Extensive Bony Metastases Research Articles

Sarcomatoid Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma with Heterologous Elements: A Rare Form of an Aggressive Tumor

Abstract Introduction/Objective Chromophore renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) accounts for approximately 4-10% of renal cell carcinomas. Compared with other subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, ChRCC generally has a more favorable outcome; however, sarcomatoid transformation is greatest in ChRCC. We report a case of ChRCC with extensive sarcomatoid transformation, which included the heterologous elements of osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. The presence of heterologous elements is distinctively rare, with only twelve previous cases in the English literature. Methods/Case Report A 64-year-old man presented with left flank pain and night sweats. The abdominal MRI showed a large exophytic hypervascular mass in the left kidney with metastasis to the left para-aortic lymph nodes. The patient underwent radical nephrectomy. Two months after the surgery, the patient was found to have extensive bony metastases. On gross examination, the nephrectomy specimen showed an 18 cm tumor replacing almost the entire kidney. The cut surface was white to tan with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Microscopic examination revealed a predominantly sarcomatoid ChRCC (nearly 80% of the tumor) with heterologous chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma. The tumor extended into the perinephric adipose tissue and the adrenal gland. Multiple para-aortic lymph nodes contained sarcomatoid tumor with heterologous elements. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA. Conclusion ChRCC is frequently considered a more indolent renal cell carcinoma. It is important to recognize its higher propensity for sarcomatoid transformation. The presence of heterologous elements is exceptionally uncommon. Whether this correlates with a more aggressive tumor is not known because of the paucity of such cases.

Influence of Age, Estrogen receptor (ER),Progesterone receptor (PR) and Epidermal growth factor -2 (HER-2) in Breast Carcinoma Patient in correlation with Radionuclide Bone Scan – Single Institute Based Experience

Background: Breast carcinoma is a common type of malignancy in women worldwide. Radionuclide bone scintigraphy is recognized choice of investigation for the detection of bone metastases both in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Biomarkers like Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), Human Epidermal growth factor -2 (HER-2) also play important role in the management and prognosis of breast cancer. The study was aimed to find out the relationship between the MDP bone scan findingsand hormone receptor and HER-2 status of breast carcinoma patients referred to the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Mitford, Dhaka.
 Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 301 breast carcinoma patients between January 2018 and December 2019. Planar bone scan and SPECT (if needed) was done to all the patients after intravenous injection of 99mTc-MDP. Receptor status (ER, PR and HER-2) were documented from the patient’s medical records. Breast tumors were classified as (a) Triple positive- HER2-, ER-, and PR-positive) (b) Triple negative- HER2-, ER-, and PR-negative (c) Hormonereceptor (HR) positive (ER+/PR+) with HER-2 negative and d) HR negative (ER-/PR-) with HER-2 positive.Patients were broadly grouped according to age as A. less than 50 years (n = 59) and B. more than 50 (n = 260 ) years.
 Results: The mean age of the patients enrolled for this study was 59.02±9.3 with range of 32 to 81 years. Out of the 301 patients, positive bone scans were found in 105 (34.8%) and negative bone scan were found 196 (66.2%). Patients of group A (<50years) with triple negative and HR+/HER-status had no bone or bone with visceral metastases. Triple positive subtype had 2 bone metastases, and HR-/HER-2+ subtype had 2 bone metastases and 1 had bone with visceral metastases. Group B (> 50years) patients having HR+/HER2- receptor status showed 16% solitary metastases, 53.2% multiple metastases, 33.3% extensive bony metastases, 13.6% bone with visceral metastases. Triple negative subtype showed 36.0 % solitary metastases, 19.1% bone with visceral metastases. Triple positive subtype group had 40.0% solitary metastases, 34.0 % multiple metastases, 66.7% extensive bony metastases, and 13.6% bone with visceral metastases. HR-/HER-2+ subtype group had 8% solitary metastases, 12.8% multiple metastases, and 18.2 % bone metastases with visceral involvement Overall relationship between bone scan and hormone receptor subtype, showed that most of the patients had HR+/ HER-2-(35.2%) subtype and 25.6% patient had triple positive, 23.3% patient had triple negative and 15.9% patient had HR-/HER-2 – receptor subtype. This study showed the visceral involvement with bone metastases (13 % in HR+/HER-2- 52.2 % in triple negative, 13 % in triple positive, 21.7 % in HR-/HER-2+subtype). Highest bone only metastases (35) in triple positive and HR+/HER-2-(31) subtype. Most of the patiens who had bone metastases with visceral involvement belong to triple negative (52.2%) and HER-2 subtypes -HR-/HER-2+ (21.7%). The result was significant (P<0.001).
 Conclusion: It is observed from this study that triple positive and HR+/HER-2- were more likely to develop bone metastases than triple negative and HR-/HER-2-. Patients with bone scan negative and HR-/HER-2- or triple negative receptor status most likely develop visceral metastases
 Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 22(2): 114-118, Jul 2019

Invasive Mammary Carcinoma With Paneth Cell–Like Eosinophilic Cytoplasmic Granules: Is It an Entity?

