Exterior Forces Research Articles

DESIGN AS REACTION: RE-EVALUATING THE ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN DOCUMENTS BY CONSI

Covid-19 shows that space is a complex phenomenon that online platforms can replace since society can produce or transform spaces to meet their demands in response to unexpected happenings. Societies pushed by environmental, climate, or exterior forces could re-produce new spaces or return to the previous spaces when these forces disappear. Even though people are recently recovering from the global pandemic, scientists believe that the climate crisis will be the next external force waiting for humanity. This paper is generated by wondering how people react and respond to unexpected exterior forces and happenings in terms of designing their urban life or architecture. As climatic change is expected as the ensuing global force after the pandemic, this paper takes the 16th-19th century Great Frost of London as an example to research urban and architectural assembly as opposed to this unexpected happening. It discovers that numerous visual documents are recorded that Londoners transformed the Thames River into Thames Frost Fair, and it disappeared when the frost was gone. However, all souvenirs and ephemeral documents as the memory of Frost Fairs still exist. As Lefebvre believes that every society produces its own space, this study aims to reveal design is not always planned; it sometimes happens even under difficult and impermanent circumstances, depending on the society. Furthermore, it discovers that the term ephemera is not limited by these documents in the case of Frost Fair as architecture and urban space can be ephemera themselves since space was the fundamental source of those, as mentioned earlier ephemeral memorial document.

Linear and Energy-Stable Method with Enhanced Consistency for the Incompressible Cahn–Hilliard–Navier–Stokes Two-Phase Flow Model

The Cahn–Hilliard–Navier–Stokes model is extensively used for simulating two-phase incompressible fluid flows. With the absence of exterior force, this model satisfies the energy dissipation law. The present work focuses on developing a linear, decoupled, and energy dissipation-preserving time-marching scheme for the hydrodynamics coupled Cahn–Hilliard model. An efficient time-dependent auxiliary variable approach is first introduced to design equivalent equations. Based on equivalent forms, a BDF2-type linear scheme is constructed. In each time step, the unique solvability and the energy dissipation law can be analytically estimated. To enhance the energy stability and the consistency, we correct the modified energy by a practical relaxation technique. Using the finite difference method in space, the fully discrete scheme is described, and the numerical solutions can be separately implemented. Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme has desired accuracy, consistency, and energy stability. Moreover, the flow-coupled phase separation, the falling droplet, and the dripping droplet are well simulated.

Long-Term Earthquake Response Monitoring of Nineteenth-Century Timber Temple Kencho-ji, Japan

ABSTRACT In this study, we have conducted earthquake monitoring on a timber Buddhist temple constructed in 1825. Between 2008 and 2019, 75 strong motion were recorded. The maximum response acceleration was recorded during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Japan. From the long-time monitoring, the influence by time due to deterioration and exterior force was expected, but the natural frequency of vibration/stiffness did not show any fluctuation in our 12 years of measurement. There was a strong correlation with the natural logarithm of the maximum relative displacement, reflecting the non-linear elastic characteristics of timber structures. However, the natural frequencies of vibration were 10–20% higher in the summer than in the winter, when the climate was hot and humid. The effect of moisture content on the mechanical properties of wood was also investigated and an idealized relationship between the maximum relative displacement and the normalized natural frequency of vibration by MC was proposed.

신라 군제(軍制)에서의 군령권(軍令權) 인식과 행사

Examined in this article is the authority to command the military, which was practiced and preserved in the ancient Shilla dynasty. How this authority -which solely belonged to the King- was perceived and then executed, is the particular focus of this work.<BR> The authority to command the military was of course an authority to deploy military assets, soldiers and resources alike. Therefore it was an authority that could not be shared in any event, and it was also never to be interfered with from exterior forces. Kim Yu-shin did not mind a conflict with So Jeong-bang of Dang over the issue of punishing Shilla soldiers, and when the Dang government offended Shilla by treating the Shilla King as more or less the same with yet another local lord of China, King Munmu dared changing the Shilla command structure to become identical with its Dang counterpart, so that he could declare his position and status as same with that of the Dang Emperor. The exclusiveness of this authority to command the military was also visualized by objects and protocols that symbolized the authority’s delegation and retrieval. The Weol that Kim Yu-shin was in possession of was a symbol of military command, just like the Jeongjeol of Dang or Jeoldo of ancient Japan. King Munmu’s visit to the ancestral mausoleum right after the fall of Goguryeo was also a ritual retrieving the delegated military command.<BR> The authority to command the military was designed to control individuals within the command structure by punishments and rewards, but the authority itself was also never arbitrarily wielded. The commander of the Shilla military officialized wartime rules of punishment and reward as well as its resolve to abide by such rules, by issuing Seo declarations. Such rules had to be observed and followed by all parties, regardless of their ranks, including the commander himself. As following orders was crucial in military operations, and one could only pay the ultimate price with one’s own life, the spectrum of the punishments was rather narrow. The commander was granted with a certain range of discretion in rewarding soldiers under his command, but predetermined procedures had to be followed as well. From records of Shilla rewarding meritorious deeds right after the fall of Goguryeo , or from relevant regulations of Dang and Japan, we can see that Shilla was equipped with a system to reward meritorious actions performed in the time of war.

