CYP7A1 Expression Research Articles

Evaluation of the Decreased Cholesterol Potential of Levilactobacillus brevis M-10 Isolated from Spontaneously Fermented Sour Porridge in Mice with High-Cholesterol Levels.

Excessive cholesterol levels can lead to hypercholesterolemia, which is related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and CVDs are a serious threat to human health. Therefore, lowering cholesterol levels is necessary, and diet intervention is safer than drugs are. The cholesterol-lowering effect of Levilactobacillus brevis M-10 isolated from spontaneously fermented millet sour porridge was investigated in fifty C57BL/6N male mice. After a 4-week intervention, the food intake, weight gains and organ indices were calculated; the lipid contents in the serum, liver, and feces were determined; the histopathology of the liver tissues was observed; the expression of metabolism-related genes was determined; and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in the droppings were monitored. The results showed that administration of a high dose of L. brevis M-10 (1 × 1010CFU/mL) significantly reduced food intake, suppressed weight gain; prevented excessive liver growth; and reduced the total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins; and total hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents (P < 0.05) in high-cholesterol mice. Moreover, a high dose of L. brevis M-10 significantly promoted the fecal excretion of cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.05) and alleviated liver damage induced by a high-cholesterol diet. Furthermore, a high dose of L. brevis M-10 significantly downregulated the cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression of NPC1L1, ACAT2, HMG-CoA, and SREBP2 but upregulated the gene expression of ABCG5, CYP7A1, and LXR-α (P < 0.05). Additionally, a high dose of L. brevis M-10 significantly increased SCFA contents, including those of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid (P < 0.05). These findings could provide support for the use of L. brevis M-10 in the application of functional foods to alleviate hypercholesterolemia.

Branched-chain amino acids promote hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and bile acid synthesis via suppressing FGF21-ERK pathway.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) including leucine, isoleucine and valine have been linked with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. BCAAs homeostasis is tightly controlled by their catabolic pathway. BCKA dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex is the rate-limiting step for BCAA catabolism. Mitochondrial phosphatase 2C (PP2Cm) dephosphorylates the BCKD E1alpha subunit and activates BCKD complex. Deficiency of PP2Cm impairs BCAA catabolism, leading to higher plasma BCAA concentrations. Emerging evidence shows that bile acids are key regulators of glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated whether a direct link existed between BCAAs and bile acids metabolism. Wild-type mice were fed with normal-BCAA or high-BCAA diet, while PP2Cm deficiency mice were fed with normal chow for 14 weeks. The mice were fasted for 6 h before tissue harvest to exclude metabolic changes due to immediate food intake. We showed that the bile acids in tissues and feces were significantly elevated in wild-type mice fed with high-BCAA diet as well as in PP2Cm deficiency mice fed with normal chow. These mice displayed significantly increased expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis in liver, and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), a freely diffusible metabolite downstream of CYP7A1 in plasma. BCAAs induced Cyp7a1 expression in cultured hepatocytes. In mouse liver and cultured hepatocytes, we demonstrated that elevated BCAAs inhibited fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression and ERK signaling pathway. Direct inhibition of ERK by U0126 (800 nM) markedly induced Cyp7a1 expression in cultured hepatocytes. Moreover, the induced Cyp7a1 expression and inhibitory effects of BCAAs on ERK signaling pathway were abolished by treatment with recombinant FGF21 protein in mouse liver and cultured hepatocytes. Collectively, this study demonstrates a direct link between BCAAs and bile acid synthesis. BCAAs promotes Cyp7a1 expression and bile acid synthesis in liver via inhibiting FGF21-ERK signaling pathway. BCAAs-regulated bile acid synthesis and homeostasis may contribute to developing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic disorders.

Apple Polyphenol Extracts Attenuated Depressive-Like Behaviors of High-Sucrose Diet Feeding Mice by Farnesoid X Receptor-Mediated Modulation of Bile Acid Circulation within the Liver-Gut-Brain Axis.

