Exterior Zones Research Articles

Fluid Mixing and Spatial Geochemical Variability in the Lost City Hydrothermal Field Chimneys

AbstractCarbonate‐brucite chimneys are a characteristic of low‐ to moderate‐temperature, ultramafic‐hosted alkaline hydrothermal systems, such as the Lost City hydrothermal field located on the Atlantis Massif at 30°N near the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. These chimneys form as a result of mixing between warm, serpentinization‐derived vent fluids and cold seawater. Previous work has documented the evolution in mineralogy and geochemistry associated with the aging of the chimneys as hydrothermal activity wanes. However, little is known about spatial heterogeneities within and among actively venting chimneys. New mineralogical and geochemical data (87Sr/86Sr and stable C, O, and clumped isotopes) indicate that the brucite and calcite precipitate at elevated temperatures in vent fluid‐dominated domains in the interior of chimneys. Exterior zones dominated by seawater are brucite‐poor and aragonite is the main carbonate mineral. Carbonates record mostly out of equilibrium oxygen and clumped isotope signatures due to rapid precipitation upon vent fluid‐seawater mixing. On the other hand, the carbonates precipitate closer to carbon isotope equilibrium, with dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater as the dominant carbon source and have δ13C values within the range of marine carbonates. Our data suggest that calcite is a primary mineral in the active hydrothermal chimneys and does not exclusively form as a replacement of aragonite during later alteration with seawater. Elevated formation temperatures and lower 87Sr/86Sr relative to aragonite in the same sample suggest that calcite may be the first carbonate mineral to precipitate.

Mining Rituals in Vital Spaces: The Cosmopolitics of Gold and the Precarity of Mine Closure in Ghana

ABSTRACTRecent spiritual contests swirling around a five-year shutdown of the Obuasi gold mine in Ghana, one of the world’s largest, have thrown into high relief key features of improvisational labour and cosmopolitical assemblages in de-industrialising settings. People are turning more intensely toward novel mining rituals in pursuits of gold, which spirits animate. These phenomena urge a reconsideration of the theoretical and conceptual terms of analysis for moral economies of labour and neoliberal mining politics. Building upon recent work on cosmopolitics, copresences, and cultures of casual labour, this piece argues for a concept of vital spaces – interior and exterior zones of life and death, of enlivening and deadening – with assemblages of spiritual reciprocity. These multivalent spiritual contests over the vitalities of gold provide a prime context for a retheorization of moral economies and mining politics as cosmopolitics, with implications for understanding labour, politics, and value across the neoliberal world.

Dense-field spray droplet size quantification of flashing boiling atomization using structured laser illumination planar imaging technique

The statistics of droplets formed by the primary jet breakup of a liquid atomization system are critical since it determines the atomization quality and resultant spray characteristics. However, quantifying the droplet statistics by applying optical diagnostic instruments is challenging because of the dense population of droplets near the nozzle exit. In a flash boiling spray, the more rapid breakup produces a higher optical dense droplet cloud, which is more challenging. Besides, the interference from the vapor phase heavily evaporated is more problematic. In this study, we incorporated an in-house developed laser-induced exciplex fluorescence (LIEF/Mie) based droplet sizing technique to quantify the near-field droplet characteristics of a single jet flash boiling spray, which can separate the liquid spray from the vapor phase to eliminate the influence of the vaporization. To mitigate the interference of multiple scattering in the dense region, a 3-phase structured laser illumination planar imaging (3p-SLIPI) facility was implemented into the measuring system to modulate the laser beam. The combination of these two unique techniques succeeded in obtaining accurate quantification of a planar droplet size distribution of this flash boiling spray. The 3p-SLIPI-LIEF/Mie measurements were validated against phase Doppler interferometry (PDI) droplet size measurement results. It is found from this study that the SLIPI-LIEF/Mie results are more accurate and more appropriate for simulation or theoretical analysis compared to LIEF/Mie results. The investigation of the flash boiling sprays under various superheat conditions was conducted using this technique. The quantitative near-field droplet size information reveals the prompt atomization mechanism of the flash boiling sprays. Comparing to the non-flash boiling sprays, the SMD is much smaller, the distribution is more uniform, and the tendency becomes more significant as the superheat degree increases. The SLIPI-LIEF/Mie results show that there is no liquid core region or sudden droplet size reduction due to flash boiling secondary micro-explosion breakups. Rather, a central dense region formed due to rapid expansion and evaporation at the exterior zones of the flash boiling spray was found.