Spinoza’s Conatus Undoes Bourdieu’s Habitus

Bourdieu’s intermittent allusions to Spinoza’s conatus disclose the weaknesses of his concept of habitus. A thorough inspection of his involvement with the Spinozist legacy reveals a long-lasting inconsistency, for he expects that conatus will assist him in both 1) grounding the habitus and solving the uncertainties that surround this notion by endorsing a strong conatus, impervious to the resistances it will eventually encounter; and 2) re-instating agency in the structuralist mindset, a program retrospectively admitted by Bourdieu in 1987 and bound to a weak conatus, exposed to the interfering resistance of exterior forces and thus determined by the interaction with contingent events. Bourdieu noticed this incongruity around 1993. At that time, he renounced to buttressing the habitus by means of the dynamizing character of conatus. So began the later evolution of his thought, linked to the antithetical demand of both a weak and a strong conatus, a request commanded in its turn by an overarching habitus. One outcome of this conflict is that agency can hardly be summoned if Bourdieu’s conception of a “strong” conatus prevails and the dispositions making up the habitus are irreversible. In contrast, both Bourdieu’s appeal to controlled improvisation, and the ensuing concept of strategy, demand a “weak” conatus. Overall, the notion of habitus has been dubbed “a Trojan Horse for determinism” and endorses in fact what might be called the “mythology of permanence,” that is, the historically long-held belief in an all-embracing everlastingness. Bourdieu’s use of Spinoza’s conatus, in sum, besides highlighting the immutable social reproduction entailed by the habitus, acts as a litmus test for the ambiguities and shortcomings of this notion.

Characterization of the Compressive Load on a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Application

Lithium-ion batteries are being implemented in different large-scale applications, including aerospace and electric vehicles. For these utilizations, it is essential to improve battery cells with a great life cycle because a battery substitute is costly. For their implementation in real applications, lithium-ion battery cells undergo extension during the course of discharging and charging. To avoid disconnection among battery pack ingredients and deformity during cycling, compacting force is exerted to battery packs in electric vehicles. This research used a mechanical design feature that can address these issues. This investigation exhibits a comprehensive description of the experimental setup that can be used for battery testing under pressure to consider lithium-ion batteries’ safety, which could be employed in electrified transportation. Besides, this investigation strives to demonstrate how exterior force affects a lithium-ion battery cell’s performance and behavior corresponding to static exterior force by monitoring the applied pressure at the dissimilar state of charge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used as the primary technique for this research. It was concluded that the profiles of the achieved spectrums from the experiments seem entirely dissimilar in comparison with the cases without external pressure. By employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was noticed that the pure ohmic resistance, which is related to ion transport resistance of the separator, could substantially result in the corresponding resistance increase.

A nonconforming pressure-robust finite element method for the Stokes equations on anisotropic meshes

Abstract Most classical finite element schemes for the (Navier–)Stokes equations are neither pressure-robust, nor are they inf-sup stable on general anisotropic triangulations. A lack of pressure-robustness may lead to large velocity errors, whenever the Stokes momentum balance is dominated by a strong and complicated pressure gradient. It is a consequence of a method, which does not exactly satisfy the divergence constraint. However, inf-sup stable schemes can often be made pressure-robust just by a recent, modified discretization of the exterior force term, using ${\boldsymbol{H}}(\operatorname{div})$-conforming velocity reconstruction operators. This approach has so far only been analyzed on shape-regular triangulations. The novelty of the present contribution is that the reconstruction approach for the Crouzeix–Raviart method, which has a stable Fortin operator on arbitrary meshes, is combined with results on the interpolation error on anisotropic elements for reconstruction operators of Raviart–Thomas and Brezzi–Douglas–Marini type, generalizing the method to a large class of anisotropic triangulations. Numerical examples confirm the theoretical results in a two- and a three-dimensional test case.

