Extended Metropolitan Region Research Articles

Factors that Affect Changes in Land Use and its Implications in Spatial Control in the Sungguminasa Urban Area

Sungguminasa Urban Area, as the capital of the Gowa Regency, is one of the urban areas included in the Mamminasata national strategic area. It also an urban area that has the same characteristics in the concept of Extended Metropolitan Regions (EMR) in which area a corridor is a path that connects the two major cities, therefore on further developments in the whole hall is experiencing transform spatial, economic, social, and cultural information, resulting in a very significant regional transformation from rural to urban. Research conducted to identify the factors that cause changes in the utilization of space in urban areas Sungguminasa, to assess the implementation of the utilization of space which is associated in the process of controlling the utilization of space in urban areas Sungguminasa, so this research can formulate the implications that need attention in the future to make the product spatial use planning and spatial use control processes can run more effectively. Descriptive analysis is used to describe the study areas related to changes in land use under the data obtained subsequent classified into in the form of tables and maps, while to assess the process of controlling the use of space can be accomplished through a structured interview to evaluate the implementation of the utilization of space-related processes controlling the use of space. The results of this study indicate that factors that cause land-use changes still influenced by economic factors (land prices), social factors (characteristics of the owner of the land), physical factors (accessibility and hydrology), and policy factors (licensing), so it has implications for the process controlling the use of space.

Sijori-GT Economic Cooperation for Three Decades: Examining Malaysia’s and Singapore’s FDI Commitments to Riau Islands

The Singapore-Johor-Riau Growth Triangle (Sijori-GT) was initiated by the government of Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia in 1989. It took the advantages of complementarities among the involved regions. The peripheral regions were expected to reap benefits and gain spillovers from the extended metropolitan region of Singapore. In the age of 30 years of the growth triangle, many scholars found great progress and challenges of the subregional economic cooperation such as unbalanced development and allegedly weak commitment of the participating countries in Riau Islands. This research has the aim to investigate the tenable commitments of Singapore’s and Malaysia’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Riau Islands. Using statistical data from Indonesia’s Ministry of Investment from 1990 to 2020, this study compared FDI in Riau Islands by origin, and Singapore's and Malaysia's FDI by sector and subsector. The data was analyzed using the independent sample t-test for two-variable comparison and analysis of variance (post-hoc test) for multiple-variable comparison. Finally, this study found that: firstly, investment of Singapore was larger than that of Malaysia in Riau Islands; secondly, Singapore specialized its investment in manufacturing sector having better comparative advantage while Malaysia specialized its investment in non-manufacturing sector with potential assumed capabilities in halal-related sectors. The implication of this research is the importance of provision of competitive policies on industrial land estate prices to attract more investment in Riau Islands and to improve halal-related services to take advantage of domestic halal market and cross-border halal trade.

Population Levels of Well-Being In a Peri-Urban Area of a Metropolitan Region, A Case Study of Selangor Northern Corridor, Malaysia

This article seeks to identify the levels of well-being of residents of Selangor Northern Corridor, Lembah Klang-Langat Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR). The study involved 400 respondents consisting of the heads of household in peri-urban areas of Selangor Northern Corridor of Lembah Klang-Langat EMR. Respondents were selected via a simple random sampling method. A 1-5 Likert scale questionnaire was used as a research instrument. Based on the well-being index, a variety of variables involving well-being were listed, although the author of this study used four variables, namely housing, transportation, socioeconomic environment and land use. The housing variable consisted of three sub-variables, comprising area selection, safety and facilities. The transport variable included two sub-variables: public transportation and transportation network. The socioeconomic variables society and economy, while the sub-variables for land use were types of activities and property ownership. The study results indicate that the questionnaire’s reliability level was acceptable as the Cronbach’s alpha value of each variable exceeded 0.8. Transportation and socioeconomic environment stood at high levels, while housing and land use were at moderate levels. These findings demonstrate that the level of some of the community’s well-being was high or moderate due to urban sprawl. This means that humans will adapt to the environment in various ways so that it can accord with human needs.

Development of socioeconomic indicators for measuring the population wellbeing in lembah klang-langat extended metropolitan region, malaysia

This paper aims to develop a socioeconomic indicators to measure the wellbeing of the people in Lembah Klang-Langat Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR). A total of 400 respondents comprised heads of household in 15 settlement centres in Lembah Klang-Langat Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR) were selected as study sample. Quantitative approaches using SPSS and AMOS software were in this study. The data were analysed using factor analysis, namely exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results showed that after EFA and CFA had been applied, only two sub-constructs of socioeconomic construct which were i) social, and ii) economy, and six items of B7_3, B7_4, B7_5, B7_7, B7_10 and B7_11 presented high validity values of CR exceeding 0.6. The analysis found that the measurement model met the measurement criteria for measuring suburban wellbeing. The study findings also showed that the similarity index value was equal to p=0.000, chi-square relative value of 3.553, 0.991 for GFI value, 0.983 for CFI value, 0.968 for TLI and RMSEA value of 0.051. Therefore, the findings of this study have successfully prepared a set of socioeconomic indicators that can be used by future researchers for analysing the wellbeing of socioeconomic aspect of metropolitan region’s extended area.