Field study of the microplastic pollution in sea snails (Ellobium chinense) from mangrove forest and their relationships with microplastics in water/sediment located on the north of Beibu Gulf

Laboratory studies demonstrated that the mussels were good model organisms in revealing microplastics (MPs) uptake and toxicity. However, only limited field study data on the MPs in benthic marine mesoherbivores collected from mangrove forests are currently available. In this study, the MPs in the snails (Ellobium chinense) organs, rather than the shell, from a mangrove forest were dominant fraction (maximum reaching to 60%). Unexpectedly, no significant linear relationships were found between the levels of MPs in the organs of the snails and the levels in the sediment/tidal water. Further studies were done to explore the sources of the MPs in snail organs. MPs in snail organs at both the landward (interior) and seaward (exterior) zones mainly origin from the pore water. Moreover, the MPs found in the snails showed no relevance to the particulate matter (PM) collected from pore water. The findings reported here imply that both the MPs and PM in pore water affect the extent of MPs enter into the organs of benthic marine mesoherbivores collected from mangrove forest.

Comparative study between tribological performance of carbide reinforced functionally graded copper composite and its alloy under the influence of process parameters

The functionally graded composite Cu-10Sn-5Ni/10 wt% B4C and its alloy, was manufactured (Φout100 × Φin85 × 100 mm) by stir casting route utilizing horizontal centrifuge cast technique. A comparative dry sliding tribological analysis was performed for interior (1–5 mm), intermediate (5–10 mm) and exterior (10–14 mm) zones of both composite and alloy, using pin-on-disc tribometer. A direct relation for rate of wear and friction coefficient (COF) was seen with variably hiking applied load and slide distances. Whereas for varied slide velocity, COF raised with a reduced slope along a directly related rate of wear. Worn surface analysis of the interior composite zone exhibited delamination and grooves, pointing the severing of wear which was normal. Functional grade composite mixed with B4C suggests its applicability in production of cylinder liners, automobile bearings, slide concave guide bars and electric switches.

Determining an appropriate partitioning method to reduce the power system dimensions for real time voltage control

One of the ways to increase the speed of adaptive optimal coordinated voltage control (OCVC) is the reduction of the power system dimensions. To this end, after occurrence of a disturbance, the power system is initially partitioned into interior, boundary and exterior zones. Partitioning is based on the fact that voltage instability is a local phenomenon at the early moments after fault occurrence; therefore the variation of boundary and exterior variables is small. Then, the equations of boundary and exterior zones are linearized, and the variables and equations of exterior zone-except for control variables-are removed. This will lead to a considerable decrease in the number of power system equations. Three partitioning based on admittance matrix system, active and reactive power flow in transmission lines are taken into consideration and the appropriate method resulting in the minimal linearization error is selected. This paper also uses the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) to increase the problem solving speed in adaptive optimal coordinated voltage control. The simulation results on the New England 39-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems demonstrate that calculations speed have been remarkably improved while retaining the required precision.

Demonstration of reduced-order urban scale building energy models

The aim of this study is to demonstrate a developed framework to rapidly create urban scale reduced-order building energy models using a systematic summary of the simplifications required for the representation of building exterior and thermal zones. These urban scale reduced-order models rely on the contribution of influential variables to the internal, external, and system thermal loads. OpenStudio Application Programming Interface (API) serves as a tool to automate the process of model creation and demonstrate the developed framework. The results of this study show that the accuracy of the developed reduced-order building energy models varies only up to 10% with the selection of different thermal zones. In addition, to assess complexity of the developed reduced-order building energy models, this study develops a novel framework to quantify complexity of the building energy models. Consequently, this study empowers the building energy modelers to quantify their building energy model systematically in order to report the model complexity alongside the building energy model accuracy. An exhaustive analysis on four university campuses suggests that the urban neighborhood buildings lend themselves to simplified typical shapes. Specifically, building energy modelers can utilize the developed typical shapes to represent more than 80% of the U.S. buildings documented in the CBECS database. One main benefits of this developed framework is the opportunity for different models including airflow and solar radiation models to share the same exterior representation, allowing a unifying exchange data. Overall, the results of this study have implications for a large-scale modeling of buildings in support of urban energy consumption analyses or assessment of a large number of alternative solutions in support of retrofit decision-making in the building industry.