Ten simple rules for increased lab resilience.

When running a lab we do not think about calamities, since they are rare events for which we cannot plan while we are busy with the day-to-day management and intellectual challenges of a research lab. No lab team can be prepared for something like a pandemic such as COVID-19, which has led to shuttered labs around the globe. But many other types of crises can also arise that labs may have to weather during their lifetime. What can researchers do to make a lab more resilient in the face of such exterior forces? What systems or behaviors could we adjust in ‘normal’ times that promote lab success, and increase the chances that the lab will stay on its trajectory? We offer 10 rules, based on our current experiences as a lab group adapting to crisis.

Invisibility and Indexicality: Reflections on the Aesthetics and Politics of Schiller’s Theater

This paper argues that Schiller’s theater develops a political semiosis organized around operations of indexicality, understood as the attempt to trace a figure back to its invisible conditions of genesis. This notion of indexicality linking visible form to invisible origin is developed in the Kallias-Briefe in reflections on technical form (technische Form) and acquires a distinctively political character in theatrical representation. A tension emerges in the manner in which Schiller’s theater translates agonistic fields of invisibility (instinct and reason, cosmos and character, purposiveness and chaos, necessity and possibility) into visible signs. On the one hand, Schiller’s theater exposes diffuse forms of power that cannot be traced back to a sovereign instance (as is the case with Elisabeth in Maria Stuart) and seeks to reactivate in spectators an indexical capacity that links political agency to its conditions of genesis in a character. On the other hand, Schillerian theater makes the character of the dramatic figure into a zone of inconsistency through which political possibilities are generated and foreclosed. In Schiller’s Die Jungfrau von Orelans and Wilhelm Tell, for example, the character of the hero disrupts the concentration of normativity in the body of the king or the collective democratic body respectively, thereby investing the dramatic figure with a power of deviation. This tension in the simultaneous repairing and disrupting of politically inflected forms of indexicality is woven through Schiller’s theater and is generative of the radiant power of its dramatic figures. These figures can never be completely extracted from the exterior force of law or from the power of the norm—whence their restorative force. Nor do such figures harmonize perfectly with the instantiation of law and norm—whence their emancipatory force.

A Biometric Logic of Revelation: Zach Blas’s &lt;em&gt;SANCTUM&lt;/em&gt; (2018)

A Biometric Logic of Revelation: Zach Blas’s &lt;em&gt;SANCTUM&lt;/em&gt; (2018)

Of Life and Limb: Surgical Repair of the Arteries in War and Peace, 1880–1960 by Justin Barr

Reviewed by: Of Life and Limb: Surgical Repair of the Arteries in War and Peace, 1880–1960 by Justin Barr David S. Jones Justin Barr. Of Life and Limb: Surgical Repair of the Arteries in War and Peace, 1880–1960. Rochester Studies in Medical History. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2019. 302 pp. Ill. $85.00 (978-1-58046-966-1). Justin Barr has written a valuable history of medical innovation. His case study—operations to repair injured arteries—presents a classic puzzle. Innovations by surgeons had "revolutionized the potential for vascular surgery" by 1910 (p. 32). Yet forty years later artery repair remained rare. Surgeons instead continued to amputate limbs or ligate arteries. Barr explains this gap between invention and implementation with analyses that explore the causes of therapeutic change, the relationship between war and medicine, and the meaning of efficacy in surgery. At first pass, Of Life and Limb offers a narrow explanation. Artery repair was a simple idea, one that required neither new technology nor elaborate [End Page 530] infrastructure. Since the decision to amputate, ligate, or repair was an emergency, patients played little role in the decision. All that mattered was surgeons' skill and judgment: "In contrast to histories of many surgical innovations that were profoundly shaped by exterior forces, the story of arterial repair revolves around the operation itself, who could perform it, and under what specific conditions" (p. 4). Training was crucial. Barr credits the American Board of Surgery and the American College of Surgeons for increasing the rigor and availability of surgical residencies in the 1930s and 1940s. The average surgeon who worked in MASH units in Korea was more skilled than those in prior wars, and they were able to implement artery repair on a large scale for the first time. When these combat surgeons returned to civilian life, with data that showed the value of artery repair, they transformed vascular surgery. While this might seem like an old-fashioned, internalist argument, Barr executes it convincingly. It is notable that this argument about the primacy of surgical training is made by an author in the midst of his own surgical residency. However, it quickly becomes clear that Barr's arguments reach much farther. He considers "vectors of stasis and change ranging from the broadest social and cultural factors to the most specific technical details" (p. 157). Barr, for instance, acknowledges that war provides a crucible for surgical innovation: "This human carnage and its dehumanizing conditions also instilled an attitude of experimentalism and risk tolerance among some doctors" (p. 7). But only certain kinds of warfare: when combat is dynamic, with field hospitals racing to keep up with advancing and retreating battalions as casualties flood in, surgeons can do little more than triage and amputate. Only when battle lines stabilize, casualties slow, and armies erect more elaborate hospitals can surgeons work more deliberately. This is what happened in the final months of World War II in Europe (but not in the Pacific), and again during the final phase of the Korean War (1951–53). It was there that residency-trained surgeons finally succeeded with artery repair. Many subtler issues contributed. The manure-laden fields of French farms fueled wound infections during World War I; surgeons had little choice but to amputate (p. 42). Antibiotics largely solved this problem in Korea (p. 111). Surgical researchers took advantage of the "governmental penchant for documentation" that produced detailed medical records (p. 7). They benefitted from the professionalization of anesthesiology in the 1930s (p. 92). When surgeons returned to civilian life, the burden of disease had shifted: the rising tide of atherosclerotic vascular disease, urban violence, and motor vehicle trauma created growing demand for vascular surgery. These "contextual changes all occurred outside the operating room but nonetheless proved crucial to the eventual adoption of arterial repair by creating a fertile milieu" (p. 92). One last argument emerges in the conclusion. Surgical innovation is not just about improving efficacy: amputation, after all, offers decisive management of hemorrhaging arteries. Instead, innovation is driven by a desire to develop "less morbid operations" that are better tolerated by patients (p. 159). Barr also highlights crucial mistakes. When Michael DeBakey and Fiorendo...