Although the association between high-sugar diets and depression has been verified, few studies have explored the antidepressant mechanisms of apple polyphenol extracts (APE). Therefore, fifty-four C57BL/6 male mice aged 5 weeks were randomly assigned into five groups: the control group with the standard diet (CON), the constant high-sucrose diet group (HSD), the "2 + 5" alternate diet group (A-HSD), and the 500 mg/(kg·bw) APE treatment for the HSD group (APE) and the A-HSD group (A-APE), respectively. The data of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and behavioral experiments confirmed the success in the establishment of depression-like mouse models in both HSD and A-HSD groups, which were significantly alleviated after APE treatment. Meanwhile, APE reduced serum levels of corticosterone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone, alleviated histopathological damage of the liver, colon, and brain, respectively, elevated the protein expressions of Occludin, ZO-1, and MUC-2, and decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and Dubosiella abundance with the increased microbiota of Tannerellaceae_unclassified, Muribaculum, and Lachnospiraceae_unclassified. Moreover, APE treatment reduced Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) protein levels along with the increased expressions of CYP7A1 and TGR5, lowered the contents of serum and fecal total bile acids, and modulated fecal BA compositions, particularly glycocholic acid (GCA) and isolithocholic acid (ILCA). Thus, both the constant and alternate high-sucrose diets successfully induced depression-like behaviors in mice, and APE might be a potential nutraceutical to attenuate high-sucrose diet-induced depression by regulating BAs circulation within the liver-gut-brain axis mediated by FXR.

Ferulic Acid Alleviates Lipid and Bile Acid Metabolism Disorders by Targeting FASN and CYP7A1 in Iron Overload-Treated Mice.

Iron overload is a common complication in various chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Lipid and bile acid metabolism disorders are regarded as crucial hallmarks of NAFLD. However, effects of iron accumulation on lipid and bile acid metabolism are not well understood. Ferulic acid (FA) can chelate iron and regulate lipid and bile acid metabolism, but its potential to alleviate lipid and bile acid metabolism disorders caused by iron overload remains unclear. Here, in vitro experiments, iron overload induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, genomic instability, and lipid deposition in AML12 cells. FA reduced lipid and bile acid synthesis while increasing fatty acid β-oxidation and bile acid export, as indicated by increased mRNA expression of PPARα, Acox1, Adipoq, Bsep, and Shp, and decreased mRNA expression of Fasn, Acc, and Cyp7a1. In vivo experiments, FA mitigated liver injury in mice caused by iron overload, as indicated by reduced AST and ALT activities, and decreased iron levels in both serum and liver. RNA-seq results showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes related to lipid metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, lipid storage, and transport. Furthermore, FA decreased cholesterol and bile acid contents, downregulated lipogenesis protein FASN, and bile acid synthesis protein CYP7A1. In conclusion, FA can protect the liver from lipid and bile acid metabolism disorders caused by iron overload by targeting FASN and CYP7A1. Consequently, FA, as a dietary supplement, can potentially prevent and treat chronic liver diseases related to iron overload by regulating lipid and bile acid metabolism.

Highland Barley Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Liver Injury Through the IRS2/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Rats.

Objectives: Highland barley (HB) consumption offers numerous health benefits; however, its impact on glycolipid metabolism abnormalities induced by a high-fat diet remains unclear. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of HB in the context of obesity; Methods: Rats were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity or a standard diet (SD) for six weeks. The rats in the HFD group were randomly assigned into five groups: HFD+HFD, HFD+SD, and low (30%), medium (45%), and high (60%) doses of the HB diet for an additional ten weeks. Analyses of serum lipid profiles, liver histology, transcriptomes, and untargeted metabolomes were conducted; Results: HB intake resulted in decreased weight gain, reduced feed intake, lower serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and diminished hepatic lipid accumulation. It also improved insulin and fasting blood glucose levels, and antioxidant capacity in the HFD-fed rats. Transcriptome analysis revealed that HB supplementation significantly suppressed the HFD-induced increase in the expression of Angptl8, Apof, CYP7A1, GDF15, Marveld1, and Nr0b2. Furthermore, HB supplementation reversed the HFD-induced decrease in Pex11a expression. Untargeted metabolome analysis indicated that HB primarily influenced the pentose phosphate pathway, the Warburg effect, and tryptophan metabolism. Additionally, integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses demonstrated that the treatments affected the expression of genes associated with glycolipid metabolism, specifically ABCG8, CYP2C12, CYP2C24, CYP7A1, and IRS2. Western blotting confirmed that HB supplementation impacted the IRS2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway; Conclusions: HB alleviates HFD-induced obesity and liver injury in an obese rat model possibly through the IRS2/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Flaxseed Oil Alleviates PFOS-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism.

