Expressions Of Sorrow Research Articles

НЕРАДІСНІ ЕМОЦІЇ В МІНІАТЮРАХ І ТЕКСТІ РАДЗИВІЛЛІВСЬКОГО ЛІТОПИСУ

The article examines the miniatures of the Radzyvill Chronicle. It attempts to discriminate between real and fictional emotions of a person from the Middle Ages and focuses on the expressions of sorrow and crying. In historical studies of emotions, images are crucial. They record both real manifestations of emotions and ideas about their importance, expediency, essence. The article relies upon iconographic method, as well as upon semiotics, historical-comparative and content analysis. We assume that sad emotions have more expressiveness in the visual manifestations. Reading facial expressions in miniatures or painting can be challenging. Thus, we rely on interpreting a hand near the cheek or the hem of a garment pressed to the face or sleeves that are down as a universally recognized gesture of sadness. This paper offers a first insight into the miniatures of the Radzivil Chronicle, which depict sadness and crying. It examines emotions through narrative and visual strategies of the Chronicle and reveals how it fits within the tradition of showing tears and sadness in medieval society. After studying the Chronicle, we can conclude that it did not deal with emotions extensively. Only 25 of the 613 miniatures of the Königsberg list (which is 4% of all images) convey unhappy emotions. The miniatures from the Radzyvill chronicle confirm the three main states where sadness and weeping corresponded with the decorum of medieval Rus: the death of loved ones, common misfortunes or public troubles like captivity and separation-farewell. Therefore, the emotions depicted in the Chronicle were historically conditioned. Sadness was conveyed in illuminations that dealt with the departure from this world and burials of princes and clerics, the military conflicts, which affected people’s lives. Sometimes the emotions were not mentioned in the accompanying text, but only conveyed through the visual means, which reveals medieval behavioral models and ideas about crying as a natural emotional reaction to the death and burial of the loved ones and to the misfortunes associated with captivity. The absence of illustrations of sadness and tears in the Pechersk cycle of miniatures is generally consistent with the tradition of illustrating texts where attention was paid to actions and not to emotions. This fact, too, may indicate the understanding of tears of repentance and prayer as an internal state that is not conveyed through external means.

The Law of Embrace: Satisfaction, Forgiveness, and the Cross in Aquinas, Lonergan, and Volf

A dialogue between Aquinas and Volf mediated by Lonergan illuminates the practical significance of Christ’s redemptive work. Aquinas contemplates the mystery of Christ’s passion as an act of satisfaction proceeding from charity that makes amends for wrongdoing. Lonergan specifies this satisfaction as a fitting expression of sorrow for the granting of forgiveness. He further identifies the essential meaning and practical significance of redemption as the transformation of evil into good, and calls it the law of the cross. Volf delineates the significance of the cross for practices of reconciliation, the movement from exclusion to embrace through repentance, forgiveness, and making space for the other. I suggest that Volf’s framework is undergirded by Lonergan’s law of the cross and assists retrieving the latent practical significance of Aquinas’ contemplation. Satisfaction for another is interpreted as forgiveness in the movement from exclusion to embrace proceeding from charity interpreted as the will to embrace.

Feeling for Our Robot Overlords: Perceptions of Emotionally Expressive Social Robots in Initial Interactions

ABSTRACT Human-to-human scripting accounts for a user’s tendency in human-robot interactions (HRI) to utilize scripts just as they would if talking to another person. Can a robot’s emotional verbal expression, however, impact perceptions and further elicit human-to-human scripting? The present study examines the effects of a robot’s emotional expression of joy and sorrow on participant perceptions of anthropomorphism, animacy, likability, perceived intelligence, credibility, social presence, and uncertainty in an initial interaction. Results indicated that robot expressions of joy were rated significantly more likable, intelligent, credible, and socially present than expressions of sorrow. Implications for future research are discussed in light of our findings related to participant impressions of emotional robots and human-to-human scripting.

A Comparative Analysis of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Skills in Students with High-Functioning Autism and Pragmatic Language Impairment Using Video-Based Assessments

Social communication deficits are becoming more evident and better understood as our awareness, diagnosis, and treatment advance. Additionally, social language difficulties related to Autism Spectrum Disorder are becoming more distinguished and better understood. The current study aims to evaluate six key pragmatic language constructs introduced by The Clinical Assessment of Pragmatics and comparatively analyse these six constructs in three groups - adolescents who present as: typically developing, present with pragmatic language impairment, and present with high functioning autism. The six constructs analysed include: instrumental performance, social context appraisal, paralinguistic decoding, instrumental performance, affective expression, and paralinguistic signals. Results of the current study revealed significant differences across groups of students on receptive and expressive pragmatic language tasks. Students with HFA and PLI demonstrated adequate performance on instrumental in nature tasks such as, demonstrating politeness and requesting for help. As expected, students with HFA and PLI exhibited significant difficulties on higher order pragmatics tasks, such as the use of affective language, perception of irony, expression of sorrow, and demonstration of support. The key findings of the current study revealed that there are three constructs that could differentiate the understanding, assessment, and treatment of social language in students with PLI vs. HFA. Students with PLI and HFA may differ in their understanding and use of the skills in the following constructs: Social Context Appraisal, Paralinguistic Decoding, and Paralinguistic Cues.