Abstract Breast carcinomas with Paneth cell–like eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules are rare and commonly reported in association with acinic cell carcinoma or microglandular adenosis. Paneth cell–like differentiation has been described outside the GI tract, including lung, liver, pancreas, lacrimal glands, and prostate. Very little is known about the significance of these granules and whether they represent a metaplastic or possibly a therapy-related change. There are only 45 reported cases involving the breast, mostly individual case reports or 2 to 3 case series. Although the clinical experience is limited, most of the reported cases seem clinically indolent. Here we present a 74-year-old female with a mammographically detected 1.1-cm left breast retroareolar mass for which she underwent a biopsy and subsequent lumpectomy with axillary dissection. Histology revealed an invasive ductal carcinoma, with Paneth cell–like eosinophilic PAS-positive cytoplasmic granules in the background of extensive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Similar granules were seen in some ducts involved by DCIS. Invasive carcinoma and DCIS were present throughout the 5.5-cm lumpectomy beyond the grossly measured 4.0-cm mass. There was extensive lymphovascular invasion and tumor was present at all the surgical resection margins. Twelve of the 13 axillary lymph nodes had macrometastases. The tumor was ER and PR positive and HER2 negative. Clinically, there were extensive bony metastases involving the skull, spine, sternum, iliac bones, and femur. There were also multiple lung nodules and mediastinal lymph nodes that were positive for metastasis on biopsy. The patient is still undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy 6 months following surgical excision. Our case demonstrates the heterogeneity of this entity as the clinical course in our patient has been very aggressive. A collaborative effort must be established to compile a larger case series to better our understanding of this increasingly reported histological observation and whether it represents a distinct entity.

Unilateral indurated plaque in the axilla: a case of metastatic breast carcinoma

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among American women and is also the most common internal malignancy to metastasize to the skin. Rarely, cutaneous metastases represent the first indication of breast carcinoma, putting dermatologists in an instrumental position to make the diagnosis of breast carcinoma. We report the case of a 71-year-old woman with a 10-year history of a slowly-enlarging, indurated plaque in the right axilla. Review of symptoms was significant only for occasional numbness and tingling that extended from the right axilla to the right hand. Biopsy revealed cells infiltrating in a single-file between the collagen bundles in the dermis and subcutis and immunohistochemical staining consistent with a diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinoma. Subsequent work up revealed a primary breast lesion and extensive bony metastases.

ED-12 * WIDESPREAD SYSTEMIC METASTASES FROM MEDULLOBLASTOMA WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF ACTIVE CNS INVOLVEMENT: A CASE SERIES

This case series describes two patients with previously treated medulloblastoma who present with systemic metastases without evidence of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Patient #1 is male who presented at age 29 with pathology confirmed medulloblastoma treated with complete surgical resection followed by radiation (36 Gy craniospinal plus posterior fossa boost). Subsequently, he received cisplatin, cytoxan, and vincristine. One year later, he developed back pain and urinary retention. Imaging of his spine showed widespread bony metastases without parenchymal CNS disease. Biopsy of the left acetabulum confirmed metastatic medulloblastoma. He is currently enrolled on study with LDE225 versus temozolomide. Surveillance imaging to date is negative for intracranial metastasis, but does show extensive bony metastases involving the total spine, pelvis, ribs, sternum, clavicles, humeri, and femurs. Patient #2 is a female who presented at 32 years with severe headaches, nausea and vomiting found to have pathology confirmed medulloblastoma. She was lost to follow up temporarily, but presented again months later with headaches. She had a recurrent mass and underwent repeat resection. MRI of the spine showed nodular enhancement of the sacral nerve roots compatible with leptomeningeal spread. She underwent craniospinal radiation 36 Gy with a boost to the lumbar region and posterior fossa. One year after initial diagnosis, she presented with hypotension, tachycardia, and fatigue. Neuroimaging showed improved enhancement of the sacral nerve roots and brain imaging showed stable postsurgical changes. Systemic imaging, however, revealed widespread metastatic disease in the lymphatic system, liver, lung, and bones. The patient passed away a few months later. Medulloblastoma can metastasize outside the central nervous system (CNS), however typically does so concurrently with CNS progression. Here we present two adult patients with widely metastatic medulloblastoma systemically without active CNS involvement. Follow up imaging for medulloblastoma patients should potentially include systemic surveillance in addition to routine neuroimaging.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer: latest evidence and therapeutic implications.

