance use (odds ratio (OR) 6.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.5–16.3]; p < 0.001) and smoking use (OR 2.5, 95% CI [1.2–5.1]; p = 0.013) were more likely to be intubated on admission than those without substance or smoking use.ConclusionsIn patients admitted with an inhalational injury with less than or equal to 5% external burns, the presence of a substance and smoking use on admission provides a further risk of intubation and respiratory compromise. Substance use on admission poses a greater risk of longer intubation, ICU LOS, and hospital LOS. A higher potential for substance use should be suspected in this patient population with prompt treatment.

Antihypertensive effects of the hydro-ethanol extract of Senecio serratuloides DC in rats

BackgroundSenecio serratuloides DC is used in folk medicine for treating hypertension, skin disorders, internal and external sores, rashes, burns and wounds. This study aimed at investigating the antihypertensive effects of the hydroethanol extract of S. serratuloides (HESS) in N-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced hypertension in rats.Methods: Acute toxicity of HESS was first determined to provide guidance on doses to be used in this study. Lorke’s method was used to determine safety of the extract in mice. Female Wistar rats were treated orally once daily with L-NAME (40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks and then concomitantly with L-NAME (20 mg/kg) and plant extract (150 and 300 mg/kg), captopril (20 mg/kg) or saline as per assigned group for 2 weeks followed by a 2-week period of assigned treatments only. Blood pressure was monitored weekly. Lipid profile, nitric oxide, renin and angiotensin II concentrations were determined in serum while mineralocorticoid receptor concentration was quantified in the kidney homogenate. Nitric oxide (NO) concentration was determined in serum and cardiac histology performed.ResultsHESS was found to be non-toxic, having a LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. Blood pressure increased progressively in all animals from the second week of L-NAME treatment. HESS treatment significantly and dose-dependently lowered systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.01), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.01) and triglycerides (p < 0.01). It significantly prevented L-NAME induced decrease in serum angiotensin II (p < 0.01), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001) and serum nitric oxide concentrations (p < 0.001). HESS also significantly (p < 0.01) prevented collagen deposition in cardiac tissue.ConclusionThe hydro-ethanol extract of Senecio serratuloides showed antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic and cardioprotective effects in rats thus confirming its usefulness in traditional antihypertensive therapy and potential for antihypertensive drug development.

Experimental investigation on combustion characteristics of steel cable for cable-stayed bridge

Inspired by a serious fire accident on the cable-stayed bridge, the characteristics of this type of cable fire were investigated pertinently with experiment. And some important parameters, such as temperature distribution and flame height, were measured. The behaviors of fire growth and fire propagation were analyzed; furthermore, fire spread rate was obtained. Additionally, the effectiveness of fire extinguishing methods used in such cable fires was also examined. The results show that the special cables layout and material composition seriously influenced fire behaviors. When internal steel strands were ignited, the polyethylene material on its surface would melt and drop at high temperature, causing that external burning drops penetrated into the interior, which could gradually ignite the unburned part and flaring up the fire. The HDPE sheath originally as a protected component, once ignited, would generate a large amount of burning molten drops, dramatically promoting the fire development to the underneath cable. As observed in fire extinguishing experiments, dry powder, one method recommended by NFPA, showed a re-ignition phenomenon. By comparison, water, one method deprecated in standard, contrarily brought about good effects in fire extinguishing due to an effective cooling effects for inner steel.

Management of electrical injuries

With growing industrialization and mechanization of every household electrical injuries are becoming quite common. Electrical injuries are quite intricate with the damage caused. They cause not only external burns injury but a wide spectrum of visceral injuries which in many cases is difficult to diagnose and manage. Therefore, a sound understanding of the engineering aspects is pivotal in diagnosing and managing these cases. A brief review of the pathophysiology and management of electrical injuries is presented.