A Sociolinguistic Approach to the Persian Native Speakers’ Strategies for Expressing Sorrow and Happiness: A Comparison of the Gender Differences

This study aimed to investigate the strategies adopted by Persian native speakers for expressing their happiness and sorrow. For this purpose, the researcher spent one month observing the behavior of different male and female native speakers of Farsi who were of different ages between 12-68. The researcher collected the data either by participating different events of happiness and sorrow or putting the audience under one of these circumstances by giving them some good or bad news in order to audit their way of expressing happiness and sorrow. The responses collected were extracted as 8 happiness expression strategies (surprise, positive adjectives, appreciation, thanking God, expressing emotions and statements and informal emotional expression) and 6 sorrow-expression strategies (expressing pity, questions, statements, curse words and threatening). Among these strategies, statement was common in both happiness and sorrow strategies. After identifying the strategies, the number and percentage of each strategy was calculated for male and female participants. The results indicated that surprise, thanking God, statements and appreciation are the most frequent happiness strategies among male participants and expressing emotions and surprise are the most frequently-used happiness strategies among female ones. One important point in the strategy of "expressing emotion" is that it is a female-specific strategy not used by male population at all. On the other hand, regarding expressions of sorrow, according to the findings of this research, expressing pity is the most frequent strategy both for males and females. In expressing sorrow, using curse words is the second rank for male participants and other strategies are somehow equally-used among both groups as the difference between the frequencies of male and female was not that considerable.

Categorizing expressive speech acts in the pragmatically annotated SPICE Ireland corpus

Abstract Expressive speech acts are one of the five basic categories of speech acts identified by Searle (1976). Expressives remain underresearched, though select categories of expressive speech acts, especially offering thanks and compliments, have received more extensive attention. An overall classification of expressive speech acts on the basis of corpus data has not yet been carried out. The current study provides a first survey of different types of expressive speech acts on the basis of three categories of spoken Irish English of different levels of formality: broadcast discussion, classroom discussion and face-to-face interaction. The data are extracted from the pragmatically tagged SPICE-Ireland corpus, a member of the International Corpus of English-family of corpora. The aim of the current study is to offer an overview and classification of expressives in the corpus material. Eight distinct subcategories of expressive speech acts are identified in this study. These categories are agreement, disagreement, volition, offering thanks, apologies, exclamations, expressions of sorrow and greetings.

Expresiones de duelo ante la muerte del Presidente Hugo Chávez. Obituarios y Visitas al difunto

The two latest years in the life of Venezuela’s president Hugo Chavez Frias, were marked by suffering, as he trusted Cuban medical services, and ignored the cancer diagnosed in Venezuela. Discretion and secrecy marked that period, so much, that the day of death is an object of discussion. In Venezuela the president’s death was announced on May 5, 2013. Diverse expressions of sadness where manifested, in this paper two expressions of sorrow in different social groups where analized: obituaries, and visits to the president’s coffin at the Military Academy (in Caracas). Obituaries published from March 6 to12, 2013 in the two main newspapers with national circulation in the country: El Universal and El Nacional, were analyzed using Teun van Dijk (1997) critical analysis theory, doing a pragmatic discourse analysis of them. Two dimensions were included: 1. frequency, size and cost; and, 2. text content. A corpus of 612 obituaries was constructed, identifying within them, the characteristics of the messages sent by public and private institutions, who are the main users of the newspaper obituary gender, related to the occasion. Text structures and functions such as: basic courtesy and, farewell to the late president, also where detected and analized. The ambiance at the visits was subjected to observation, finding emotional links, interests and, political commitment with the late president and his project. The analysis shows two expresions of sorrow: That of stern and expensive obituaries, and that of the affectivity of those that had music and some food under the sun of a hot day.

A Quiet Epidemic

It was a clear, crisp winter day as I stood in full dress uniform directly in front of Tom's casket. Hundreds of his fellow paramedics and firefighters from around the state had come to honor this dedicated public servant who had given much of his life to his fire department and the community he grew up in. His death was sudden, untimely and difficult to understand. The expressions of sorrow, devastation and loss on the faces of his wife and children would forever be etched in my mind. Our families had vacationed together since we had attended the academy 20 years before. He seemed to have it all: a dream job, loving family, nice house and the respect and admiration of his fellow workers. He loved being a paramedic for the fire department. As tears froze on my face, I searched for answers. How could I have missed the signs-his pain, suffering and depression? I never acknowledged his subtle cries for help. I wasn't there for my best friend before he took his life.