Medical oncologists who treat men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have seen an abundance of new agents approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in the last decade for a disease that was previously difficult to treat after becoming resistant to androgen-deprivation therapy. Advances in understanding of the mechanisms of castration-resistance and prostate cancer progression have highlighted several pathways and targets that appear promising to better treat CRPC. As the majority of CRPC appears to continue to rely on the androgen receptor for growth and progression, several of these agents directly or indirectly target the androgen receptor. A novel microtubule-targeted agent, cabazitaxel, has demonstrated an overall survival benefit following progression on docetaxel. Other agents target tumor immunogenicity and immune checkpoint pathways to attempt to harness the host immune system. The recently approved radiopharmaceutical, radium-223 dichloride, has demonstrated impressive results in patients with extensive bony metastases with minimal toxicity. Lastly, further understanding of the pathways underlying CRPC progression has led to late-phase clinical trials with the novel agents: custirsen, tasquinimod and cabozantinib. This article reviews the approved therapies for CRPC, the agents currently in late-phase clinical trials, and notable early-phase trials of novel therapies and their combinations, with particular attention to trials incorporating novel biomarkers and intermediate endpoints to better identify those men who may or may not benefit from specific therapies.

Neovascular glaucoma as the presenting sign of metastatic small cell lung carcinoma.

The purpose of this study is to describe a case of metastatic lung cancer presenting with neovascular glaucoma. This was a retrospective chart review describing one case. A previously healthy 36-year-old man presented with light perception vision and painful neovascular glaucoma. Examination and ultrasound showed a complete retinal detachment overlying a dome-shaped choroidal mass. After enucleation, histopathology showed findings consistent with small cell lung carcinoma metastasis. Oncologic evaluation showed a necrotic lung carcinoma with extensive bony metastases. Metastatic carcinoma to the eye can manifest with features of neovascular glaucoma.

Cytology of metastatic thymic well‐differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (thymic carcinoid) in pleural fluid: Report of a case

Thymic carcinoid tumors (well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas) are uncommon anterior mediastinal neoplasms. These tumors are frequently accompanied by other endocrinopathies as part of a multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome (MEN type I) and by paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome and have a poor prognosis. We present the case of a 24-year-old man who presented for follow-up of thymic carcinoid with extensive bony metastases. He had recently completed radiotherapy to lesions involving his skull and mandible. An ultrasound-guided left-sided diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis was performed yielding 1 l of cloudy yellow fluid. The cytologic fluid preparations consisted of large "cannonballs" and atypical cell groups with salt and pepper nuclear chromatin. A panel of immunohistochemical stains were performed on the cell block material, and the atypical cells were positive for cytokeratin, synaptophysin, and chromogranin, but not for TTF1. These findings were consistent with metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor). This is the first reported case of a carcinoid tumor manifesting as large, spherical, smoothly contoured cell aggregates ("cannonballs") in a pleural fluid. Despite its rarity, a metastatic carcinoid tumor should be considered when "cannonballs" are found in effusions.

Collet-Sicard syndrome—a report and review

A 71-year-old man in reasonable fitness was diagnosed with poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma with extensive bony metastases in 2000. He had a prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration of greater than 900 ng/mL and was prescribed treatment with luteinising-hormone-releasing-hormone antagonist therapy in the form of goserelin injections.

Imaging studies and the prognostic value of serum calcitonin in staging small-cell lung cancer.

The controversial prognostic significance of serum calcitonin in small-cell lung cancer (SCC) prompted this retrospective study relating serum levels to (1) stage of disease [limited disease (LD) vs. extensive disease (ED)], (2) imaging studies of metastases to bone, liver, and brain, and (3) survival. Of the 127 previously untreated patients with SCC presenting from 1979 to 1984, calcitonin levels could be compared to the stage of the disease in 69 patients (25 LD and 44 ED) and to various staging procedures including 99mTc methylene diphosphonate bone scans (63 patients), 99mTc sulfur colloid liver-spleen scans (64 patients), computed tomography of the head (63 patients) and serum calcium (61 patients). 71% (49/69) of patients had elevated calcitonin of whom 65% (32/49) had ED. 29% (20/69) had normal levels of whom 60% (12/20) had ED. 40% (18/45) of patients with raised calcitonin had liver metastases. 100% (19/19) with normal calcitonin had no liver involvement. Two patients with hypercalcemia and increased calcitonin had extensive bony metastases. The survival experiences of patients with normal and elevated serum calcitonin levels were analyzed. No significant differences were found within each stage or in the group overall. The positive correlation of serum calcitonin to liver metastases was statistically significant. No such relationship could be demonstrated with stage of disease, bone metastases, brain metastases, or survival.

Osteomalacia associated with prostatic cancer and osteoblastic metastases

A patient with carcinoma of the prostate, extensive bony metastases, and osteomalacia is reported. The diagnosis of osteomalacia was suspected because of generalized weakness and bone pains, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and raised alkaline phosphatase. It was documented by low 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Furthermore, it was confirmed by improvement in patient's symptomatology and normalization of serum calcium and phosphorus after treatment with 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (Rocaltrol).

Wilmsʼ Tumor With Bony Metastases

A case of Wilms' tumor with extensive bony metastases and involvement of unusual sites such as lacrimal and salivary glands without pulmonary metastases is presented.