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread, persistent environmental pollutant that exerts apparent liver toxicity. Flaxseed oil (FO), a dietary oil rich in α-linolenic acid, has been demonstrated to possess a diverse array of health benefits. However, whether FO protects against PFOS-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. C57/BL6 mice were orally treated with different concentrations of FO alone or in combination with 10 mg/kg of PFOS for 28 consecutive days. Blood and liver tissues were collected for proteomic, histopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular examinations. Results demonstrated that FO supplementation reduced PFOS-induced liver injury, as evidenced by a decrease in histopathological changes, serum transaminase (ALT and AST) levels, levels of oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels. Proteomic analyses showed that differentially expressed proteins were enriched in cholesterol metabolic pathways when comparing the PFOS group to the FO supplementation groups. The expression of cholesterol metabolism-related proteins was also subsequently measured, revealing that FO supplementation decreased the protein expressions of SREBP2, HMGCR, and LDLR while increasing the expression of CYP7A1. This study demonstrates that FO can alleviate PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism, indicating that FO may serve as an effective dietary intervention for preventing liver injury caused by PFOS.

Cold exposure accelerates lysine catabolism to promote cold acclimation via remodeling hepatic histone crotonylation

BackgroundCold environments pose serious threats on human health, with increased risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, frostbite, and hypothermia. Acquired cold acclimation is required to minimize cold-induced injures and to improve metabolic health. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. ObjectiveWe aimed to identify critical amino acids involved in cold acclimation and unmask the regulatory mechanisms. MethodsA total of twenty male participants were recruited and followed up after 3 months’ natural cold exposure. Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) tests and clinical biochemical analysis were performed at baseline and after 3-months cold exposure, whilst blood samples were collected, and plasma amino acids were analyzed by targeted metabolomics. To further confirm the effect of lysine on cold tolerance and explain the latent mechanism, mice were challenged with chronic cold exposure for 7 days with lysine supplement, then core and local surface temperature as well as thermogenesis activity were detected. ResultsContinuous cold exposure shortened the CIVD onset time and increased the average finger temperature. Levels of the plasma lysine and glycine were decreased in both humans and mice. Venn analysis from three datasets revealed that lysine was the only significantly changed plasma amino acid, which strongly correlated with the altered CIVD. Moreover, mice sustained a relatively higher core temperature and surface temperature in the back, tail and paws upon lysine supplementation. Furthermore, lysine supplementation increased the level of histone H3K18cr and promoted the gene and protein expression of Cpt1a, Cpt2 and Cyp27a1 in liver. ConclusionOur work identified lysine as a critical amino acid for the remodeling of hepatic histone crotonylation that facilitates cold acclimation.

Selective Agonism of Liver and Gut FXR Prevents Cholestasis and Intestinal Atrophy in Parenterally Fed Neonatal Pigs.

We aimed to investigate the relative efficacy of feeding different bile acids in preventing PNALD in neonatal pigs. Newborn pigs given total parenteral nutrition (TPN) combined with minimal enteral feeding of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), or increasing doses of obeticholic acid (OCA) for 19 days. Enteral OCA (5 and 15 mg/kg), but not CDCA (30 mg/kg) reduced blood cholestasis markers compared to TPN controls and increased bile acids in the gallbladder and intestine. Major bile acids in the liver and distal intestine were CDCA, HCA, HDCA and OCA, and their relative proportions were increased by the type of bile acid (CDCA or OCA) given enterally. High doses of OCA increased the total NR1H4-agonistic bile acid profile in the liver and intestine above 50% total bile acids. Both CDCA and OCA treatments suppressed hepatic cyp7a1 expression, but only OCA increased hepatobiliary transporters, ABCB11, ABCC$ and ABCB1. Plasma phytosterol levels were reduced and biliary levels were increased by CDCA and OCA and hepatic sterol transporters, abcg5/8, expression were increased by OCA. Both CDCA and OCA increased plasma FGF19 and OCA increased intestinal FGF19, FABP6, and SLC51A. Both CDCA and OCA increased intestinal mucosal growth, whereas CDCA increased the plasma GLP-2, GLP-1 and GIP. Enteral OCA prevented cholestasis and phytosterolemia by increased hepatic bile acid and sterol transport via induction of hepatobiliary transporter FXR target genes and not by suppression of bile acid synthesis genes. We also showed an intestinal trophic action of OCA that demonstrates a dual clinical benefit of FXR agonism in the prevention of PNALD in piglets.