Decontextualisation: some issues in the Southeast Asian urban and regional spatial constructs

The problem of urban system in Southeast Asian countries (with the exception of Singapore, which is a city-state) is top-heavy. In the latter case, if the larger urban region of Jabotabek is considered, Jakarta has a population of some 30 million population, making it the largest urban conurbation in Southeast Asia! What led to these macrocephalic tendencies in Southeast Asia? This keynote paper briefly reviews the overall trend of Southeast Asian urbanisation and urban growth; and asseverates that the reactions/counter-reactions to these processes have decontextualised a quintessential and important maxim – “it is the people (whether social, cultural, or physical) that matters in cities”. There are three recognisable urbanisation processes and urban growth patterns in the last five to seven decades in Southeast Asia: 1) Superinduced Metropolitan Development, 2) Extended Metropolitan Region, and 3) Urban Convolution. Some disturbing features in the current strategies. Social disparity, Fragmented solution to QOL problems, Growing lead-lag disparity and Decontextualisation at the local level. Several pertinent questions ought to be asked. Will greenfield urban space development, like smart cities and new capital cities, lose their underlying charm of informality, like the para-transits (trishaws, tut-tuts) or the popular Southeast Asian al-fresco eateries (the street food vendors and hawkers)?

The Development of Housing Model Constructs to Measure the Well-Being of the Residents in Peri Urban Area of Klang-Langat Valley Extended Metropolitan Region, Malaysia

This article aims to develop and analyse a model for the well-being of the people living in the peri urban area based on the housing constructs. A total of 1000 respondents consisting of heads of household living in the Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR) of the Klang -Langat Valley were randomly selected as the study samples. The data were analysed using the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) method, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings showed that only three sub-constructs (i) facilities, (ii) area selection, and (iii) security out of nine items of housing constructs with high validity values in which the CR exceeded 0.7. These findings showed that the measurement model built met the measurement criteria for measuring the well-being of the suburbs. The implication of this study is an important opportunity for people living in the rural areas as it plays role in improving their living standards. The growth in the housing aspect shows a positive growth for the development of the suburban areas in ensuring people's well-being.

A new pattern of extended metropolitan regions in China: case study of the Changzhutan region

As a response to the global economic crisis of 2008, the Chinese government has started to focus on domestic demand as one of the key national development strategies. New extended metropolitan regions (EMRs) in inland China are being designated as major platforms to promote domestic demand. Within the context of this new global economic environment and Chinese national policy, these EMRs might not share the same spatial characteristics and processes in the course of their growth and development as those in coastal areas. Using the Changzhutan (CZT) region as an example and comparing it to EMRs in coastal China, the article argues that a new type of urbanisation has been developing in China since 2000, a new region-based urbanisation driven by the combined forces of domestic demand and globalisation. Classified as a new category of EMR, (EMR II), these newly emerging EMRs in inland China are characterised as having domestic investment and demand as key drivers. Other characteristics are the ‘backflow’ of local people (those returning to Hunan) and ‘low carbon’ trends of its manufacturing sectors.

Urban Sprawl and the Loss of Peri-urban Land: A Case Study of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

Research has indicated that Thailand's future economic growth and industrial expansion will be relocated to peri-urban locations and secondary cities throughout the kingdom. As industrial activities extend into and transform rural areas, incompatible land use patterns emerge and produce pressures on environmental resources. This research investigates the dynamic of peri-urban growth in Sung Noen District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The study area represents a new-growth secondary city with one of the largest metropolitan populations for a city disconnected from Bangkok's extended metropolitan region. Our study aims to provide a systematic analysis of peri-urban change in this area. We use a hybrid classification scheme to examine multitemporal Landsat TM and Landsat ETMC data, coupled with geographic information systems analyses to help assess the loss of peri-urban land between 1990 and 2014. The result can serve as a guide to answer future research questions relating to sustainability and environmentalism within urbanization and national development.

