External Body Dimensions Research Articles

Clinical applicability of external and internal body dimensions in predicting dystocia in late‐gestation Holstein‐Friesian heifers

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the clinical applicability of maternal intrapelvic area (PA) and selected morphometric parameters that can be measured before parturition in predicting dystocia in dairy heifers. The measurements were performed in 374 late‐gestation Holstein‐Friesian heifers. Inner pelvic height and width were measured using a pelvimeter, and PA was calculated. The heifers were monitored continuously around the time of calving, and calving difficulty was categorized as: unassisted calving (UC), slight assistance (SA), considerable difficulty (CD) and veterinary assistance (VA). Calving performance was analysed with the χ2 test, and the effect of body dimensions on the course of parturition was evaluated by one‐way analysis of variance. Dystocia (CD + VA) was predicted with the use of the classification tree method. Dystocia accounted for 29.14% of all deliveries. The percentages of stillbirths and retained placenta increased (p < .01) with increasing calving difficulty. Average PA immediately before parturition was smaller (p < .01) in group VA (223.2 cm2) than in group UC (253.3 cm2). According to the classification tree, dystocia may occur (74.07% odds) in heifers with PA < 254.2 cm2 and a rump angle <5.68° before parturition. Measurements of heifer's cannon circumference and sire's body size improve the accuracy of dystocia prediction.

Teenagers anthropometric measurement and furniture mismatchment

In the varied spheres of life various anthropometric mismatches are seen but are unknowingly being used and the physical problems arising from these are treated as if they were due to some medical problems, for example the height of some counters are such that interactions between the man behind the counter and visitor are obstructed. Writing stands, counter plat forms, which are sometimes used as writing surfaces in post offices and banks, are too high making it difficult to write anything. Anthropometry deals with the measurements of the human external body dimensions in static and dynamic conditions. Designs without due consideration to the body dimensional requirements of intended users do not serve their purpose and have less user acceptance value. There are numerous medical problems that have resulted because of the use of articles that do not match the anthropometry of the users. Lack of foot space may also be a problem for all workers. In this study the desk height, desk depth, length of desk, chair depth, chair breadth for girls and combined group was noted to be less than required. Inclusive of these dimensions the back rest height and breadth was less than required by the boys, result in uncomfortable feeling and pain due to use of furniture.

A Simple Genetic Architecture Underlies Morphological Variation in Dogs

Author SummaryDogs offer a unique system for the study of genes controlling morphology. DNA from 915 dogs from 80 domestic breeds, as well as a set of feral dogs, was tested at over 60,000 points of variation and the dataset analyzed using novel methods to find loci regulating body size, head shape, leg length, ear position, and a host of other traits. Because each dog breed has undergone strong selection by breeders to have a particular appearance, there is a strong footprint of selection in regions of the genome that are important for controlling traits that define each breed. These analyses identified new regions of the genome, or loci, that are important in controlling body size and shape. Our results, which feature the largest number of domestic dogs studied at such a high level of genetic detail, demonstrate the power of the dog as a model for finding genes that control the body plan of mammals. Further, we show that the remarkable diversity of form in the dog, in contrast to some other species studied to date, appears to have a simple genetic basis dominated by genes of major effect.

ESTIMATION OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HUMAN BODY DIMENSIONS FROM FEW EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS

Purpose. The primary objective of the study was to determine a way to obtain subject-specific body dimensions. The aim was then to develop linear statistical models for estimating human body geometry from a small number of body measurements. Methods. Internal (bone dimensions) and external (body) measurements were collected on 64 healthy adults representative of three morphotypes. Simple and multiple linear regression models between external and internal body dimensions were then obtained and assessed. Results. The statistical analysis provided 184 anthropometrical models which allow estimation of subject-specific external and internal data from 10 external dimensions that can be easily measured on any subject. Among them, 62 models had a 2SEE (i.e. twice the Standard Error of Estimate) lower than 10%. Conclusion. This study proposes a non-invasive approach to estimate both external and internal body dimensions.