Oligomeric procyanidins combined with Parabacteroides distasonis ameliorate high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation reaction and bile acid metabolism in ApoE−/− mice

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases. Hence, the prevention and treatment strategies of AS have attracted great research attention. As a potential probiotic, Pararabacteroides distasonis has a positive regulatory effect on lipid metabolism and bile acids (BAs) profile. Oligomeric procyanidins have been confirmed to be conducive to the prevention and treatment of AS, whose anti-atherosclerotic effect may be associated with the promotion of gut probiotics. However, it remains unclear whether and how oligomeric procyanidins and P. distasonis combined (PPC) treatment can effectively alleviate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced AS. In this study, PPC treatment was found to significantly decrease atherosclerotic lesion, as well as alleviate the lipid metabolism disorder, inflammation and oxidative stress injury in ApoE−/− mice. Surprisingly, targeted metabolomics demonstrated that PPC intervention altered the BA profile in mice by regulating the ratio of secondary BAs to primary BAs, and increased fecal BAs excretion. Further, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that PPC intervention facilitated reverse cholesterol transport by upregulating Srb1 expression; In addition, PPC intervention promoted BA synthesis from cholesterol in liver by upregulating Cyp7a1 expression via suppression of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway, thus exhibiting a significant serum cholesterol-lowering effect. In summary, PPC attenuated HFD-induced AS in ApoE−/− mice, which provides new insights into the design of novel and efficient anti-atherosclerotic strategies to prevent AS based on probiotics and prebiotics.

Anti-atherosclerotic effect of alfalfa flavonoid extract by regulating inflammation and oxidative stress in HUVEC cells and rats

Atherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation of lipid that triggers arterial inflammation. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of alfalfa flavonoid extract (AFE) on HUVEC cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD). AFE reduced the expression of proinflammatory factors (COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and inhibited activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. AFE alleviated vascular endothelial lesions by reducing HFD-enhanced levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein but increased high-density lipoprotein. Mechanically, AFE ameliorated HFD-enhanced liver steatosis through downregulating gene expression for lipid biosynthesis (SREBP2, HMGCR and FASN) and lipid uptake (LDLR), and through upregulating CYP7A1 expression for lipid catabolism and excretion. These data suggest that AFE possesses the anti-atherosclerotic potential through controlling inflammation, hyperlipidemia and lipid metabolism, and can be used as a functional food additive to benefit patients with atherosclerosis.

Integration of network pharmacology, UHPLC-Q exactive orbitrap HRMS technique and metabolomics to elucidate the active ingredients and mechanisms of compound danshen pills in treating hypercholesterolemic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHypercholesterolemia (HLC) was a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) characterized by elevated cholesterol levels, particularly LDL. While traditional Chinese medicine preparations Compound Danshen Pills(CDP) has been clinically used for hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease, its specific therapeutic effect on HLC remains understudied, necessitating further investigation into its mechanisms. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to explore the potential of CDP in treating HLC and elucidate its underlying mechanisms and active components. Materials and methodsA hypercholesterolemic lipemia rat model induced by a high-fat diet was employed. Network pharmacology combined with UHPLC-Q exactive orbitrap HRMS technique was used to predict the active components, targets and mechanisms of CDP for HLC. Histological analysis and serum biochemical assays were used to assess the therapeutic effect of CDP and its main active ingredient Sa B on hypercholesterolemic lipemia rat model. Immunofluorescence assays and western blotting were used to verify the mechanism of CDP and Sa B in the treatment of HLC. Metabolomics approach was used to demonstrate that CDP and Sa B affected the metabolic profile of HLC. ResultsOur findings demonstrated that both CDP and its main active ingredient Sa B significantly ameliorated hypercholesterolemic lipemic lesions, reducing levels of TC, LDL, AST, ALT, and ALP. Histological analysis revealed a decrease in lipid droplet accumulation and collagen fiber deposition in the liver, as well as reduced collagen fiber deposition in the aorta. Network pharmacology predicted potential targets such as PPARα and CYP27A1. Immunofluorescence assays and western blotting confirmed that CDP and Sa B upregulated the expression of Adipor1, PPARα and CYP27A1. Metabolomics analyses further indicated improvements in ABC transporters metabolic pathways, with differential metabolites such as riboflavin, taurine, and choline showed regression in levels after CDP treatment and riboflavin, L-Threonine, Thiamine, L-Leucine, and Adenosine showed improved expression after Sa B treatment. ConclusionCDP and Sa B have been shown to alleviate high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia by activating the PPAR pathway and improving hepatic lipid metabolism. Our study demonstrated, for the first time, the complex mechanism of CDP, Sa B in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia at the protein and metabolic levels and provided a new reference that could elucidate the pharmacological effects of traditional Chinese medicine on hypercholesterolemia from multiple perspectives.