Carbon monoxide poisoning in 3 year old with atypical MRI imaging

Objective: Carbon monoxide (CO) as a source of poisoning in children has been described as a 'silent killer'. We report a young child who suffered from smoke inhalation and whose imaging is atypical with no involvement of the globus pallidus as is characteristic of CO toxicity. Methods: This is a single case report describing the clinical and MRI findings of a 3 year old boy caught in a house fire. The origins of the fire are unclear but led to other family members also being hospitalized. Our patient was the most severely affected with a Glasgow Coma Score of 3 on arrival of the Emergency services following a trauma call. He was found unconscious and covered in soot but had not sustained external burns. Onsite carboxyhaemoglobin level was 30% and led to treatment with hydroxycobalamin. Laryngeal oedema was present during intubation. Our patient was ventilated for 6 days. His stay on PICU was marked by minimal inotropic support, stable ventilatory requirements and jitteriness during the weaning phase of his sedation. Short-term outcome at 6 months shows him to have attention and behavioural problems more marked than his premorbid state, but with no apparent motor deficits. Results: A brain CT scan done on immediate arrival in Accident & Emergency department showed some evidence of brain swelling and subtle low attenuation within the caudate heads bilaterally. A 3 Tesla brain MRI scan done on day 8 showed: - bilateral symmetrical hyperintensity of the caudate nuclei and putamina only, with no cortical or white matter abnormalities. Conclusion: The characteristic imaging findings in cases of CO poisoning in the literature almost always appear to involve the globus pallidus bilaterally, with very occasionally some involvement of the caudate and/or putamen. This case highlights that pallidal involvement is not a prerequisite imaging feature.

Electrocution of Raptors on Power Lines: A Review of Necropsy Methods and Findings.

Decades after the problem was first identified, power line electrocution continues to be a cause of avian mortality. Currently, several federal laws protect eagles and other migratory birds, meaning that utility companies may be liable for electrocution-related deaths. Veterinarians and veterinary pathologists called upon to diagnose and treat electrocuted birds should keep this in mind when conducting clinical and postmortem examinations. This review details necropsy findings and methods used to diagnose electrocution. A combination of gross, subgross, and radiographic examinations can aid in identification of subtle injury. Diagnosis is made based on the presence of skin and/or feather burns. Other necropsy findings may include skin lacerations, subcutaneous burns, bruising, limb avulsion, hemopericardium, and vascular rupture. At the US Fish and Wildlife Service's National Forensics Laboratory, from 2000 to 2015, 417 raptor deaths were determined to have been caused by electrocution. Bald eagles and golden eagles were the most commonly submitted species. In a retrospective review of 377 cases, for which whole bodies were submitted, 18% of the electrocuted birds had only a single, small (less than 3 cm in diameter) external burn. Small, isolated burns tended to occur on the undersides of the wings at and distal to the elbow and on the lower legs and feet. These areas should be most carefully examined in cases where electrocution injury is not immediately apparent.

Hypopharyngeal, Supraglottic and Subglottic Stenosis after 1 Week Intubation

Hypopharyngeal, Supraglottic and Subglottic Stenosis after 1 Week Intubation

A Small Size Combined System for the Production of Energy from Renewable Sources and Unconventional Fuels

Nowadays, the development of new power plants capable of effectively using non-conventional energy sources is strongly desirable in order to obtain a significant reduction in costs of energy. In this regard, this paper proposes a new small scale (about 100kW) combined cycle plant which can be fired externally by any kind of biomass. Particularly, the research activity presented here is concerned with the preliminary design of this innovative plant, which will be built, by means of a project funded by “Apulia Region”, at the LabZero Research Centre of Polytechnic University of Bari in the south of Italy. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the plant in terms of energy efficiency and availability and reliability of its components. The plant is mainly composed of a centrifugal compressor and a centripetal turbine of an automotive turbocharger, with the working fluid (clean air) being heated in a high temperature heat exchanger (HTHE) by using hot flue gases produced in an external combustion chamber burning biomass. The clean hot air expands in the turbine and then feeds the combustion chamber, where biomass is burned. In order to increase the efficiency, the flue gases exiting the HTHE are delivered into a heat recovery steam generator to generate water steam which can finally expand through a rotary actuator. Two configurations, employing an open Rankine cycle and a close one respectively, are analysed, and the use of biomass is compared with methane.

