Extent Of Borrowing Research Articles

A socio-cultural analysis of smallholder borrowing and debt in southern Ethiopia

This paper combines qualitative and quantitative research methods in an exploratory study of borrowing and debt in rural southern Ethiopia in order to understand the complexities of the rural finance system and frequency of borrowing and debt in rural, smallholder settings. By comparing geospatial location in relation to access to infrastructure, markets and services within a single agroecological setting, we explore the ways in which these factors influence the frequency of borrowing, sources, amounts and interest rates involved, as well as the duration and extent of borrowing and debt. We find great variation amongst the communities studied, highlighting the importance of the localized nature of borrowing and debt and identify barriers and opportunities that will support the (re)adjusting of policies and programs that would enable smallholder households to overcome cycles of borrowing and debt, and build assets.

The influence of stakeholder power on corporate social responsibility: evidence from a relationship-based economy

Purpose– This study aims to examine whether lenders’ power and other attributes influence corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting in Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approach– This study uses content analysis to examine specific CSR-related attributes from 115 publicly listed firms in Bangladesh. By using various attributes of social and environmental reporting a disclosure index is also constructed. This study uses an Ordinary Lease Square Regression analysis to examine the relationship between stakeholders’ power and CSR reporting.Findings– The finding is that lenders’ power, or the extent of borrowing, does not influence CSR exposure. However, lenders’ cost of monitoring and ability to monitor significantly and positively influence CSR exposure.Research limitations/implications– This study is subject to some limitations, such as the subjectivity or judgement associated in the coding process.Practical implications– The implication of this study is that, when multiple borrowing creates “claim-dilution” problems, lenders are found to influence CSR activity.Originality/value– This study also supports the stakeholder theory and contributes to the literature on the practices of CSR reporting in the context of developing countries.

Language contact and lexical change: a lexicographical terminographical interface in Zimbabwean ndebele

In this article linguistic changes and/or developments in the Ndebele language spoken in Zimbabwe are investigated and analyzed and the implications these have for term creation and standardization through lexicography. This is followed by a brief historical analysis of the nature and causes of language change in Ndebele. The first part of the article gives a brief background of the Ndebele language, highlighting the movement of the Ndebele people from South Africa which provided a fertile ground for the process of language contact and therefore language change. The second part of the article contrasts terminography with lexicography. The Ndebele corpus of both spoken and written material demonstrates a large extent of borrowing and also loss of certain lexical items. Ndebele lexicograpers were expected to introduce some terms for the purposes of popularizing their use and consequently their acceptance. Keywords: ndebele, language contact, lexical change, vocabulary change, lexical engineering, lexicography, terminography

Grammatical Interference in Romani: Loan Formations for Foreign Categories

Romani has been influenced by a number of European contact languages, as a rule particular dialects by particular European languages. The extent of borrowing is greatest in the lexicon, but the contact languages have left their traces in the grammar as well. An important number of grammatical categories appears to have been created or at least shaped by this influence, not only via direct borrowing of markers ot other structures, but also by calquing foreign expressions, either by literal translation if this was feasible, or by rendering them according to the original sense. In this paper, some of these processes are discussed, among them the creation of expressions for future, permissive, modal constructions, superlative, infinitive, and perfect.

Sources of Funds and Extent of Borrowing in Handloom Industry of Bangladesh

Sources of Funds and Extent of Borrowing in Handloom Industry of Bangladesh