SATB1 Expression Research Articles

Immunohistochemical Expression of MDM2, Bcl-2, SATB2 and Ki-67 in Histological Variants of Unicystic Ameloblastoma.

To characterize the immunohistochemical expression of MDM2, Bcl-2, SATB2 and Ki-67 in histological variants of unicystic ameloblastoma (UA). Following the ethical approval, forty (40) patients with unicystic ameloblastoma were retrieved from the archives and subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC). Sociodemographic and clinical data were also retrieved. The results were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS software. Human tooth germs, which served as the control, showed moderate expression of Bcl-2 and MDM2 with slight proliferative activity in ameloblasts and moderate expression of SATB2 in ectomesenchyme and odontoblasts. Luminal UA (Type 1) showed low Ki-67 index and negative to mild Bcl-2 and MDM2 expression, whilst Type 1.2 (luminal and intraluminal), Type 1.2.3 (luminal, intraluminal and mural), and Type 1.3 (luminal and mural), including the recurrent cases, showed moderate to intense expression with high mean Ki-67 index. The difference between the study groups was statistically significant (p value < 0.001). No expression of SATB2 was noted in any histological variant of UA. Furthermore, no significant differences were noted in age, gender, site and location between the groups. In contrast to luminal variant of UA, mural±intraluminal variants and recurrent cases demonstrate higher expression of Bcl-2 and MDM2 with higher mean Ki-67 index. It may thus be prudent to provide aggressive treatment for cases, not just with mural follicles but also for the patients with intraluminal plexiform proliferation, to prevent recurrence and improve patient outcomes.

Gastric and Gastrointestinal-like Immunophenotypes In Conventional Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas Including Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas with Mucinous Differentiation: Frequency and Diagnostic Implications

Abstract Introduction/Objective Mucinous carcinomas of the gastric/gastrointestinal type (MCG) are now recognized as a rare, clinically aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer [EMCa]. However, neither their full morphologic spectrum, nor their defining immunophenotype, has been clearly defined. Previous proposals for their recognition include at least focal immunohistochemical expression of gastrointestinal markers, minimality or absence of ER and possibly PAX8 expression, and the absence of an endometrioid carcinoma component. Herein, we assess the frequency of gastric and gastrointestinal immunophenotypes in conventional endometrioid carcinomas without any discernible gastric/gastrointestinal-type morphology. Methods/Case Report Immunohistochemical analyses for CK7, CK20, CDX2, ER, SATB2, MUC6, PAX8 were performed on 81 EMCa, comprised of consecutively archived cases of low grade endometrioid carcinoma (n=47), FIGO grade III endometrioid carcinoma (n=12), and endometrioid carcinomas with mucinous differentiation (n=22). None showed goblet cells or gastric-type morphology. Expression levels were quantified as H-scores on a standardized 0-300 scale. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Significant subsets of all 3 groups showed expression of MUC6, CDX2, SATB2 and CK20, without any significant differences between the groups. 56%, 62%, 23% and 25% of cases expressed MUC6, CDX2, CK20 and SATB2 respectively. 37% co-expressed MUC6 and CDX2, 12% co-expressed CDX2 and CK20, 6% co-expressed MUC6, CDX2 and CK20 and 2.5% co-expressed CDX2, CK20 and SATB2. The expression levels were generally low across all groups, with average H scores for positive cases being 49.5 [range 1-250] for MUC6, 33.7 [range 1-285] for CDX2, 24.0 [range 1-270] for CK20, and 30.5 [range; 2-220] for SATB2. There was no statistically significant correlation between the expression of any of the 4 markers (CK20, CDX2, SATB2 or MUC6) and low ER or PAX8 expression. However, the only 2 cases with high CDX2 expression (H: &amp;gt;/=200) were also associated with low ER (H&amp;lt;50) expression, and one of these concurrently showed high CK20 (H: 270) and low PAX8 (H: 2) expression, suggestive of true intestinal differentiation. Conclusion MUC6, SATB2, CDX2, and CK20 are not uncommonly expressed at low levels in endometrioid carcinoma. As such, the expression of these markers cannot be the sole basis for defining the clinically aggressive EMCa with true gastric/gastrointestinal differentiation, and for distinguishing them from conventional endometrioid carcinomas.