Gypensapogenin A-Liposomes Efficiently Ameliorates Hepatocellular Lipid Accumulation via Activation of FXR Receptor.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common metabolic diseases encountered in clinical practice, which is characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglycerides (steatosis), and a variety of metabolic abnormalities including lipid metabolism and bile acid metabolism are closely related to NAFLD. In China, Gynostemma pentaphyllum is used as functional food and Chinese medicine to treat various diseases, especially NAFLD, for a long time. However, the active components that exert the main therapeutic effects and their mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, Gypensapogenin A was isolated from the total saponins of G. pentaphyllum and prepared as a liposomal delivery system. Gypensapogenin A liposomes could activate FXR, inhibit the expression of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1, increase the expression of CYP27A1, modulate the ratio of CA and CDCA, decrease the content of CA, and increase the content of CDCA, thus forming a virtuous cycle of activating FXR to play a role in lowering blood lipid levels.

Screening of the Lipid-Lowering Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum SDJ09 and its Anti-Obesity Mechanism.

In this study, 39 strains of lactic acid bacteria were screened from several fermented foods. Based on the evaluation of functional and prebiotic properties, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SDJ09 was selected as a promising candidate. It gave a 48.16% cholesterol reduction and 33.73% pancreatic lipase inhibition in cells; exhibited high resistance to acid, bile salts, and gastrointestinal fluid; and had strong antibacterial activity and high adhesion capabilities. More importantly, the lipid-lowering effect of L. plantarum SDJ09 was also investigated using 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes and HepG2 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease models. L. plantarum SDJ09 effectively decreased triglyceride accumulation by more than 50% in both cell models, in which the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, aP2, and LPL in 3T3-L1 cells was significantly downregulated by L. plantarum SDJ09. L. plantarum SDJ09 also improved lipid metabolism by downregulating the expression of HMGCR, SREBP-1c, ACC, and FAS and upregulating the expression of CYP7A1 in HepG2 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cells. Therefore, L. plantarum SDJ09 has the potential to effectively decrease obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by inhibiting lipid accumulation, providing a prospective probiotic agent for anti-obesity.

Testosterone with Silymarin Improves Diabetes-obesity Comorbidity Complications by Modulating Inflammatory Responses and CYP7A1/ACC Gene Expressions in Rats.

The co-morbidity of DMOB has become increasingly problematic among the world's population because of a high-calorie diet and sedentary lifestyle. DMOB is associated with lower testosterone (TN) levels, the male sex hormone. The phytochemical compound silymarin (SN) exerts antidiabetic activity by modifying β-cells and anti-obesity activity by inhibiting adipogenesis by methylxanthine. The goal of this study was to find out how well testosterone (TN) with silymarin (SN) protects against oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver of the experimental rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity (DMOB). The present study evaluates the efficacy of TN and SN combination (TNSN) on the levels of the potential parameters, such as body mass, serum marker enzymes, fasting glucose levels, HbA1c levels, lipid profile, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, proinflammatory cytokines, gene expression pathways, and histopathology in a DMOB comorbidity rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks with an administration of a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) i.p. injection (30 mg/kg) on the 9th week of the study. The procedure was to develop the DMOB co-morbidity model in the experimental animals. Co-treatment of TN and SN administration were followed throughout the experiment. Rats were sacrificed after overnight fasting to collect serum and liver tissue samples. Samples were analyzed using a clinical chemistry automated analyzer, spectrophotometry, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods and protocols. Analyses of body mass changes, serum marker enzymes, fasting glucose levels, HbA1c levels, lipid profiles, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, TNF-α, IL-6, adiponectin, CYP7A1, ACC expression pathways, and histopathology showed significant abnormal levels (P ≤ 0.05) in the pathological group. These were efficiently treated to normal by the administration of TNSN. These results concluded that TNSN exerted protective efficacy against the liver abnormalities in the co-morbidity of the DMOB rat model.

