Extended Left Hemihepatectomy Research Articles

Dorsal approach in laparoscopic extended left hemi-hepatectomy: A case series.

The utility of the dorsal approach has been reported for laparoscopic left hemi-hepatectomy. The aim of the present study is to show the usefulness of the dorsal approach for laparoscopic extended left-hemi-hepatectomy while ensuring safe identification of hepatic veins and dissection of the dorsal tumor margin. Tumors requiring extended left hemi-hepatectomy. After mobilization of the lateral sector and division of the Arantius plate, parenchyma above the Arantius plate is removed to expose the root of the middle hepatic vein and left hepatic vein. Each of these veins can be isolated separately either intra- or extra-hepatically. After removing the parenchyma on the cranial side of the left Glissonean pedicle continuous with the exposed hepatic veins, the left Glissonean pedicle is isolated using the Glissonean pedicle transection method. After division of the left hepatic vein and Glissonean pedicle, segment 4 (in which the main part of the tumor is commonly located) is dissected from the anterior plane of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe by the dorsal approach, along with the hepatic hilum. Following dissection of the dorsal side of the tumor, and division of parenchyma from the anterior edge of the liver, the anterior Glissonean branches and middle hepatic vein are divided safely and the specimen is resected. Three patients underwent laparoscopic extended left hemi-hepatectomy, with no open conversions. Operative time and blood loss were 331 (concomitant with another partial hepatectomy), 277, and 315 minutes; and 200, 100, and 100 g, respectively. The postoperative courses were uneventful. The dorsal approach maximizes the advantages of laparoscopic extended left hemi-hepatectomy and can be performed safely.

Extended left hemi-hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy with bile duct resection can be a feasible technique for caudate lobe tumor

Extended left hemi-hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy with bile duct resection can be a feasible technique for caudate lobe tumor

Surgery for Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: the Newcastle upon Tyne Liver Unit experience

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) arises from the confluence of the common hepatic duct and has a poor prognosis. If resectable, an extended left (eLH) or right hemihepatectomy (eRH) is usually required to provide oncological clearance. We reviewed outcomes for patients with HCCA managed at our centre. Electronic records of patients referred to our centre for HCCA were retrospectively reviewed. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate overall survival (OS) with the log rank test used for significance (p 0.05). Patients undergoing an eLH for HCCA have significantly better long-term outcomes compared to those undergoing eRH, independent of other pathological variables. The functional liver remnant (FLR) is usually smaller following eRH, resulting in a higher risk of post-operative liver failure. Combining CT volumetry with PVE may result in better prediction and optimisation of the FLR in the context of eRH for HCCA. An extended left hemihepatectomy is an independent predictor of survival; investigation into the precise interaction between left- and right-sided resections and pre- and post-embolization liver volume is warranted.

Left trisectionectomy plus caudate lobectomy (S1) and resection of biliary duct for Bismuth type IV peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Background: Extended left hemihepatectomy or left trisectionectomy is a challenging procedure that can be applied in patients affected peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma involvng right second order bile ducts. This procedure requires an extensive preoperative evaluation with future liver volume calculation and liver function assessment. Methods: A 68-years-old male with a peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Bismuth type IV) with jaundice (pre-operational bilirubin 6.8 mg/dL). Future remnant liver volume for S6-7 was 35%A left trisectionectomy plus S1 and common bile duct resection was planned without preoperative biliary drainage. Results: The video shows the surgical technique including en bloc lymphadenectomy, left trisectionectomy with en bloc S1 resection and common bile duct resection. The reconstruction was performed with single bilio-enteric anastomosis of right posterior bile duct. Postoperative course was eventful and patient was discharged in 10th postoperative day. Pathology report confirmed the R0 resection with negative lymph-nodes (0/24). Conclusion: An extended resection with a locoregional lymphadenectomy is the potentially curative option for patients with a peri-hilar Bismuth type IV colangiocarcinoma.