SATB2 expression in oral sarcomatoid (spindle cell) squamous cell carcinoma: clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic characterization of 10 cases

ObjectiveSarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma (sSCC) represents an uncommon histopathologic variant of SCC. We examined the clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic characteristics, including SATB2 expression, of 10 oral sSCCs. Study DesignArchived sSCC cases diagnosed during the period 2000-2023 were retrieved. Lesions lacking proper histomorphologic features or adequate immunohistochemical confirmation were excluded. Patient age, sex and lesion location were recorded. All cases were immunostained against SATB2 (Clone EP281; Cell Marque). ResultsTen oral sSCCs were identified (M:F ratio = 1.5:1; age range = 47-82y, median = 74.5y). Tongue was the most common anatomic site. Lesions presented as fungating or ulcerated, polypoid and indurated masses. Microscopically, most tumors demonstrated an infiltrative population of atypical spindle cells organized in slender cords or fascicles. Rhabdoid/plasmacytoid morphology was observed in 3 cases. Immunohistochemically, all cases exhibited strong, focal-to-diffuse positivity for pancytokeratin, p63 and/or p40. Patchy, moderate-to-strong SATB2 staining was seen in 4 oral sSCCs, while 4 additional cases showed rare, weak-to-moderate expression. ConclusionsOral sSCC is uncommon and primarily exhibits spindled histomorphology, although rhabdoid/plasmacytoid features may be observed. A battery of epithelial and non-epithelial markers is required for proper diagnosis. Positive SATB2 immunostaining in oral sSCCs may pose a potential diagnostic pitfall, particularly in small biopsy specimens.

SATB1 and p16 Expression and Prognostic Value in Croatian Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients: A Unicentric Study.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare lymphoid neoplasm in which Hodgkin/Reed-Stenberg (HRS) cells are admixed with a population of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells and fibrosis. Dysregulated expressions of cell cycle regulators and transcription factors have been proven as one of the hallmarks of HL. In that context, SATB1 and p16 have been reported as potential regulators of HL progression and survival. However, to date, no studies have assessed the expression levels of SATB1 and p16 in HL in Croatian patients or their prognostic values. Therefore, we investigated the expression pattern of SATB1 and p16 in paraffin-embedded lymph node biopsies using standard immunohistochemistry. We found that 21% of the patients stained positive for SATB1, while 15% of the patients displayed positive staining for p16. Furthermore, we aimed to understand the prognostic value of each protein through the analysis of the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). SATB1 showed a significantly positive correlation with better OS and PFS, while p16 expression had no impact. Interestingly, when patients were stratified by a combination of the two studied markers, we found that patients in the SATB1+/p16- group tended to have the best prognosis in HL, according to statistical significance. In conclusion, SATB1 and p16 might be potentially useful as diagnostic and prognostic markers for HL.

Oral Sarcomatoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Characterization Including SATB2 Expression in 10 Cases

Oral Sarcomatoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Characterization Including SATB2 Expression in 10 Cases

Use of SATB2 and CDX2 Immunohistochemistry to Characterize and Diagnose Colorectal Cancer.