Emodin alleviates cholestatic liver injury by modulating Sirt1/Fxr signaling pathways

Emodin (EMO) has the effect of anti-cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). But its mechanism is still unclear. The farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is the master bile acid nuclear receptor. Recent studies have reported that Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) can regulate the activities of Fxr. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mechanism of EMO against ANIT-induced liver injury based on Sirt1/Fxr signaling pathway. The ANIT-induced cholestatic rats were used with or without EMO treatment. Serum biochemical indicators, as well as liver histopathological changes were examined. The genes expressions of Sirt1, Fxr, Shp, Bsep and Mrp2 were detected. The expressions of Sirt1, Fxr and their downstream related genes were investigated in vitro. The results showed that EMO significantly alleviated ANIT-induced liver injury in rats, and increased Sirt1, Fxr, Shp, Bsep and Mrp2 gene expression in liver, while decreased the expression of Cyp7a1. EMO significantly activated Fxr, while Sirt1 inhibitor and Sirt1 gene silencing significantly reduced Fxr activity in vitro. Collectively, EMO in the right dose has a protective effect on liver injury induced by ANIT, and the mechanism may be through activation of Fxr by Sirt1, thus regulating bile acid metabolism, and reducing bile acid load in hepatocytes.

Acute ultraviolet B irradiation increases cholesterol and decreases Cyp7a1 expression in the liver of female mice.

Recent studies have demonstrated that ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation impacts both skin and hepatic functions. In this study, we investigated the effects of UVB irradiation on cholesterol metabolism in the liver. Hairless mice were exposed to UVB (1.6 J/cm2) irradiation. Dorsal skin and liver samples were collected 24 h after exposure. Total RNA was extracted from the skin and liver tissues, and used for DNA microarray analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hepatic mRNA expression of Cyp7a1 revealed a 4.4-fold decrease in the UVB (+) group compared to that in the UVB (-) group. No differences were observed in the expression of the other genes related to cholesterol metabolism. Additionally, the level of hepatic total cholesterol in the UVB (+) group was significantly higher than in the UVB (-) group. These findings suggest that acute UVB irradiation increases total cholesterol levels and decreases Cyp7a1 expression in the liver.

Macrophage Membrane-Encapsulated Dopamine-Modified Poly Cyclodextrin Multifunctional Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Atherosclerosis Therapy.

Atherosclerotic plaques exhibit high cholesterol deposition and oxidative stress resulting from high reactive oxygen species (ROS). These are the major components in plaques and the main pro-inflammatory factor. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an effective therapeutic strategy that can simultaneously address the multiple pro-inflammatory factors via removing cholesterol and inhibiting the overaccumulated ROS. In this study, we constructed macrophage membrane-encapsulated biomimetic nanoparticles (MM@DA-pCD@MTX), which not only alleviate cholesterol deposition at the plaque lesion via reverse cholesterol transport but also scavenge the overaccumulated ROS. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and the loaded methotrexate (MTX) act synergistically to induce cholesterol efflux for inhibiting the formation of foam cells. Among them, MTX up-regulated the expression of ABCA1, CYP27A1, and SR-B1. β-CD increased the solubility of cholesterol crystals. In addition, the ROS scavenging property of dopamine (DA) was perfectly preserved in MM@DA-pCD@MTX, which could scavenge the overaccumulated ROS to alleviate the oxidative stress at the plaque lesion. Last but not least, MM-functionalized "homing" targeting of atherosclerotic plaques not only enables the targeted drug delivery but also prolongs in vivo circulation time and drug half-life. In summary, MM@DA-pCD@MTX emerges as a potent, multifunctional therapeutic platform for AS treatment, offering a high degree of biosafety and efficacy in addressing the complex pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Ibuprofen induces hepatic Cyp7a1 expression in mice via the intestinal FXR-FGF15 signaling