Geologic mapping of the Urvara and Yalode Quadrangles of Ceres

We conducted geologic mapping of the Urvara (Ac-13) and Yalode (Ac-14) Quadrangles (21–66°S, 180–360°E) of the dwarf planet Ceres utilizing morphologic, topographic, and compositional information acquired by NASA's Dawn mission. The geologic characteristics of the two large impact basins Urvara (170 km diameter) and Yalode (260 km diameter) and their surroundings were investigated using Dawn Framing Camera datasets, including Survey (415 m/pixel), HAMO (140 m/pixel), and LAMO (35 m/pixel) images and mosaics, color and color ratio images, and DTMs derived from stereo-photogrammetry. Geologic mapping demonstrates that impact cratering has dominated the geologic history of the Urvara and Yalode Quadrangles, with early cratered terrain formation followed by formation of the large basins and widespread emplacement of basin-related smooth material. Impact craters display a wide range of preservation states from nearly completely buried/degraded forms to more recent pristine craters with terraced inner walls and lobate ejecta deposits. Cross-cutting relationships and morphologic signatures show that the Urvara impact followed the Yalode impact, consistent with ages derived from crater size-frequency distributions (580 ± 40 Ma for Yalode and 550 ± 50 Ma for Urvara). Observed differences in basin materials and rim morphology suggest heterogeneities in the substrate excavated by impact. Smooth deposits that cover large areas of the quadrangles, including the basin floors, rims, and exterior zones, are interpreted to be dominated by Urvara ejecta but Yalode ejecta and localized ice-rich flow material may be minor components. Geologic mapping results and simulations of ejecta emplacement suggest that Urvara and Yalode ejecta deposits extend for large distances (more than two crater diameters from the basin centers) and may serve as important stratigraphic markers for the geologic record of Ceres.

Research on the cooling characteristics in building interior zones using displacement ventilation system

The outdoor low temperature fresh air can be used as a free cold source to eliminate waste heat for the building interior zones during the transition season and winter. This paper takes a project in Hunan as an example, and the project building interior zones is 25m×7m×3.9m(L×W×H). Using Fluent software to simulate the temperature field and velocity field both the interior and exterior zones of the engineering offices. The simulation results show that using the displacement ventilation system to take the outdoor air into inner rooms not only cooling but also improving the air quality and adding comfort. According to the simulation results and outdoor air dry bulb temperature and enthalpy values, the h - d diagram is divided into three air conditioning conditions (summer, winter, transition season), and three different operation adjustment methods have been proposed corresponding to each air conditioning condition, which will reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning system.

A quick method to solve the optimal coordinated voltage control problem based on reduction of system dimensions

This paper presents a new method to speed up the solving process of the optimal coordinated voltage control (OCVC) problem. To this end, after occurrence of a fault, the power system is initially partitioned into interior, boundary and exterior zones by spectral graph partitioning method. Partitioning is based on the fact that voltage instability just after the fault, is a local phenomenon, therefore the variation of boundary and exterior variables is smaller than that of interior ones. Then, the equations of boundary and exterior zones are linearized, the algebraic variables and equations of exterior zone are removed and a considerable decrease in the number of power system equations is obtained which is equal to a reduction in the system dimensions. As a result the determination process of the optimal control actions is fastened. Also, based on the monotonic behavior of long-term voltages, a new method of predicting voltage trajectory is proposed, in which two points are used: the first point referring to the system state just after applying the control actions, which is called jumping point and the final one referring to the steady state of the system. In a case study on the New England 39-bus power system, it was verified that using this method a remarkable increase in calculation speed can be obtained while retaining the system precision.