Karakterisasi Sumberdaya Kambing Lokal Khas Kejobong di Kabupaten Purbalingga Propinsi Jawa-Tengah

Characterization of local goat of kejobong at local government of purbalingga, central javaABSTRACT. The purposes of this study were to identify the quantitative morphogenitical characteristics (external body dimensions) and qualitative characteristics (coat-colour), the population size, its distribution and diversity of morphogenitical characteristics, the population status in term of conservation, and to find out the model of conservation. The target of this study were goat-husbandry of local goat at Kejobong (13 villages) Local Government of Purbalingga, Central Java, Purbalingga Regency. Livestock On-Farm Trials (LOFT) by simple random sampling was implemented in this study. Sample sizes were determinate by Nomogram Harry King, and were involved of 931 head of local goat of Kejobong. Descriptive (qualitative and quantitative) analyses, variance analyses by General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SPSS, analysis of the population status according to the Global Data Bank for Farm Animal Genetic Resources for Domestic Animal Diversity of FAO were applied.This study revealed that: (1) based on the size of external body dimensions, the Kejobong local goat appears the termediate between Kacang and Peranakan Etawah goats; (2) ) Based on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics, the Kejobong local goat assumed as a crossbreed-goat resulted from crossing between Kacang and Peranakan Etawah breeds. Dominant black and total black coat colour were predominants 74.45 and 56.49 percent among their population, respectively; (3) The Kejobong local goats were founded in all regions (13 villages) with the total populations about 15.317 heads. There was highly diversity in term of the characteristic of external body dimensions. This finding force to conduct the in-breed selection in order to improve their productivity; (4) Based on the Global Data Bank for Farm Animal Genetic Resources, the population status of local goat at Kecamatan Subdistric (15.317 heads) and the total population of black coat (8.623 heads) were classified into Not at Risk category. Board of Agriculture National Research Council (1993) classify that the population status into rare if the size of population ranges from 5.000 until 10.000 heads, it is imply that the total population of black coat goat (8.623 heads) include in rare category; (5) The policy of livestock conservation consists of the in-situ and ex-situ methods. In the level of implementation of the sustainability conservation, there were some aspects could be take into account such as agreement between government (political will and coordination), community (group farmer, empowering capital and marketing), and universities.

Morphometric variation associated with teat-number differences in Antechinus agilis and A. swainsonii ? Observations from the Otway Ranges, Victoria

That there is intraspecific variation in teat-number in Antechinus agilis (agile antechinus) and A. swainsonii (dusky antechinus) has been known for a long time. Our aim was to determine whether other key morphometric traits differed among individuals with different numbers of teats. External body dimensions and pelage characteristics were measured on live individuals and compared. Within-species variation in some external body dimensions (tail, pes, and snout-vent length) coincided with teat-number differentiation in both antechinus species in the Otway Ranges, Victoria. Disparities in pelage colour and markings were apparent between A. agilis 6- and 10-teat phenotypes, but were not obvious among A. swainsonii teat phenotypes. Although small sample sizes obviated statistical analysis, we tentatively concluded that female A. agilis with 7, 8, or 9 teats in the Otway Ranges probably displayed morphometric and pelage characteristics intermediate between those of 6- and 10-teat individuals. A comparison of morphometric traits among 6-teat A. agilis from different geographic areas (Otways, Portland and Wilsons Promontory) also revealed some variation. This result was consistent with an expectation of clinal variation in external morphology among antechinus. Overall, this study indicates that localized disparities that are associated with teat-number, as well as clinal differences occurring over large geographic distances, contribute to intraspecific variation in external morphology in antechinus.

