Extent Of Cuts Research Articles

Investigation of Reduction in Buckling Capacity of Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure Due to Partially Cut Ring Stiffeners

Circumferential ring stiffeners are commonly used to improve the buckling strength of cylindrical shells. Under special circumstances, stiffener ring needs to be partially cut in order to avoid interference with vessel attachments or surrounding structures. No clear guideline is available in rule-based method to deal with such case. This paper investigates the extent of reduction in buckling capacity for a range of cylindrical shell geometries with stiffener rings having different cross sections and different extents of circumferential cut. Finite-element (FE)-based analysis as per ASME Section VIII, Division 2, Part 5 has been employed to determine the permissible external pressure in each of the cases. Effects of ring cross section and extent of circumferential cut of stiffening ring on the maximum permissible external pressure have been presented. A total of 63 combinations of shell-stiffening ring configurations of different L/D, D/t ratios, cross section shape, and extent of cut have been investigated. Geometrical parameters for these combinations under study are so chosen that normal working range in industries is covered. The results obtained provide guidelines to design shells with partially cut stiffening rings.

Freedom of information requests reveal extent of cuts to services for deaf children

Freedom of information requests reveal extent of cuts to services for deaf children

Formulas for Quantitative Emission Targets

Start from three premises: (1) Global Climate Change is a genuine problem; (2) the Kyoto Protocol constitutes the only multilateral framework we have to address it; and (3) the Protocol is inadequate, particularly with regard to incomplete coverage across countries (no participation of US or developing countries) and across time (nothing agreed after 2012). This paper argues that - given the combination of political, economic and scientific realities as they are - Kyoto is a good foundation, a good first stepping stone on the most practical path if we are to address Climate Change seriously. A constructive approach asks what are the requirements for the design of a second step in the process, a successor to the Kyoto regime of 2008-2012, one that would build on what is good about it and fix what is most lacking. This paper offers a proposal that seeks realistically to bring in all countries and to look far into the future. It argues that the path of emission targets for the 21st century must be selected sequentially, perhaps one decade at a time, all within a common framework. An analogy for the framework would be the post-war General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which gave us 50 years of successful rounds negotiating trade liberalization, even though the original signers did know what specifics would emerge. The paper proposes allocating relative targets across countries by means of a formula that is fairly general at first but that becomes increasingly specific as the decade in question approaches. New joiners would be obligated to adopt emissions targets, but these paths need not immediately fall below their business as usual growth path. Allowing new joiners to sell permits in the initial budget period would then provide them with an economic incentive to join, or at least would not penalize them. It would carry economic benefits for both rich and poor countries, while also bringing environmental benefits to all. Countries would be required in subsequent budget periods of their participation to adopt steeper reductions in their emissions targets relative to their business as usual paths. The extent of relative cuts across countries would depend on such factors in the formulas as the per capita income and past emission levels of the country in question. The extent of cuts in aggregate global emissions would depend - as is inevitable - on how strong is the international political consensus for aggressive action at that point in history. Such a scheme provides the necessary flexibility and incentives to appeal to both industrialized and developing countries.

The comparison of military budgets of the eastern and central European countries

The evolutions of military expenditures in Eastern and Central European countries are difficult to estimate and to compare, due to the lack of available data for these states. Some results of the extent of cuts in defence spending since 1990 are interesting to interpret, but it is difficult for econometricians to use these figures even carefully. The structures of national military expenditure have been modified to the detriment of arms equipment. Thus, the disarmament process needs a special analysis of the arms industry.