Laparoscopic Extended Left Hemi-Hepatectomy plus Caudate Lobectomy for Caudate Lobe Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BackgroundLaparosopic hepatectomy for caudate lobe is classified as one of the most difficult procedures to perform.1 For malignant caudate lobe tumor which is close to hepatic veins, extended hemi-hepatectomy may be more suitable. MethodsA 60-year-old man was diagnosed with hepatitis B virus infection-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). His liver function was Child-Pugh A and ICG-15 test was 2.1%. Abdominal CT showed a 5 × 6 cm mass located in caudate lobe with middle and left hepatic vein encroached. Caudate lobectomy was not adopted because of the suspicious hepatic vein invasion by HCC. Instead, laparoscopic extended left hemi-hepatectomy plus caudate lobectomy was planned. ResultsThe patient was placed in supine position. Three 12-mm trocars and two 5-mm trocars were used. After fully mobilization, the caudate lobe was exposed. The third porta hepatis was dissected before parenchyma transection.. The cutline was along the right side of middle hepatic vein. Pringle maneuver (15 min clamping and 5 min release, total Pringle time was 60 min with 4 times clamping) was performed during transection. The superficial tissue was divided using ultrasonic shears, while the deeper tissue was divided using LigaSure. The left pedicle was dissected and transected meticulously. The main trunk of right hepatic vein was continuously exposed from the caudal side. A linear stapler was used to transect the middle and left hepatic vein from the root. Bipolar was used for hemostasis. The specimen was removed from suprapubic incision. The operation time was 200 min and estimated blood loss was 100 ml. HCC was confirmed by postoperative pathological examination. The postoperative course was uneventful. ConclusionsLaparoscopic extended left hemi-hepatectomy plus caudate lobectomy is feasible and safe for caudate lobe HCC with suspicious hepatic veins invasion.

A long-term survivor of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with resection of recurrent peritoneal dissemination after R0 surgery: a case report

BackgroundAlthough hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) has a very poor prognosis, there are cases in which long-term survival is rarely obtained by multidisciplinary treatment.Case presentationA 61-year-old man diagnosed with HCCA was referred to our hospital. We performed an extended left hemi-hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection. The tumor stage was T2aN0M0, stage II, based on the TNM classification, seventh edition. R0 resection was successfully performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy was not administered. After 38 months, computed tomography revealed peritoneal dissemination. The patient received chemotherapy with tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil-potassium (S-1) and gemcitabine. The peritoneal dissemination was successfully controlled for more than 50 months. During the treatment, levels of CEA and CA19-9 kept rising slowly, which was followed by bowel obstruction due to peritoneal dissemination of HCCA. The patient underwent resection of transverse colon with tumor nodules, and the tumor was pathologically diagnosed as metastasis of HCCA. Tumor markers decreased to normal levels, and the patient has been free from tumor relapse for 6 months.ConclusionsWe here report a rare case of HCCA patient with recurrent peritoneal dissemination 3 years after R0 surgery which was sensitive to chemotherapy. The patient successfully received resection of peritoneal dissemination 50 months after the induction of chemotherapy and survived for 10 years.

Surgical and Oncologic Outcomes After Major Liver Surgery and Extended Hemihepatectomy for Colorectal Liver Metastases

PurposeTo determine the surgical and oncologic outcomes after major liver surgery for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) at a Dutch University Hospital. Patients and MethodsConsecutive patients with CRLM who had undergone major liver resection, defined as ≥ 4 liver segments, between January 2000 and December 2015 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. ResultsMajor liver surgery was performed in 117 patients. Of these, 26 patients had undergone formal extended left or right hemihepatectomy. Ninety-day postoperative mortality was 8%. Major postoperative complications occurred in 27% of patients; these adverse events were more common in the extended hemihepatectomy group. Median disease-free survival was 11 months and median overall survival 44 months. ConclusionMajor liver surgery, including formal extended hemihepatectomy, is associated with significant operative morbidity and mortality but can confer prolonged overall survival for patients with CRLM.