Resistance exterior force property of lithium‐ion pouch batteries with different positive materials

Resistance exterior force property of lithium‐ion pouch batteries with different positive materials

Tlaxcala’s ‘redondez’ and the making of new worlds: from global empire to Indian province in Descripción de la ciudad y provincia de Tlaxcala (1581–1585)

Tlaxcala, an indigenous province in New Spain, was an ally to Hernán Cortés and an active participant in the wars of conquest against the Mexica Empire. In their position and identity as Indian conquistadors both during the conquest wars and the colonial period, the Tlaxcalteca nobility sought to defend its lands, interests, and privileges against competing exterior entities and forces. Countering these threats, Tlaxcala appropriated and developed a variety of discourses—heraldry, relaciones de méritos, primordial titles— and ritual practices and performance to defend its territorial and political integrity. This article analyzes another Tlaxcalteca discourse, not yet identified and studied by scholars, in Diego Muñoz Camargo’s Descripción de la ciudad y provincia de Tlaxcala (1581–1585). By proposing the term and concept rhetoric of the sphere, this article examines its use by Muñoz Camargo to articulate a cartographic representation of Tlaxcala’s territory as a circular, enclosed, and immune space. Intimately tied to the world-like nature of Tlaxcala’s circular representation, the article argues, is the assertion, through both text and image, of a nativist revision of conquest and the emergence of a Tlaxcalteca territory and identity.

On the networking synthesis of studio factors to the integration of design pedagogy.

Studio is critically important for design education, but few attempts have been made to demonstrate the parallels between studio factors and design performance. This paper adopts a coherent set of analyses to investigate the major studio factors and attempts to quantify the networking interactions among them. First, it describes how architectural studio is usually organised based on some major factors. Next, a theoretical model is established according to the described hypotheses and their mutual interactions. Third, the research method and statistical analysis with structural equation modelling (SEM) are presented. Finally, the results of this empirical examination are presented for discussion and suggestions. Our findings reveal that studio tutorials have no significant effect on undergraduate's design performance. In contrast, students’ subjective intention plays a more important role in shaping their behaviour, indicating the importance of transferring those exterior forces into internal benefits when the studio instructor attempts to optimise the pedagogy. These findings are also inspiring for all creative disciplines.

On the Dynamic of Country Development

In this work, we study the dynamics of the development of a country P. We find that this dynamic is governed by forces called development forces. There are three different types: natural force, exterior force, and interior force of development. They all have three components: human, economic and political. Depending on the intensity of these three forces, the resilience to natural and negative exterior forces, the level of development of P varies between two consecutive periods. This study allows us to conclude that development relies essentially on the interior force.