Truffle Brûlés Have an Impact on the Diversity of Soil Bacterial Communities

BackgroundThe development of Tuber melanosporum mycorrhizal symbiosis is associated with the production of an area devoid of vegetation (commonly referred to by the French word ‘brûlé’) around the symbiotic plants and where the fruiting bodies of T. melanosporum are usually collected. The extent of the ecological impact of such an area is still being discovered. While the relationship between T. melanosporum and the other fungi present in the brûlé has been assessed, no data are available on the relationship between this fungus and the bacteria inhabiting the brûlé.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe used DGGE and DNA microarrays of 16S rRNA gene fragments to compare the bacterial and archaeal communities inside and outside of truffle brûlés. Soil samples were collected in 2008 from four productive T. melanosporum/Quercus pubescens truffle-grounds located in Cahors, France, showing characteristic truffle brûlé. All the samples were analyzed by DGGE and one truffle-ground was analyzed also using phylogenetic microarrays. DGGE profiles showed differences in the bacterial community composition, and the microarrays revealed a few differences in relative richness between the brûlé interior and exterior zones, as well as differences in the relative abundance of several taxa.Conclusions/SignificanceThe different signal intensities we have measured for members of bacteria and archaea inside versus outside the brûlé are the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that not only fungal communities, but also other microorganisms are affected by T. melanosporum. Firmicutes (e.g., Bacillus), several genera of Actinobacteria, and a few Cyanobacteria had greater representation inside the brûlé compared with outside, whereas Pseudomonas and several genera within the class Flavobacteriaceae had higher relative abundances outside the brûlé. The findings from this study may contribute to future searches for microbial bio-indicators of brûlés.

Effect of Reflective Fabric on Yield of Mature ‘d’Anjou’ Pear Trees

Reflective fabric was installed before bloom in 2009 and 2010 in alleyways of a mature, low-density ‘Anjou’ pear orchard (269 trees/ha). Four treatments were applied to study intracanopy light environments on fruit growth rate and size, cropload, yield, and fruit quality: 1) no fabric (NF); 2) partial-season fabric applied before full bloom (FB) and removed 75 days after full bloom (dafb) (PSF); 3) full-season fabric applied before FB and removed at harvest (FSF); and 4) shadecloth (60%) applied 60 dafb through harvest (SC). PSF and FSF improved yield by 12% and 18%, respectively, over the two-year period relative to NF. The high yields of fabric treatments were attributed to fruit number in the lower (less than 2.4 m) interior, mid-, and exterior zones of the canopy. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was increased by fabric 28%, 95%, and 30% in the lower exterior, mid-, and interior canopy, respectively. Photosynthesis:light response curves indicated improved carbon assimilation of pear leaves developing in the elevated PAR environment of the lower canopy. Fruit growth rate and final size were unaffected by fabric treatments. FSF fruit size was similar to NF despite higher fruit density. Compared with NF, FSF had a small, non-significant effect on fruit maturity (increased softening) at harvest. Yield and fruit size of SC fruit were significantly reduced. The number of fruit in SC trees did not differ from NF in 2009, but the effect of shade reduced fruit number in 2010. Fabric did not affect fruit quality attributes after three and six months of regular atmosphere cold storage. Pears from SC trees did not attain ripening capacity after three months of cold storage and a 7-day ripening period and had lower sugar content compared with other treatments. The cumulative yield advantages associated with FSF support its use in mature pear orchards.

The effects of external wall insulation thickness on annual cooling and heating energy uses under different climates

External wall insulation plays an important role in building energy consumption through affecting cooling and heating energy uses. In this paper, a study on the effects of external wall insulation thickness on annual cooling and heating energy uses under different Chinese climates is reported. Firstly, two indexes: Energy Gain Ratio (EGR) and Relative Variation Ratio (RVR) of the sum of annual cooling and heating energy uses, to assess the effects of external wall insulation thickness on energy saving potential are introduced. Secondly, a model space having four different exterior zones facing four different orientations in an office building is presented and the settings of the model space described. Lastly, the simulated annual cooling and heating energy uses for the four different exterior zones at different external wall insulation thicknesses under three different climates in China, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing, are reported. The results suggested that energy saving was significant by increasing the external wall insulation thickness in exterior zones facing all orientations under Beijing’s climate, since the heating energy use was dominant and can be reduced remarkably with the increase in insulation thickness. Under Shanghai’s climate, increasing external wall insulation thickness to over 26mm would not reduce the sum of annual heating and cooling energy uses in the south-facing exterior zone, but would help save energy in exterior zones facing the other three orientations. For all exterior zones under Guangzhou’s climate, it was, however, hardly possible to reduce the sum of annual heating and cooling energy uses by increasing the external wall insulation thickness.