Spatial structure and land use control in Extended Metropolitan Region of Zhujiang River Delta, China

The Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta is one of the most developed Extended Metropolitan Regions (EMR) in China. With the rapid urbanization, the agglomeration of population and industries has emerged, which has led to dramatic changes of spatial structure and land use in this region. With data of high resolution TM remote sensing images and Google Earth maps, this paper identified and analyzed the spatial pattern of the Zhujiang River Delta EMR using Envy and ArcGIS tools. It was found that 1) the industrial land uses were expanding substantially, particularly on the bank sides of the Zhujiang River estuary; 2) large-scale housing developments were concentrated in the fringe of metropolitan areas such as those of Guangzhou and Shenzhen; 3) a regional transportation network with the spatial pattern of “1 circle +2 pieces + 3 axes” had significantly affected the location choice of manufacture enterprises. At the same time, both highly specialized land use and severely mixed land use patterns were identified. As a consequence of the latter, land use efficiency of the whole EMR areas was reduced. Moreover, ecologic and environmental problems were severe. Based on the above analysis, suggestions were given from the viewpoint of spatial safety, land use efficiency, and the reorganization of spatial structure in the Zhujiang River Delta EMR.

The city in Southeast Asia: patterns, processes and policy

extended metropolitan regions of Southeast are the dynamic cores of their national economies and societies and the frontiers of accelerating globalization. The City in Southeast Asia explores ways of moving beyond outmoded paradigms of the Third World City or a Southeast Asian city 'type'. It begins by contrasting the acknowledged world cities of Singapore and Hong Kong with the aspiring world city of Kuala Lumpur and the still disorganized cities of Bangkok, Jakarta and Manila, and draws comparisons with the national second cities of Chiang Mai, Surabaya, Penang and Cebu. authors analyze the changing relationships between people and place brought about by temperature controlled environments, the industralization of consumption through large-scale shopping malls, the role of cities as platforms for the globalisation strategies of Asian multinational corporations, and the transformation of public space into private space. They also examine public policy in terms of markets, land use and urban planning, and draw out the implications for research, business and policy-makers. This joint effort by a geographer and an economist will be of interest to economists, geographers, planners, political economists and sociologists.

Mixed Land Use and Equity in Water Governance in Peri‐Urban Bangkok

AbstractThis article addresses a dearth in the literature on environmental equity in water governance in the desakota, the extended metropolitan region of the great cities of Southeast Asia. Through a case study, the authors describe how, in an intensive mixed land use situation, the actions of new urban users of irrigation canals have degraded the water, unfairly prejudicing low‐income farmers' entitlement to irrigation water of appropriate quality and harming their livelihood. It is argued that certain characteristics of existing land‐ and water‐sector‐related management institutions in Thailand encourage a disproportionate shift of the environmental burden to small farmers. This phenomenon also involves the violation of procedural equity — the farmers' right to be informed, to be able to assert a right to and negotiate for appropriate water, and to participate meaningfully in strategic decisions related to water governance in the peri‐urban area. The problem is mediated by administrative separatism, ambiguity and multiplicity in the functional jurisdiction of water‐related government bodies, and the general lack of a participatory culture in the bureaucracy. The authors further argue that, without state acknowledgement of this form of injustice, establishing appropriate mechanisms and public institutions that will purposively address concerns of environmental equity is a remote possibility, and that this inequity will likely continue to be patterned and inscribed in the peri‐urban geography of the mega‐cities of Southeast Asia.Résumé Cet article comble une lacune dans les travaux sur l'équité environnementale de la gouvernance de l'eau dans un desakota, prolongement de région métropolitaine propre aux grandes villes d'Asie du Sud‐Est. Au travers d'une étude de cas, les auteurs décrivent comment, dans une situation d'occupation mixte intensive d'un territoire, les nouveaux usagers urbains des canaux d'irrigation ont provoqué une dégradation de l'eau, faisant injustement tort au droit des agriculteurs pauvres à une eau d'irrigation de bonne qualité et nuisant ainsi à leur source de revenu. En Thaïlande, certains traits des institutions existantes de gestion du sol et de l'eau encouragent un transfert disproportionné de la responsabilité de l'environnement vers les petits agriculteurs. Ce phénomène implique aussi la violation de l'équité procédurale: droit des agriculteurs àêtre informés, à pouvoir revendiquer et négocier une eau convenable, à participer véritablement aux décisions stratégiques relatives à la gouvernance de l'eau dans la zone périurbaine. Le séparatisme des administrations, l'ambiguïté et la multiplicité des compétences fonctionnelles des organismes gouvernementaux liés à l'eau, ainsi que l'absence totale de culture participative dans la bureaucratie sont à l'origine du problème. L'article conclut que, si l'État ne reconnaît pas cette forme d'injustice, la possibilité d'instaurer des mécanismes appropriés et des institutions publiques pour traiter résolument les questions d'équité environnementale est improbable, et que cette inéquité va sans doute continuer à s'inscrire dans la géographie périurbaine des mégapoles d'Asie du Sud‐Est.

