Extent Of Legislation Research Articles

THE SOVEREIGNTY, INDEPENDENCE AND FOOD SECURITY POST THE OMNIBUS LAW ON JOB CREATION

<em><span lang="EN-ID">Food is the most important basic human need guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The existence of the law on Job Creation will allegedly move Indonesia away from the goals of food sovereignty, independence and national food security. This research examines further the extent of legislation in the field of food and agriculture in order to realize food sovereignty, independence and food security as state goals. The research method used in this research is normative juridical research, namely research intended to study the application of rules or norms in positive law. The research approach used is a statutory approach. The results of this research are: 1) Food sovereignty, independence and food security as the embodiment of the constitutional mandate to achieve state goals, namely the welfare and prosperity of the people; 2) The existence of the Job Creation Law which encourages economic growth through easy investment policies to encourage the creation of jobs, has degraded food sovereignty and independence and placed greater emphasis on aspects of food security through food imports; 3) Control over the conversion of sustainable agricultural land and spatial planning policies as mandated by law is distorted by the presidential decree on national strategic projects which are hierarchically under the law</span></em>

Adaptation Tipping Points of a Wetland under a Drying Climate

Wetlands experience considerable alteration to their hydrology, which typically contributes to a decline in their overall ecological integrity. Wetland management strategies aim to repair wetland hydrology and attenuate wetland loss that is associated with climate change. However, decision makers often lack the data needed to support complex social environmental systems models, making it difficult to assess the effectiveness of current or past practices. Adaptation Tipping Points (ATPs) is a policy-oriented method that can be useful in these situations. Here, a modified ATP framework is presented to assess the suitability of ecosystem management when rigorous ecological data are lacking. We define the effectiveness of the wetland management strategy by its ability to maintain sustainable minimum water levels that are required to support ecological processes. These minimum water requirements are defined in water management and environmental policy of the wetland. Here, we trial the method on Forrestdale Lake, a wetland in a region experiencing a markedly drying climate. ATPs were defined by linking key ecological objectives identified by policy documents to threshold values for water depth. We then used long-term hydrologic data (1978–2012) to assess if and when thresholds were breached. We found that from the mid-1990s, declining wetland water depth breached ATPs for the majority of the wetland objectives. We conclude that the wetland management strategy has been ineffective from the mid-1990s, when the region’s climate dried markedly. The extent of legislation, policies, and management authorities across different scales and levels of governance need to be understood to adapt ecosystem management strategies. Empirical verification of the ATP assessment is required to validate the suitability of the method. However, in general we consider ATPs to be a useful desktop method to assess the suitability of management when rigorous ecological data are lacking.

The Rise of Hate Speech and Hate Crime Laws in Liberal Democracies

Since the 1960s, many liberal democracies have instituted laws that penalise hate speech and hate crimes in ways that limit the freedom for racists to express themselves. This article examines the legislation and enforcement of provisions against incitement to racial hatred, Holocaust denial, and crimes motivated by racial bias in Western Europe and the United States. Viewed over time, the pace of change has more closely resembled a slow creep than a slippery slope, and the extent of legislation and enforcement has differed across countries in different domains. This article documents the trend and highlights causes for concern, yet concludes that it is possible to enact and enforce laws that limit these forms of racism without being overly inimical to freedom of expression and opinion.