Mesohepatectomy versus extended hemihepatectomy for centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma

Extended hemihepatectomy is usually recommended to treat large centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the morbidity and mortality are high because of the postoperative liver failure. Mesohepatectomy is seldom used because of its technical complexity. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term and long-term curative effect of mesohepatectomy. From January 2002 to September 2008, a total of 198 consecutive patients with centrally located HCC underwent hepatectomy in our department. According to the surgical procedures, they were divided into mesohepatectomy (group M, n=118), extended right hemihepatectomy (group RE, n=47) and extended left hemihepatectomy (group LE, n=33) groups. The surgical techniques, clinical pathological characteristics and outcomes were compared between group M, group RE and group LE. The operative time of group M was significantly longer than that of the other two groups (P<0.05); however the total bilirubin on postoperative day 3 in group M was the lowest among the three groups (P<0.01). In group M, the number of the patients whose resection margin achieving 1 cm was significantly lower than that of the other two groups (P<0.05). The mortality rates in groups M, RE and LE were 2.5%, 8.5% and 3.0%, respectively (P>0.05). The morbidity rate in group M was significantly lower than that in group RE (37.3% vs 55.3%, P=0.034), but not in group LE (37.3% vs 24.2%, P=0.163). The biliary leakage tended to be more common in group M (10.2%, P>0.05). The incidence of postoperative liver failure in group M was significantly lower than that in group RE (1.7% vs 10.6%, P=0.032), but not in group LE (1.7% vs 6.1%, P=0.208). The 1-, 3- and 5-year tumor-free survival rates and the overall survival rates after mesohepatectomy were 53.4%, 30.5% and 16.9% and 67.8%, 45.5% and 28.9%, respectively. Mesohepatectomy is a safe and effective technique for centrally located HCC patients. Compared with extended right hemihepatectomy, mesohepatectomy can retain residual liver volume to the maximum limit and reduce postoperative liver failure rate. But no significant advantage was found compared mesohepatectomy to extended left hemihepatectomy.

Alveolar echinococcosis-spreading disease challenging clinicians: A case report and literature review

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially deadly disease; recent studies have shown that the endemic area of Echinococcus multilocularis, its causative agent, is larger than previously known. This disease has low prevalence and remains underreported in Europe. Emerging clinical data show that diagnostic difficulties are still common. We report on a 76-year old patient suffering from AE lesions restricted to the left lobe of the liver who underwent a curative extended left hemihepatectomy. Prior to the resection a liver biopsy under the suspicion of an atypical malignancy was performed. After the intervention he developed a pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery that was successfully coiled. Surprisingly, during surgery, the macroscopic appearance of the tumour revealed a growth pattern that was rather typical for cystic echinococcosis (CE), i.e., a gross tumour composed of multiple large vesicles with several centimeters in diameter. In addition, there were neither extensive adhesions nor infiltrations of the neighboring pancreas and diaphragm as was expected from previous imaging results. The unexpected diagnosis of AE was confirmed by definite histopathology, specific polymerase chain reaction and serology results. This is a rare case of unusual macroscopic presentation of AE that posed immense diagnostic challenges and had an eventful course. To our knowledge this is the first case of an autochthonous infection in this particular geographic area of Germany, the federal state of Saxony. This report may provide new hints for an expanding area of risk for AE and emphasizes the risk of complications in the scope of diagnostic procedures and the limitations of modern radiological imaging.

Risk factors for central bile duct injury complicating partial liver resection

Bile duct injury is a serious complication following liver resection. Few studies have differentiated between leakage from small peripheral bile ducts and central bile duct injury (CBDI), defined as an injury leading to leakage or stenosis of the common bile duct, common hepatic duct, right or left hepatic duct. This study analysed the incidence, risk factors and consequences of CBDI in liver resection. Patients undergoing liver resection between 1990 and 2007 were included in this study. Those having resection for bile duct-related pathology or trauma, or after liver transplantation were excluded. Characteristics and outcome variables were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively. There were 19 instances of CBDI in 462 liver resections (4·1 per cent). One-third of patients with CBDI required surgical reintervention and construction of a hepaticojejunostomy. Resection type (P < 0·001), previous liver resection (P = 0·039) and intraoperative blood loss (P = 0·002) were associated with an increased risk of CBDI. Of all resection types, extended left hemihepatectomy was associated with the highest incidence of CBDI (2 of 9 procedures). Patients undergoing extended left hemihepatectomy or repeat hepatectomy were at increased risk of CBDI.