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NSAIDs hepatotoxicity remain elusive. Dysregulations of bile acids (BAs) have been implicated in various DILI. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of ibuprofen, the most commonly used NSAID, on BA metabolism and signaling in adult male C57/BL6 mice after oral administration of ibuprofen (IBU) at clinically relevant doses (30, 100, and 200 mg/kg) for one week. Notably, IBU significantly decreased BA concentrations in the liver in a dose-dependent manner, with a concomitant increase in both mRNA and protein expression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydoxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme for BA synthesis. Mechanically, IBU altered the composition of gut microbiota and increased cecal BAs, leading to reduced intestinal absorption of BAs and thus deactivated ileal farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FXR-FGF15) signaling. Additionally, diclofenac and indomethacin also induced hepatic Cyp7a1 expression in mice via their effects on gut microbiota and intestinal BA signaling. To conclude, the current findings suggest that NSAIDs-induced liver injury could be at least partially attributable to the dysregulation of BA metabolism and signaling.

The Effects of Aflatoxin B1 on Liver Cholestasis and Its Nutritional Regulation in Ducks.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on cholestasis in duck liver and its nutritional regulation. Three hundred sixty 1-day-old ducks were randomly divided into six groups and fed for 4 weeks. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the experimental group diet contained 90 μg/kg of AFB1. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin were added to the diets of four experimental groups. The results show that in the AFB1 group, the growth properties, total bile acid (TBA) serum levels and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) liver levels decreased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) and TBA liver levels increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, AFB1 caused cholestasis. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin could reduce the TBA serum and liver levels (p < 0.05), alleviating the symptoms of cholestasis. The qPCR results show that AFB1 upregulated cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1 (CYP8B1) gene expression and downregulated ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11 (BSEP) gene expression in the liver, and taurine and emodin downregulated CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 gene expression (p < 0.05). In summary, AFB1 negatively affects health and alters the expression of genes related to liver bile acid metabolism, leading to cholestasis. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin can alleviate AFB1-induced cholestasis.

Ji-Ni-De-Xie ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating the bile acids metabolism and FXR/FGF15 signaling pathway.

Introduction: Ji-Ni-De-Xie (JNDX) is a traditional herbal preparation in China. It is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in traditional Tibetan medicine system. However, its antidiabetic mechanisms have not been elucidated. The aim of this study is to elucidate the underlying mechanism of JNDX on bile acids (BAs) metabolism and FXR/FGF15 signaling pathway in T2DM rats. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ-MS) and UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS technology were used to identify the constituents in JNDX. High-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (45 mg∙kg-1) (STZ) was used to establish a T2DM rat model, and the levels of fasting blood-glucose (FBG), glycosylated serum protein (GSP), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were measured to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of JNDX. In addition, metagenomic analysis was performed to detect changes in gut microbiota. The metabolic profile of BAs was analyzed by HPLC-QQQ-MS. Moreover, the protein and mRNA expressions of FXR and FGF15 in the colon and the protein expressions of FGF15 and CYP7A1 in the liver of T2DM rats were measured by western blot and RT-qPCR. Results: A total of 12 constituents were identified by HPLC-QQQ-MS in JNDX. Furthermore, 45 chemical components in serum were identified from JNDX via UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS technology, including 22 prototype components and 23 metabolites. Using a T2DM rat model, we found that JNDX (0.083, 0.165 and 0.33 g/kg) reduced the levels of FBG, GSP, HOMA-IR, LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TG, TC, and LDL-C, and increased ISI and HDL-C levels in T2DM rats. Metagenomic results demonstrated that JNDX treatment effectively improved gut microbiota dysbiosis, including altering some bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus and Bacteroides) associated with BAs metabolism. Additionally, JNDX improved BAs disorder in T2DM rats, especially significantly increasing cholic acid (CA) levels and decreasing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) levels. Moreover, the protein and mRNA expressions of FXR and FGF15 of T2DM rats were significantly increased, while the expression of CYP7A1 protein in the liver was markedly inhibited by JNDX. Discussion: JNDX can effectively improve insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation in T2DM rats. The mechanism is related to its regulation of BAs metabolism and activation of FXR/FGF15 signaling pathway.