REFLECTIVE FABRIC IMPROVES INTRA-CANOPY LIGHT LEVELS AND INCREASES YIELD IN A LOW-DENSITY, MATURE 'D'ANJOU' PEAR ORCHARD

Reflective fabric was installed spring 2009 in a mature, low-density ‘d’Anjou’ pear orchard (269 trees ha-1) to investigate its influence on canopy light environment, fruit size, yield and postharvest fruit quality. Four treatments were studied: 1) no Fabric (NF), 2) fabric applied prior to full bloom (FB) and removed 75 days after full bloom (DAFB) (F-75), 3) full-season fabric applied prior to FB and removed at harvest (F-FS), and 4) shade, 60% shade-cloth applied 60 DAFB through harvest. Weekly fruit growth rate and average fruit size at harvest were not affected by fabric treatments. Shaded fruit were markedly smaller. Total tree yield was significantly greater for fabric treatments relative to the control (c.a., 20%), but not significantly different between fabric treatments, indicating that increased tree yields were due to an increase in fruit number, occurring between FB and 75 DAFB. Higher yields were observed for fabric treatments in the lower exterior, mid and interior canopy. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was increased under fabric by 25, 90 and 30% in the exterior, mid and interior zones of the canopy, respectively. Measurement of reflected PAR from fabric was approximately15% of the total light incident on the canopy exterior, as opposed to approximately 2% over the grassed alleyways of NF. At harvest, firmness of exterior-canopy fruit was 64.7, 64.4 and 67.2 N for F-FS, shade and NF fruit, respectively, indicating advanced maturity of F-FS and shade fruit relative to NF. Fruit quality attributes (firmness, soluble solids (SS), total acids and extractable juice) were analyzed at 2, 4 and 5 months of regular atmosphere storage (-1°C), following a 7-day, 20°C ripening period. Slightly greater levels of SS were observed in FS fruit. Shade treatment fruit were significantly less firm and had lower sugar content.

Cobalt capping: Why is sintered hardmetal sometimes covered with binder?

Some sintered hardmetal grades come out of the furnace covered with a thin layer of binder at the surface, while others do not. The layer can be beneficial for subsequent brazing, but it must be removed by grinding or etching if the hardmetal is to be coated. It would be beneficial to be able to control this “cobalt capping” during sintering by applying suitable sintering conditions. For this purpose, the mechanism of cobalt capping was investigated. The capping occurs on the cooling ramp, at the eutectic temperature of the binder. If the binder solidifies first in the interior, the contraction caused by the phase transition squeezes melt out of the exterior zones. The contraction of the specimen was verified with dilatometry. Conditions leading to cobalt capping are: higher carbon content in the surface than in the bulk (decrease of melting point), high binder content, especially in the surface zone, and a low cooling rate.

Oxygen isotope sector zoning in natural hydrothermal quartz

Abstract Oxygen isotope measurements using SIMS and laser-fluorination methods confirm the presence of concentric and sector zoning in low-temperature (200°C to <400°C) hydrothermal quartz from Alpine veins. While concentric zoning is most readily explained by changes in the chemical composition of the fluid or temperature of crystallization, the reasons for sector zoning are more difficult to explain. Relative enrichment in 18O for crystallographically different sectors of quartz corresponds to m >r >z. Sector zoning is, however, largely limited to the exterior zones of crystals and/or to crystals with large Al (>1000 ppm) and trace element contents, probably formed at temperatures <250°C. Differences in δ18O between the prismatic (m) relative to the rhombohedral (r and z) growth sectors of up to 2% can be explained by a combination of a face-related crystallographic and/or a growth rate control. In contrast, isotopic sector zoning of up to about 1.5% amongst the different rhombohedral faces increases in parallel with the trace element content and is likely to represent disequilibrium growth. This is indicated by non-systematic, up to 2%, differences within single growth zones and the irregular, larger or smaller, δ18O values (of several permil) of the exterior compared to the inner zones of the same crystals. Disequilibrium growth may be related to the large trace element content incorporated into the growing quartz at lower temperatures (<250°C) and/or be related to fluid-vapour separation, allowing crystal growth from both a vapour as well as a liquid phase.