Strangers in Strange Lands: Biblical Models of Exile in Early Modern England

For the many sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English men and women who found themselves in states of exile, physically, socially, or spiritually, the expressions of sorrow and hope by those in similar conditions in the Bible provided a crucial consolation. Exploring the various complex ways in which writers represented their conditions of exile by biblical allusions, paraphrase, and adaptation, especially to The Lamentations of Jeremiah and Psalm 137, "By the waters of Babylon," demonstrates the central role of the Bible in this area of early modern thought and culture. A broad spectrum of English writers, including the earl of Clarendon, John Donne, John Quarles, James Forsyth, and John Saltmarsh, wrestled with problems of exile, and they tried to solve them, or at least understand them, in terms of biblical models.

'Sorry for the Genocide': How Public Apologies Can Help Promote National Reconciliation

The aim of this article is to defend the politics of official apologies as part of a liberal conception of state and society. To acknowledge this is to defend a subjective conception of state legitimacy, not solely based on its objective efficiency but also on the meaning that citizens give to it and their belief in its legitimacy. I will argue that official apologies for past wrongs can be an essential component of this belief, and help building or rebuilding civic trust in the aftermath of mass atrocity. The acknowledgment of a wrongdoing, the acceptance of one's responsibility, and the expression of sorrow and regret for it can therefore appear as a reliable way to promote national reconciliation. I will show that in order to understand how pure words can provoke such an important shift, we need to `unfold' the meaning of an apology and to review our conception of reconciliation itself. Only if we consider reconciliation as the achievement of trust can apologies become part of the reconstruction process of post-conflict societies. I will draw upon a Habermassian conception of discursive solidarity to show that, rightly understood and formulated, apologies, as a form of dialogue, could become an essential norm-affirming and community-binding measure in the aftermath of mass atrocities, one compatible with a liberal project of transitional justice.

A haunted past: requesting forgiveness for wrongdoing in International Relations

AbstractThis article examines why states ask for forgiveness from other states or peoples that they have harmed. Asking for forgiveness has significant political, legal, and moral implications. But beyond these, the subject concerns how states confront their history and their collective responsibility for wrongdoing. My focus on the reasons states have for asking forgiveness could also improve our understanding of conflict resolution. The article introduces an innovative typology of requests for forgiveness by presenting important conceptual distinctions in the terminology currently employed in the field. Apologies, regrets, and expressions of sorrow are conceptualised as distinct avenues of asking forgiveness with varying degrees of significance and meaningfulness. I assert that the type of request for forgiveness is influenced by the degree of severity attributed to a wrongdoing and by the extent to which a state perceives its image as threatened by its wrongful act. The article analyses the important 1951 statement of West Germany's Chancellor Adenauer regarding the Jewish Holocaust as an example of a type of request for forgiveness.

Andrés Blei in memoriam

The Team of Liver Transplantation joins our colleagues and scientific organizations in honoring and mourning the loss of Andrés (Andy) Blei, MD, a distinguished hepatologist and clinical researcher in liver diseases. In spite of his heavy work load and chronic illness, he was a great supporter of Liver Transplantation. Andy was an active member on the Editorial Board of Liver Transplantation; he submitted and published many important papers in this journal and also participated in the peer-review process of manuscripts. The current Editorial Team overlapped with Andy in his role as Editor of Hepatology for two years. Andy truly believed that the complement of the respective sister journals, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, was in the best interest of the growing community of liver disease specialists. Andy was always thoughtful, collegial and generous in his personal and professional interactions. Shortly before his death, he reflected on his role as Editor, in a letter he sent to the current Editors of Liver Transplantation: “Once your editorship is over, you will be able to reflect on a rich period of professional activity. And you will feel good about it.” At the 2008 Annual meeting of the AASLD, the liver community recognized his contributions by way of the acknowledgements that AASLD afforded in his memory, as well as the many expressions of sorrow and loss amongst his colleagues and friends. Andy will always remain among us; we are reminded of him when we come across his many contributions in the study of liver diseases; we are reminded of him when we pick up Hepatology and Liver Transplantation and realize his impact on the publication process; and we are reminded of him when we recall his wonderful smile and laugh. Thank you Andy, you were a great friend, colleague and doctor.