Active Contour Driven by Weighted Hybrid Signed Pressure Force for Image Segmentation

This study presents a novel active contour model (ACM) driven by weighted global and local region-based signed pressure force (SPF) to segment images in the presence of intensity inhomogeneity and noise. First, an adaptive weighted global region-based SPF (GRSPF) function as the driving centers is designed based on the global image information, which is based on the normalized global intensity to update the weights of the inner and outer regions of the curve during iterations. Second, by introducing the normalized absolute local intensity differences as the weighs of the inner and outer regions, an adaptive weighted local region-based SPF (LRSPF) function is similarly defined. Third, instead of setting a fixed force, a force propagation function is introduced to automatically balance the interior and exterior forces according to the image feature. Meanwhile, by combing the adaptive GWSPF and LWSPF functions, a weighted hybrid region-based SPF function is defined, which can improve the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed model. The experimental results on real images demonstrate that the proposed model is more robust than the popular region-based ACMs for segmenting images with intensity inhomogeneity and noise. The code is available at https://github.com/fangchj2002/WHRSPF .

Optimal control of a thermoelastic body with missing initial conditions

ABSTRACT This paper aims to control the deformation and the temperature of a thermoelastic body by acting on him by an exterior force applied on a part of the body. In this case, all the initial data in the main model are missing values. The incomplete data in the considered model requires the use of the notion of no-regret control introduced by J. L. Lions for optimal control of distributed systems with missing data. An optimality system formed of coupled equations and adjoint coupled equations characterises the optimal pair (control state).

Food intake, survival, and immunity of Nibea albiflora to Cryptocaryon irritans infection.

Cultured Nibea albiflora rarely die from cryptocaryoniasis. To explore the resistance of N. albiflora against the invasion of Cryptocaryon irritans, in this study, 40g N. albiflora was artificially infected with C. irritans at a median lethal concentration (2050 theronts/g fish). The food intake, survival, relative infection intensity, and immobilization titer variation of serum and mucus at different time points after the infection were compared. Results showed that the ingestion of N. albiflora could be resumed only 1day after feed deprivation by the disease, which indicated the quick resilience of N. albiflora. N. albiflora did not die out even if it was cultured continually for up to 15days at 27°C in a culture tank with a large quantity of C. irritans tomonts. It was because that, without any exterior force, N. albiflora could block the C. irritans cell proliferation, and then the pathogens disappear gradually. In vitro immobilization titer test results confirmed that the serum and mucus could directly eradicate C. irritans.

Optimal Control Problem for Two-Layer Elastic Body with Crack

We establish the unique solvability of the equilibrium problem for a two-layer body. One layer contains a crack, whereas the second one is glued along its edge to the first layer in such a way that to cover one of the crack ends. In the case, where the second layer is a rigid plate, we show that the problem with a rigid patch is the limit of problems with elastic patches as the rigidity parameter tends to infinity. We also study the optimal control problem with the exterior forces acting on both layers taken for the control function.

An Implantable Transparent Conductive Film with Water Resistance and Ultrabendability for Electronic Devices.

Recently, instead of indium tin oxide, the random mesh pattern of metallic nanowires for flexible transparent conducting electrodes (FTCEs) has received a great amount of interest due to its flexibility, low resistance, reasonable price, and compliant processes. Mostly, nanowires for FTCEs are fabricated by spray or mayer coating methods. However, the metallic nanowire layer of FTCEs, which is fabricated by these methods, has a spiked surface roughness and low junction contact between the nanowires that lead to their high sheet resistance value. Also, the nanowires on FTCEs are easy to peel-off through exterior forces such as bending, twisting, or contact. To solve these problems, we demonstrate novel methods through which silver nanowires (AgNWs) are deposited onto a nanosize porous nitrocellulose (NC) substrate by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and an opaque and porous substrate. Respectively, through dimethyl sulfoxide treatment, AgNWs on NC (AgNW/NC) is changed to the transparent and nonporous FTCEs. This enhances the junction contact of the AgNWs by EPD and also allows a permanent attachment of AgNWs onto the substrate. To show the mechanical strength of the AgNWs on the transparent nitrocellulose (AgNW/TNC), it is tested by applying diverse mechanical stress, such as a binding test (3M peel-off), compressing, bending, twisting, and folding. Next, we demonstrate that AgNW/TNC can be effectively implanted onto normal newspapers and papers. As paper electronics, light-emitting diodes, which are laminated onto paper, are successfully operated through a basic AgNW/TNC strip circuit. Finally, it is demonstrated that AgNW/TNC and AgNW/TNC on paper are water resistant for 15 min due to the insulation properties of the nonporous substrate.