BIRTH ATTENDANT UTILIZATION IN THE INDONESIAN MEGA-URBAN REGIONS OF JABODETABEK, BANDUNG AND SURABAYA

Indonesia's rapidly growing mega-urban regions of Jabodetabek (Jakarta Extended Metropolitan Region), Bandung and Surabaya each have a large and socio-economically heterogeneous population. The 2000 Census presents evidence that substantial spatial and socio-economic inequalities in under-five mortality risk exist in these mega-urban regions. Differences in patterns of birth attendant utilization likely contribute to these inequalities. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression of data primarily from the National Socio-economic Survey (SUSENAS) reveals that use of a skilled birth attendant is highly associated with mother's education. Highly skilled assistance is more related to the enabling factor of household expenditure quintile. The findings provide evidence for efforts to help reduce inequalities in early age mortality risk through improved access to trained birth assistance, in addition to other interventions.

Foreign Direct Investment and the Formation of Global City-Regions in China

Zhao S. X. B. and Zhang L. (2007) Foreign Direct Investment and the formation of global city-regions in China, Regional Studies 41, 979–994. FDI inflows have redrawn the map of China's geo-economy, reinforcing spatial clustering of economy. Currently, certain Chinese urbanized regions along the Pacific coast, notably the Pearl River Delta region (PRD) in South China, the Yangtze River Delta region (YRD) in Southeast China and the Bohai Rim region (BRR) in North China, have become the agglomerative centres for a variety of the Fordist-style of manufacturing operation. As a strong outward linkage is the major engine of growth in those extended metropolitan regions, they are often labelled as global city-regions. This paper attempts to provide a more comprehensive explanation of the questions about how global city-regions have come into being and what processes have interacted to produce global city-regions in China, focusing on the period shortly before and after China's accession into the WTO. After review...

Advantage and Disadvantage across Australia's Extended Metropolitan Regions: A Typology of Socioeconomic Outcomes

New national and international economic and social forces have reshaped national geographies in general and the characteristics of cities in particular, resulting in a range of diverse social and spatial outcomes. These outcomes, which include greater differentiation across, within and between cities has become a feature of the economic and social forces associated with post-Fordist social structures. Taking localities across Australia's metropolitan regions, this paper develops a typology of advantage and disadvantage using a model-based approach with clustering of data represented by a parameterised Gaussian mixture model and confidence intervals of the means providing a measure of differences between the clusters. The analysis finds seven clusters of localities that represent different aspects of the socio-spatial structure of the metropolitan regions studied.

The Patterns of Social Interaction and Integrative Mechanisms in Communities in the Northern Bangkok Extended Metropolitan Region: A Case Study of Pathumthani Province

Social interaction refers to the communication among people within one particular area. This act can be recognized and done through simple talk or even through equipment that is commonly used these days, such as televisions, radios, telephones, and all kinds of transportation. Activities also help people to know and become a part of a community, by working and being involved in the same things, such as traditional community festivals, community development, and so on. These activities should be done continually as part of the system of social interaction. Social integrative mechanism means the existence of those who take part in running or working in a communication role, which leads to the interaction among people within a community; social control mechanisms such as laws and norms, organizations or groups within the community, including interest groups for economic or social benefit; communication, transportation, and meeting places such as a community centers. The definitions above are used to explain the patterns of social interaction and integrative mechanisms in communities in the northern Bangkok extended metropolitan region. Prachathipat, Klong-Song, Chiang-RakYai, and Pued-Udom in Pathumthani province were used as case studies. Research results reveal that communities in the northern Bangkok extended metropolitan region are transitioning from rural to urban type at different paces and to different degrees due to physical factors, i.e. , geographical setting, location, distance from the city, and accessibility. In addition, the differences are also due to socio-economic factors, i.e., age, sex, religion, educational level, occupation, income, and duration of stay of community residents, who are mostly comprised of two groups: old-timers and new-comers. In conclusion, three types of communities revealing different patterns of social interaction and integrative mechanisms are found in this area. The first type consists of communities exhibiting low-intensity land use, mostly as residential areas, located on agricultural land. Almost all of the residents are old-timers and have primary social interaction within the family and among friends. The level of social integration is high and integrative mechanisms are informal. The second type is communities with more intense and diverse land use than the first type. The old-timers in these communities begin to have "urban type" social interactions, with rather high levels of social integration through both formal and informal integrative mechanisms. The newcomers in these communities engage in "urban type" social interactions just to gain convenience and safety in living and working. The third are communities with highly intense and diverse activities and land use. Among old-timers in these communities, there is almost no trace of "rural type " social interaction, while integrative mechanisms are both formal and informal. Among newcomers, social interaction is the same as in the second type of community with a low level of integration and mostly formal integrative mechanisms.