Wild pigs in the United States: their history, comparative morphology, and current status

With an estimated population of at least 500,000 distributed across 19 states, the wild-living pig (Sus scrofa) is the most abundant free-ranging introduced ungulate in the United States. Until now, however, little has been known about the wild pig on a national scale, despite its abundance and significance as both a pest and a game animal. Whereas previous studies have been regional in scope, Wild Pigs in the United is a comprehensive work on wild pig history, current status, comparative morphology, and other subjects important to the species' management and control. The information in this volume relates to the country's three prevalent wild pig types: the introduced Eruasian wild boar, the feral (once domestic, now wild) hob, and hybrids of the two. The first section of the book presents a history of wild pigs in the USA - their origins; when, where and by whom they were first introduced; and their subjsequent dispersal. John J. Mayer and I. Lehr Brisbin, Jr. then develop specific criteria, based on taxonomic principles, for differentiating between the wild pig types. Employing numerous illustrations, graphs and tables, they analyze and compare morphometric and discrete characters of the skull, external body dimensions and proportions, coat coloration patterns, and hair structure and form. A report on the current status of wild pig populations in the United States completes the volume.

Relative growth of the skull and postcranium in giant transgenic mice

Cross-sectional allometric growth patterns of the cranial and postcranial skeleton were compared between giant transgenic (MT-rGH) mice and their normal littermate controls. Body weights, external body dimensions, and a series of cranial and postcranial linear dimensions of the skeleton were determined for samples of known age. Comparative bivariate and multivariate allometric analyses were completed in order to determine whether (1) the larger transgenic mice differed significantly from the normal controls in aspects of body and skeletal proportions, and (2) any such proportion differences resulted from general allometric effects of overall weight or skeletal size increase. Results demonstrate that the transgenic mice do exhibit significantly different body and skeletal proportions than normal control adults. Allometric comparisons of the skeletal dimensions relative to body weight reveal similar coefficients of growth allometry but several differences in gamma-intercept values in the transgenic vs. control groups. The comparisons among the skeletal dimensions of the skull and postcranium generally reveal the sharing and differential extension of common growth allometries in the two groups. Thus, the elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the transgenic mice appear to result in increased overall growth for the various skeletal elements, but in the relative proportions determined by intrinsic growth controls within that system.

Fat deposition in Hereford and Friesian steers: 1. Body composition and partitioning of fat between depots

SUMMARYIn this paper, the first of a series of three in which fat deposition is examined in 42 castrate male Hereford and Friesian cattle, details are given on the experimental material and procedures used in all papers. Whole body composition (anatomical and chemical) and the partitioning of fat within the body are also reported in this paper.Four, two and 15 animals were slaughtered at 6, 13 and 20 months of age, respectively, afterad libitumfeeding of a complete pelleted diet.The Friesians were heavier than the Herefords, having 10%, 20% and 14% heavier empty bodies at 6, 13 and 20 months, respectively.At the same age, the Friesians had a greater percentage of empty-body weight as carcass muscle, carcass bone, total body water and total body ash than the Herefords but a lower percentage as dissectible fat and total body lipid. An analysis of linear body measurements showed no difference between breeds in the stage of development of external body dimensions at 20 months of age, and it was concluded that at the same age and stage of development of live weight or size, the Friesians were leaner than the Herefords.Relative growth coefficients of the fat depots showed late developmental growth in some intra-abdominal depots (omental and perirenal–retroperitoneal) but not in another (mesenteric). Relative growth coefficients of the omental, mesenterie and intermuscular depots were different between breeds. The Herefords deposited more dissectible fat subcutaneously than the Friesians whereas the Friesians deposited more in the intraabdominal depots. A multivariate index of fat partitioning, which was not influenced by age or stage of development of the fat depots, was not significantly correlated with fatness, suggesting no direct link between the pattern of fat partitioning and body-fat content.Breed differences in the distribution of fat within the subcutaneous and intermuscular depots were minor compared with the large difference in the partitioning of fat between depots. It was thus concluded that the factors controlling fat partitioning do not influence the distribution of fat within depots.

A method for the determination of the length, the critical resection length and the critical gap distance of peripheral nerves from external body dimensions.

In 68 human corpses over the age of 20 years, defined external body dimensions and the total lengths of peripheral nerves were measured, taking sex and constitutional type into consideration. The particular body dimension with the closest correlation to the lengths of the most frequently injured nerves of the extremities was determined by correlation computation. Using this external body dimension in regression equations and diagrams, it is possible to determine the average length of the nerves of the extremities with considerable accuracy directly in the patient. When the length of the nerve is known, the absolute value of the critical resection length of 3 per cent and the critical gap distance of 3-7 per cent (depending on the kind of nerve and the level of the separation) can be determined individually.