A Case Study: Integrated System Optimization through Continuous Commissioning

ABSTRACT The studied facility is a nine-story office building with a total floor area of 71,500 square feet. The building receives both steam and chilled water from an energy company, while hot water is generated through steam-water heat exchangers in the building. The interior zones from the 4th floor to the 9th floor are initially served by one constant volume (CV) air handling unit (AHU) system with electrical reheats at each terminal box, while the exterior zones are initially served by a constant volume primary AHU system with a 2-pipe hot water/chilled water induction unit system. The low levels of the building are served by one constant volume AHU system with electrical reheats at each terminal box. The excessive fan power and electrical reheat, chilled water was used in the building. Continuous Commissioning (CCTM) was applied to solve existing facility problems, optimize facility operation, and reduce operational costs. The CCTM measures include AHU variable air volume (VAV) conversion, AHU econo...

Barrierefreiheit von Arztpraxen am Beispiel Essen

Constructional barriers often prevent persons who are only partially able, for example those requiring a wheel chair for pre-ambulation, from entering buildings where doctors practise. Even though many international and national resolutions have long been demanding free access to the environment for the partially able, this has not been specially prescribed in Germany. Hence, no one knows anything about outpatient health care facilities in this regard. The present study aimed at analysing accessibility to orthopaedic and neurological practices and surgeries for wheelchair patients. We chose Essen, the sixth largest town in Germany, as an example of an urban area, where orthopaedists and neurologists are frequently accessed by wheelchair patients. We performed on-site investigations of the exterior and interior zones of all orthopaedic and neurological surgery buildings in Essen (each n = 29). Criteria for our descriptive analysis were parking lots for the handicapped, shunting areas, entrances at-grade, steps/stories, banisters, ramps, bells and openers of front, elevator and surgery doors, their opening and width. Following the criteria of the DIN 18 024 standard part 2 ("accessibility") the surgeries were divided into four groups 1) fully accessible; 2) slight barriers; 3) considerable barriers; 4) massive barriers. None of the 58 investigated surgeries was fully accessible, 21 of the 29 surgeries of each medical specialty had massive barriers, so that wheelchair patients could access these surgeries only with the help of at least two (strong) persons. Six of the 29 orthopaedic and three of the 29 neurological surgeries had slight barriers, whereas two orthopaedic and five neurological surgeries had distinct barriers. Main barriers were steps in the entrance area; front, elevator or surgery doors too narrow (width less than 80 cm), and elevators too small. For wheelchair patients in Germany, free choice of doctors seems to be massively reduced. Since 80 % of orthopaedic and 90 % of neurological surgeries in Essen do not fulfil the quality feature "constructional accessibility", measures that have been taken in the past to help partially able persons to participate in this respective aspect of social life have not been effective. New measures to improve the present situation should be agreed upon by all the institutions involved (politics, local authorities/construction supervision, sickness funds, doctors and associations of sickness fund physicians, and concerned persons). If voluntary measures do not lead to free choice of doctors for wheelchair patients, further legal regulations appear to be mandatory.

Mechanical Behavior at High Temperature of a Centrifugally-cast Stainless Steel Tube.

Mechanical properties at high temperature of a centrifugally-cast stainless steel tube have been investigated by torsion tests. Microstructure and composition have been determined in different positions along the tube radius. Differences in the microstructure related to different solidification rates have been observed between the interior and exterior zones. Garofalo's equation has been calculated considering the results of torsion tests of samples obtained from both zones. A similar value for the activation energy and hyperbolic sinus exponent have been observed in both cases. However, a change in ductility and fracture stress between both zones has been found at temperatures above 1100°C.

Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters?

Abstract In this study we examined the effect of specialization on behavioral choice among Wisconsin goose hunters, who were able to choose a relatively easy hunt at the Horicon Marsh or a more complex hunt in the exterior zones. Past research has shown that more specialized recreationists have differing motives, attitudes, satisfaction levels, crowding perceptions, environmental preferences, and management preferences. Our goal in this study was to extend this research to behavioral choices and to learn more about the dimensions of specialization in goose hunting. Specialization did not predict behavioral choice among the sample. Specialization, as measured by past experience, commitment, media involvement, club membership, and preferred hunting style, did not differ significantly when comparing Horicon goose hunters and exterior zone hunters. Novice hunters hunted alongside experienced hunters, and behavioral choice appeared to be more a function of structural constraint than attitu‐dinal preference. Sp...