Extent Of Reciprocity Research Articles

Higher-order interactions and zero-determinant strategies in the public goods game

Abstract Since the ingenious discovery of zero-determinant (ZD) strategies by Press and Dyson, many efforts have been devoted to the evolutionary performance of ZD strategies. Recently, the effects of higher-order interactions on evolutionary games have attracted widespread interests, whereas it remains unknown how higher-order interactions affect the evolutionary performance of ZD strategies. This paper focuses on the role of higher-order interactions on evolutionary ZD strategies in iterated public goods game (IPGG), where the baseline payoff is a key parameter to describe nodes' extent of reciprocity in both first-order and second-order interactions. Through the adaptive-like dynamics, we found that there is a critical value of each network, above which the networked game will converge to a consensus state where all the nodes obtain the same payoff. This critical value is significantly affected by the relative strength of higher-order interactions with a U-shaped trend. Numerical simulations are carried out to explore how the network structures affect the dynamics. The results in networks with different sizes indicate that networks with higher average degree are more easily to converge to the consensus state. The simulations on a real-world network further support the theoretical conclusions.

Trust Quantification for Networked Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are highly integrated hardware–software devices that electro-mechanical components are tightly coupled with advanced computational algorithms for data collection, processing, communication, and control. Internet of Things is the emerging application of CPS. The main research challenge in designing CPS devices and systems is the quantification of complex system behaviors, such as consciousness, adaptation, and evolution. Particularly trust becomes an important element that affects system behavior in the networked society. To capture the unique human societal and systems aspects of trustworthiness quantification for CPS, in this paper, trustworthiness is measured by the perceptions of ability, benevolence, and integrity quantitatively. Ability measures one’s sensing and reasoning capability and influence to others. Benevolence captures the genuineness of intention and the extent of reciprocity in information exchange. Integrity provides the confidence about system dependability and predictability. A generic probabilistic graph model is developed to represent CPS functionality at mesoscale and demonstrate the perception-based quantification of ability and benevolence. Trust-based CPS network design and optimization are also demonstrated with the metrics of ability and benevolence.

Preceptors' Experience of Nursing Service-Learning Projects.

Service-learning is a teaching-learning strategy in higher education that provides hands-on experiences in authentic clinical environments. Mutual decision making, shared goals, reciprocity, and tangible benefits to organizations and the people they serve are hallmarks of service-learning. However, the literature is sparse pertaining to preceptor experiences with service-learning projects, the extent of reciprocity, or the projects' impact on those who received the service. A small phenomenological study was conducted to better understand the experiences of four community-based health professionals who worked with nursing students on service-learning projects. Four themes emerged from face-to-face interviews and written reflections: (a) reciprocity among preceptor, clinical faculty, and student, (b) intentional planning and project clarity, (c) meaningful and authentic experience, and (d) valued and beneficial contributions that addressed a need. Insight gained from the experiences of the four preceptors in this study suggest that through careful planning and reciprocity, service-learning can have a positive impact on community-based organizations and the people they serve.

A comparative study of reciprocity in international physician licensing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the international mobility of physicians by comparing the regulations governing the practice of foreign physicians in the USA and eight other countries. Design/methodology/approach – This is a comparative study of the regulations governing the practice of foreign physicians in eight countries: China, India, the Philippines, the UK, Germany, Denmark, Israel and Australia. Their requirements are then contrasted with the USA’s requirements for foreign physician licensure to evaluate the extent of reciprocity among these countries. We conclude the paper by outlining some recommendations to increase the international mobility of physicians in the future. Findings – The results indicate that licensure for US physicians to practice in the nations above ranges from impossible (India), to difficult (China), to moderately difficult (the UK, Germany and Denmark), to easy and completely reciprocal (Australia, Israel and the Philippines). Originality/value – The results and recommendations in this study are a valuable starting point for further research and policy changes that will ensure a more reciprocal relationship between the USA and other countries, in terms of opportunities for international medical practice.

Parenthood, Marital Status, and Well-Being in Later Life: Evidence from SHARE

Using pooled cross-sectional data from the first two waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we address the question of whether and how parenthood and marital status are associated with various dimensions of elders’ well-being, which we define by elements of the individual’s economic situation, psychological well-being, and social connectedness. The results of our multivariate analysis suggest that childless individuals do not generally fare worse than parents in terms of their economic, psychological, or social well-being. Although there is some indication for a ‘protective effect’ of marriage, having a partner does not per se contribute to greater psychological well-being: only those reporting satisfaction with the extent of reciprocity in their relationship report lower numbers of depression symptoms than their unmarried counterparts. We observe no systematic associations between parenthood (marriage, respectively) and individuals’ propensity to participate in social activities. These findings are fairly stable, that is, they hold for both men and women as well as across various cohorts, and they do not vary systematically between countries.

Changes in sexual organ reciprocity and phenotypic floral integration during the tristyly–distyly transition inOxalis alpina

Although the 6 magnitude and pattern of correlation among floral traits (phenotypic integration) is usually conceived as an adaptation for successful pollination and reproduction, studies on the evolution of plant reproductive systems have generally focused on one or a few characters. If evolutionary transitions between reproductive systems involve morphological floral adjustments, changes in the magnitude and pattern of phenotypic integration of floral traits may be expected. In this study, we focused on the evolutionary dynamics of a complex adaptive trait, the extent of reciprocity (reciprocal placement) among sexual organs in a heterostylous species, and explored the associated changes in phenotypic floral integration during the transition from tristyly to distyly. The extent of reciprocity and both the magnitude and pattern of floral integration were characterized in 12 populations of Oxalis alpina representing the tristyly-distyly gradient. Although the extent of reciprocity increased along the tristyly-distyly transition, the flower size diminished. These adjustments did not affect the magnitude, but did affect the pattern, of floral integration. *Changes in the pattern of floral integration suggested that allometric, functional and pleiotropic relationships among floral traits were affected during this evolutionary transition.

The relationship between the extent of reciprocity with social supporters and measures of depressive symptomatology, impairment, disability, and handicap in persons with spinal cord injury.

The relationship between the extent of reciprocity with social supporters and measures of depressive symptomatology, impairment, disability, and handicap in persons with spinal cord injury.

The relationship between the extent of reciprocity with social supporters and measures of depressive symptomatology, impairment, disability, and handicap in persons with spinal cord injury.

The relationship between the extent of reciprocity with social supporters and measures of depressive symptomatology, impairment, disability, and handicap in persons with spinal cord injury.

The relationship between the extent of reciprocity with social supporters and measures of depressive symptomatology, impairment, disability, and handicap in persons with spinal cord injury.

The relationship between the extent of reciprocity with social supporters and measures of depressive symptomatology, impairment, disability, and handicap in persons with spinal cord injury.

The Patterning of Intervention among Male Bonnet Macaques: Reciprocity, Revenge, and Loyalty

The Patterning of Intervention among Male Bonnet Macaques: Reciprocity, Revenge, and Loyalty