Oxidation-derived maturing process of soot, dependent on O2–NO2 mixtures and temperatures

Oxidizer- and temperature-dependent soot properties were investigated to better understand soot oxidation process. For this work, partially oxidized Printex-U samples as surrogate soot, under three different O2–NO2 mixtures, were analyzed by using the high resolution-transmission electron microscope, Raman microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy- attenuated total reflectance. The results show that the maturing process was much dependent on NO2 content in the O2–NO2 mixture: with no NO2 added, soot oxidized through the internal-burning out process, whereas with increased NO2 in the mixture, soot tended to oxidize through the external burning process. As the NO2 content increased, the preferential oxidation of less-ordered carbon crystallites decreased and as a result the maturing process was delayed. Internal burning-out process by O2 only was also verified at various temperatures and with actual engine soot such as diesel soot and gasoline direct-injection (GDI) soot by TEM observations. Despite similar internal burning-out process, however, it was shown that oxidation at increased temperature resulted in relatively less-ordered soot, implying that soot maturing process was delayed with temperature. Since soot oxidation rate increased with temperature, the increase in oxidation temperature seems to diminish preference on short-ranged crystallites like more efficient O2–NO2 cases.

Isolated Sensorineural Hearing Loss as a Sequela after Lightning Strike.

In most of the surviving patients after a lightning strike, audiovestibular abnormalities have been reported. The most frequently reported type of abnormalities is a tympanic membrane perforation with hearing loss and external ear canal burn. However a sensor neural hearing loss and mixed type hearing loss can also occur, but these occur rarely. A nineteen-year-old female patient had, after a lightning strike, serious burns on the left ear, behind the ear, and on the chest and neck. She also had in her left ear 108 dB hearing loss with irregular central perforation and in her right ear 52 dB sensorineural hearing loss. There was no hearing loss before the strike. A hearing aid was recommended for the right ear and good care and follow-up were recommended for the left ear. A lightning strike can cause serious audiological damage. Therefore, it is necessary to make a careful audiovestibular evaluation of the patients. Although there exist rarely healed cases from sensorineural hearing loss after lightning strike in literature, in our case hearing loss occurred bilaterally and then it healed unilaterally. This condition is quite rare in literature.

Investigations on human and animal remains from a medieval shaft well in Ayasuluk/Ephesos (Turkey).

In course of the archaeological survey of Ayasuluk/Ephesos region (Turkey), a shaft well situated at the area of an extensive medieval bathing complex was excavated. In the stratum corresponding to the reign Mehmed II the well-preserved skeletons of two humans, an equine and a canine were recovered. Anthropological analysis of the human skeletons indentified two males aged 22 (±3) and 36 (±5) years. The skeleton of the younger individual showed signs of various antemortal conditions, including a well-healed fraction of right arc of the fifth lumbar vertebra, and a marked asymmetry of the shoulder joints. The older individual exhibited significant peri/postmortem injuries at the elbows, with evident signs of peeling and external burning. Also, the few elements of the cranium recovered showed also indications of burning. Archaeozoological characterization of the complete skeletons of the equine and canine established evidence of well cared-for animals of high value. The time of disposal of this group coincides with uprising of the formerly ruling Aydnoullar clan against the Ottomans in power. The human individuals recovered from the well may have been members of Aydnoullar tribe or men in service of the latter, suffering severe torture and/or mutilation for siding with the rebels after defeat.

An Evaluation Of Rocket Parameters

The dependence of conventional parameters of internal ballistics of Solid Propellant Rockets using external burning cruciform charge, on the geometry of charge aad rocket motor is discussed and results applied in a special case.

Experimental Study of Combustible and Non-combustible Construction in a Natural Fire

With the adoption of performance-based fire design and the development of new engineered wood products, wood-based mid-rise and high-rise buildings are beginning to be constructed all around the globe. This trend has accelerated efforts to gain more understanding of the risks associated with combustible construction. To compare the differences between combustible and non-combustible construction, a series of full scale fire tests was conducted at Carleton University, the results of which are presented in this paper. These tests represented real bedroom fires with different room construction types: cross laminated timber (CLT) construction, light timber frame construction and light steel frame construction. Results showed that gypsum boards provided a better protection to CLT panels than to light frame walls. Compared with fires in the protected rooms, fire in the unprotected CLT room during the fully developed phase showed accelerated fire development and resulted in over 80% higher total heat release rate (THRR) but slightly lower room temperatures, and external burning contributed to about 64% of the THRR. It was also found that the light timber frame walls and light steel frame walls behaved very differently in the real fire. Furthermore, higher charring rates in both the unprotected CLT panels (1.0 mm/min) and wood studs (1.2 mm/min) were obtained in the real fire than those in the standard fire.