External body dimensions ofPan paniscus andPan troglodytes chimpanzees

Postcranial skeletal studies have demonstrated thatPan paniscus is a more gracile animal thanPan troglodytes, with different arm to leg proportions. Published data on external body dimensions are extremely rare forPan paniscus, however. We present here a series of such measures for a sample ofpaniscus, and we compare these to similar measures forPan troglodytes. This comparison further clarifies the morphological distinctions between the two chimpanzee species, and indicates that bonobos have longer legs and smaller chest girths relative to overall body height than doPan troglodytes chimpanzees.

Correlation between external body dimensions and the length of peripheral nerves

Correlation between external body dimensions and the length of peripheral nerves

Human somatotypes in relation to the size of inner organs

The hypothesis concerning the existence of correlations between external somatic characteristics and the size of inner organs, i.e. the existence of somatotypes as defined in typological concepts, is tested. To that end, on material comprising 780 corpses of adults dissected for forensic purposes, weights of the brain, heart, liver and kidneys were taken, together with anthropometric external body dimensions. After statistical analysis, the conclusion about the unreality of the typological approach to human physique is drawn.

Morphological variation in the white-tailed black cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus baudinii, in Western Australia: A multivariate approach

A multivariate statistical study is made of morphological divergence in external body dimensions and in skull shape between two forms of C. baudinii - the long-billed form, C.b. baudinii, and the short-billed form, C.b. latirostris. Complete separation of the two forms is established, based on external morphology and on skull morphology. The degree of morphological divergence poses the problem of assigning taxonomic status to the two forms; the complete morphological separation revealed by the multivariate approach is greater than that normally associated with subspecific status, and, together with documented ecological differences, may indicate full biological species status. A comprehensive study is under way (by D.A.S.) to establish the reproductive behaviour and breeding ranges of the two forms.

Ultrasound Determination of Left Ventricular Position for Volume Angiography

The reliability of angiographically determined left ventricular (LV) volume is in part dependent upon the accuracy of the determination of the position of the left ventricular (LV) chamber in relation to the x-ray image intensifier. A new device is described which utilizes available ultrasound techniques and equipment to ascertain readily the height of the LV above the table top with the patient lying in the right anterior oblique position. Comparison of cross-table radiography with the ultrasound method was carried out. In addition, multiple external body dimensions were obtained which did not consistently predict LV position. The height of the LV above the table top can be obtained readily by the ultrasound technique described and requires minimal expertise for its accurate measurement.

Appraisal of the state of nutrition of low birth weight babies. II. A technique of investigation.

SYNOPSISA technique is described for assessment of the nutritional response of low birth weight babies to pooled human milk, based upon measurement of external body dimensions and serial daily metabolic balance studies.

VI. GROWTH OF THE CARDIAC SILHOUETTE AND THE THORACO-ABDOMINAL CAVITY

Our aim in the present study was to determine some of the changes which occur in the size and shape of the cardiac silhouette and the thoraco-abdominal cavity from birth until the end of the first year and to define their relations to some of the external body dimensions. Measurements of the heart and thoraco-abdominal cavity were made from roentgenograms. The external dimensions were measured by a technic previously described. 1 Means and standard deviations, which measure the extent of departures from the mean, were calculated. MATERIAL AND METHOD The infants used in this study (165 boys and 146 girls) were born in Bellevue Hospital and came for the most part from very poor homes. After being discharged from the maternity wards, they were supervised in a special clinic devoted to the care of well infants. These infants grew normally, averaging 739 mm. in height and 9,500 Gm. in weight

DETERMINING SIMILARITY OF TRIPLETS AND QUADRUPLETS

Journal Article DETERMINING SIMILARITY OF TRIPLETS AND QUADRUPLETS: A Quantitative Expression Derived from Measurements of External Body Dimensions Get access S. E. TORSTEN LUND S. E. TORSTEN LUND University of Minnesota Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 24, Issue 5, May 1933, Pages 195–198, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103770 Published: 01 May 1933