Changing Ways of Death in Twentieth-Century Australia: War, Medicine and the Funeral Business (review)

Reviewed by Cecily Hunter University of Melbourne Pat Jalland. Changing Ways of Death in Twentieth-Century Australia: War, Medicine and the Funeral Business. Reprint. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales Press, 2006. viii + 409 pp. Ill. $39.95 (paperbound, 0-86840-905-7). The "death awareness" movement that appeared in the United States in the 1970s had its counterpart in Australia, where it also was stimulated by the publication of Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's book On Death and Dying in 1969. Kübler-Ross developed a psychological model of death and dying based on the experiences of terminally ill patients, to counter the neglect of these patients within conventional medical care. A seminar held at Melbourne's St. Vincent's Hospital in 1971 marked the beginning of the Australian movement to foster more open and informed responses to death and grief both in the hospitals and in the general community (pp. 204–5). The "death awareness" movement gathered momentum during the 1970s, leading, Pat Jalland claims, to a shift in Australian society away from the culture of death avoidance that became apparent in the years following the end of the Great War—a culture characterized by social and psychological responses to death where thoughts and feelings about death were avoided, ritual was minimized, and the expression of sorrow was confined to the private lives of the bereaved. Jalland's concern in this study of death and dying in twentieth-century Australia is to explain the culture of death avoidance as an outcome of Australia's involvement in two world wars and the development of twentieth-century medical practice. Silence, as Jalland notes, is characteristic of a culture of death avoidance, which makes the historian's task of tracing the emergence of this culture more difficult. However, the statistics she quotes to demonstrate the extent of Australia's involvement in the Great War suggest that this episode would have had far-reaching consequences for the personal lives of individuals and for society in general. One in five of the Australians who volunteered to fight for King and Empire was buried in foreign soil; 60,000 of them were killed within a space of four years, and the final resting place of around 25,000 remained unknown to families and friends. It has been estimated that bereavement touched every second Australian family. Jalland fleshes out this statistical picture to good effect, using diaries, letters, and oral testimony to show how, in coming to terms with their loss, bereaved men and women tended to minimize their own privations out of respect for those suffered by the men on active service. Individuals tended to feel that an open display of [End Page 900] their personal grief was out of place when so many were bereaved. The silencing of grief was further encouraged by soldiers' letters, which presented the stoicism of the battlefield response to death as a model for civilians. Newspaper "In Memoriam" notices displayed a diminishing reliance on religion for support in bereavement, and a growing resort to memory to make sense of intolerable loss. Jalland claims that the repression of grief and the diminishing reliance on religion, already evident in late nineteenth-century responses to death and loss, was accelerated by Australia's participation in the Great War and then reinforced during the Second World War. She skilfully employs a range of resources to demonstrate the characteristics of this change at the level of the individual and in the broader society. Her achievement is weakened, however, when she attempts to define the change more precisely in a discussion of public responses to two tragic events of the interwar period: a colliery disaster in New South Wales, and the Black Friday bushfires in Victoria. The responses to these events, as demonstrated in newspaper reports and the recollections of those who experienced the bushfires firsthand, emphasize stoicism and practical assistance; they display, Jalland notes, none...

고려 속요에 나타난 민요적 표현과 슬픔의 치유방식 -<만전춘별사>, <오관산>, <정석가>를 중심으로-

고려 속요에 나타난 민요적 표현과 슬픔의 치유방식 -<만전춘별사>, <오관산>, <정석가>를 중심으로-

Sensational! Violent! Popular! Death in American Movies

This study examined death as portrayed in different types of American film. Death events were scored for number and type, use of death words, demographic characteristics, 23 different actions of instigators, and 24 reactions of recipients. Trained observers scored 25 popular films, 16 popular/award films, and 24 award films. The predominant depictions of death were attacks by weapon, threats, risks and conversations. Most common reactions in death scenes were fear, shock, protest and aggression. ANOVA comparisons across the three types of films showed that popular and popular/award films contained significantly more sensational death actions, such as non-weapon attacks, threats of death, close calls, risks taken, and accidents. Award films were significantly more likely to include scenes of routine, medical death events. No significant differences in use of language were found. Instigators in death scenes were six times more likely to be males. Female characters were nearly twice as likely to be recipients as instigators. ANOVA comparisons indicated that reactions involving escape, fear, no harm, relief, and ambiguity were significantly more common in popular and popular/award films. Award films, on the other hand, included significantly more expressions of sorrow and sadness. Comparisons based on audience rating (G, PG, PG-13, and R) showed no significant differences in the number of death scenes and virtually no significant differences in specific death actions or reactions. The results present a disturbing picture of death in movies, one described as psychologically obscene. In American film, death is distorted into a sensational stream of violent attacks by males, with fear, injury, further aggression, and the absence of normal grief reactions as the most common responses.

Do'a-ye Komeil. Translation and Analysis of a Contemporary Shi'ite Prayer Meeting

No abstract available