Influence of Portosystemic Shunt on Liver Regeneration after Hepatic Resection in Pigs

Objective. The minimal amount of liver mass necessary for regeneration is still a matter of debate. The aim of the study was to analyze liver regeneration factors after extended resection with or without portosystemic shunt. Methods. An extended left hemihepatectomy was performed in 25 domestic pigs, in 15 cases after a portosystemic H-shunt. The expression of Ki-67, VEGF, TGF-α, FGF, and CK-7 was analyzed in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Results. The volume of the remnant liver increased about 2.5-fold at the end of the first week after resection. With 19 cells/10 Glisson fields versus 4/10, Ki-67-expression was significantly higher in the H-shunt group. VEGF- and CK-7-expressions were significantly higher in the control group. No significant change was found in FGF-expression. The expression of TGF-α was higher, but not significantly, in the control group. Conclusions. The expression of Ki-67, and therefore hepatocyte regeneration, was increased in the shunt group. The expression of CK-7 on biliary epithelium and the expression of VEGF, however, were stronger in the control group.

Cellular Liver Regeneration after Extended Hepatic Resection in Pigs

Background. The liver has an enormous capacity to regenerate itself. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the regeneration is due to hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the remnant liver after extended resection and whether a portosystemic shunt is beneficial. Material and methods. An extended left hemihepatectomy was performed in 25 pigs, and in 14 after performing a portosystemic shunt. During follow up, liver regeneration was estimated by macroscopic markers such as liver volume and size of the portal fields [mm2] as well as the amount of hepatocytes per portal field and the amount of hepatocytes per mm2. Results. Regardless of the operation procedure, the volume of the remnant liver increased about 2.5 fold at the end of the first week after resection. The size of the portal fields increased significantly as well as the number of hepatocytes in the portal fields. Interestingly, the number of hepatocytes per mm2 remained the same. Conclusion. After extended resection, liver regeneration was achieved by an extensive and significant hyperplasia of hepatocytes within the preexisting portal fields and not by de novo synthesis of new portal fields. However, there was no difference in liver regeneration regarding the operation procedure performed with or without portosystemic shunt.

An unhappy triad: Hemochromatosis, porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatocellular carcinoma-A case report

Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are predisposing factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hemosiderosis has also been described to trigger carcinogenesis. A significant iron overload, as found in hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC), is a risk factor for HCC and may also promote the symptoms of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). A 68-year old male patient presented to our clinic with a suspected HCC, elevated alpha-fetoprotein but normal liver function tests. He reported a 25 year-old history of vitiligo upon exposure to sunlight. The patient underwent an extended left hemihepatectomy, and the recovery was uneventful, with the exception of a persistent hyperbilirubinemia. Perfusion problems and extrahepatic cholestasis were ruled out by CT-scan with angiography and MR-cholangiopancreatography. However, MRI showed an iron overload. Histology confirmed the HCC (pT3, pN0, G3, R0) and revealed a portal fibrosis and hemosiderosis. Based on the skin lesions we suspected a PCT that was confirmed by laboratory tests showing elevated porphyrin, uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin and porphobilinogen. Concurrently, molecular diagnostics revealed homozygosity for the C282Y mutation within the hemochromatosis HFE gene. After phlebotomy and normalization of liver function tests the patient was discharged. This is the first case ever showing the unusual combination of HCC in a fibrotic liver with HHC and PCT. This diagnosis not only warrants oncological follow-up but also symptomatic therapy to normalize iron metabolism and thereby improve liver function and alleviate the symptoms of HHC and PCT. Thus progression of fibrosis may be prevented and liver regeneration supported.

無症状で発見された粘液産生肝内胆管癌の1例

Mucin-producing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is an uncommon hepatic malignancy that macroscopically secretes mucin within biliary trees, generally resulting in obstructive jaundice and/or cholangitis. An asymptomatic 37-year-old man referred to us with intrahepatic bile duct dilation found in by ultrasonography (US) during a routine physical check up was diagnosed with mucin-producing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma based on radiological findings. We conducted extended left hemihepatectomy combined with extrahepatic bile duct resection and lymphadenectomy. Macroscopically, a polypoid lesion 1.8 cm in diameter was found in the dilated bile duct of Couinaud's segment III. Microscopically, the tumor was papillary adenocarcinoma confined within the fibromuscular layer without lymph node metastasis. No lymph node metastasis was seen in cases previously reported in Japan in which tumors remained localized to the mucosal or fibromuscular layer. This suggests the diagnosis of mural inbasion will be helpful in determining the extent of dissection in surgical treatment of this malignancy.