Beyond metropolis: the planning and governance of Asia's mega-urban regions

Beyond Metropolis studies planning and governance in the regions surrounding the twelve cities in Asia with populations over ten million: Tokyo, Mumbai, Kolkata, Dhaka, Delhi, Shanghai, Jakarta, Osaka, Beijing, Karachi, Metro Manila, and Seoul. These regions are greater than cities plus suburbs: for almost all, development has sprawled into the surrounding countryside, enveloping villages, towns, and small and medium-sized cities, creating extended metropolitan regions. These areas, argues Aprodicio A. Laquian, are the centers of development for their countries: they represent huge markets; large and varied labor pools; and centers of politics, education, and culture. Beyond Metropolis examines these mega-urban regions in terms of governance and sustainability; water, transportation, and housing; and the twin questions of inner-city redevelopment and satellite area development. The author embraces, on one hand, unified regional planning and, on the other, cooperative efforts by urban residents for addressing their own problems. Beyond Metropolis builds on studies conducted during the 1990s under the Centre for Human Settlements at the University of British Columbia.

China's extended metropolitan regions: Formation and delimitation

Since the Opening and Reform Policy in 1978, China has registered continuous and rapid economic growth as the country has become increasingly integrated into global capitalist economic processes. Within this period, the most rapidly growing areas have been the three clusters of cities in the coastal region. They are identified in this paper as the extended metropolitan regions (EMRs). The paper will first discuss the concept of the EMR and deliberate on the method of their delimitation in China. It will then map out the increasing significance of these regions in the Chinese economy and the important role of global economic processes in their rapid growth. The paper concludes that concentrated growth of the Chinese economy in the form of the EMRs will continue, and that further attention to improve the EMR concept and the related study methods will enhance our understanding of China's regional economic development under intensified economic globalisation

Global transpark: new competitiveness for hong kong and south china based on air logistics

Economic globalization in the past two decades has led to a fast pace of growth of many economies in Asia Pacific, and impacted on the region's growth in air cargo. This paper discusses the future of airport infrastructure and its effect on regional competitiveness in the form of a new type of airport — Global TransPark (GTP). It identifies China's need to forge such a critical infrastructure in the New Economy, and that South China is its best location. The Hong Kong Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR) in South China stands out among competitive regions in Asia in terms of geopolitical and institutional setting under ‘One Country, Two Systems’ as the best general location for Asia's first and potentially largest GTP. Forging a GTP will promote the EMR's overall competitiveness and hastens its economic restructuring. The paper then discusses the advantages of Zhuhai Airport as the site of the potential GTP which will also incorporate the other four nearby airports within the EMR. The GTP is also a new challenge for intra‐EMR cooperation in terms of customs and tariff, air rights, ground handling, and land and water transport coordination between its airports and respective local governments.

Forging asia’s global transpark in the Pearl River Delta at Zhuhai

The main purpose of the paper is to introduce the concept of the Global TransPark (GTP). It is a critical time to develop air logistics infrastructure in the New Economy. The paper also presents a brief review of the air cargo industry in the Asian-Pacific region and China, in particular China’s development in the industry as its economy has grown rapidly and globalized in the past two decades. The paper argues that China needs to develop a GTP to support its future growth, and explains why the Pearl River Delta-Hong Kong-Macao city-region or Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR) is the best location. Finally, it proposes that Zhuhai Airport, one of the five airports in the EMR, is the best site for the GTP. New policies from Chinese government as well as close cooperation between local governments of Guangdong and the two Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao will be needed to make the establishment of the GTP possible.

Urbanization and the Politics of Land in the Manila Region

Land ownership has long been a source and outcome of political power in the Philippines. This article shows how in the 1990s land and politics continued to be closely entwined, but the disposal of agricultural land for urban uses, rather than its ownership, was sought by the powerful. By examining the process of land use conversion in Manila's extended metropolitan region, two dimensions of the politics of land are examined: policy choices relating to the uses of land that reflect a particular set of developmental priorities and the facilitation of conversion through the use of political power relations to circumvent regulations. These points are made at three interconnected scales: the national scale of policy formulation, the local scale of policy implementation and regulation, and the personal scale of everyday power relations in rural areas. The article draws on fieldwork in the rapidly urbanizing province of Cavite, south of Manila.