SATB2 has been reported to be highly specific for lower gastrointestinal tract tumors. On the basis of its ileum-colon conversion effects, which involve the activation of colonic genes in cooperation with CDX2 and HNF4A, we hypothesized that SATB2 and CDX2 might define the characteristics of colorectal cancers (CRCs). In the present study, the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of 269 CRCs were analyzed according to SATB2 and CDX2 expression. CRCs with SATB2- and/or CDX2- phenotypes showed associations with poorly differentiated histotypes ( P <0.00001), mucus production ( P =0.0019), and mismatch repair-deficient phenotypes ( P <0.00001). SATB2-/CDX2- CRCs were significantly associated with CK20-negativity, with or without CK7 expression ( P <0.00001), as well as with MUC5AC-positivity ( P <0.00001), and CD10-negativity ( P =0.00047). Negativity for SATB2 or CDX2 was associated with the expression of PD-L1 in both all CRC ( P <0.00001) and mismatch repair-proficient CRC ( P =0.000091). Multivariate Cox hazard regression analysis identified negativity for SATB2 and/or CDX2 as potential independent risk factors for patients with CRC. Regarding the diagnostic utility of SATB2, all of the 44 CRC metastases could be diagnosed as colorectal in origin if the immunohistochemical phenotypes (including CK7, CK20, and p53) of the primary lesions and patient history were considered. Among the other 684 tumors, we were unable to distinguish a case of CK7-/CK20+/CDX2+/SATB2+ ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma from metastatic CRC without the patient history and clinical information.

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of SATB2 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma in Mosul City, Iraq

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of SATB2 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma in Mosul City, Iraq

The utility of the lineage specific immunohistochemical stains SATB2, CDX2, and villin, and the mucin glycoproteins MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 to distinguish pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma from metastatic colorectal carcinoma

ContextThe lungs are a common site of tumor metastasis. While morphology and immunophenotype can help differentiate primary from metastatic tumors, distinguishing pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (PIMA) from metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) may occasionally be challenging due to overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical features. Lineage-specific markers such as CDX2, TTF-1, and napsin A are helpful with pulmonary non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (PNMA), however they are non-specific and insensitive when applied to PIMA. SATB2 is a newer marker that distinguishes CRC from upper gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary tumors; its utility in distinguishing CRC from PIMA has not been fully elucidated. ObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of lineage-specific and mucin glycoprotein immunostains in distinguishing PIMA and CRC. DesignWe stained tissue microarrays comprising 34 PNMA, 31 PIMA, and 32 CRC with CK7, CK20, SATB2, CDX2, villin, TTF-1, napsin A, and gel-forming mucins MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6. ResultsPIMA showed significant (>50% of cells) expression of SATB2 (6%), CDX2 (6%), villin (74%), TTF-1 (13%), and napsin A (23%). However, significant CK7 expression was seen in nearly all PIMA (30/31) and none of the metastatic CRC. ConclusionOur results suggest that CK7 remains one of the most useful markers for distinguishing primary PIMA from metastatic CRC. Expression of the mucin glycoproteins MUC5AC and MUC6 and lack of expression of MUC2 favored a diagnosis of PIMA, but expression of these markers was too heterogeneous to be of clinical utility. To our knowledge this is the only study comparing the immunohistochemical profile of PIMA and metastatic CRC in lung metastasectomy specimens.

Immunohistochemical expression of SATB2 and PAX8 in differentiating primary from metastatic ovarian mucinous neoplasms.

Accurate stratification of an ovarian mucinous neoplasm as primary or secondary is always challenging as they show overlapping histomorphological and immunohistochemical features. Immunohistochemical staining for SATB2 and PAX8 was performed on 80 cases of mucinous ovarian neoplasms subdivided into 53 primary [25 primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas (POMCs) and 28 mucinous borderline tumors (MBTs)] and 27 secondary (12 of colonic origin, 7 of appendiceal origin, and 8 of gastric origin). Expression was correlated with different clinicopathologic parameters. PAX8-positive immunostaining was detected in 38 out of 53 cases (71.69%) of primary ovarian mucinous neoplasms (POMNs) with null positivity in the secondary ovarian mucinous tumors (0/27). SATB2-positive expression was detected in 16 out of 27 cases (59.26%) of the secondary ovarian mucinous tumors. None of the studied POMNs showed any positive immunostaining for SATB2 (0/53). A profile of SATB2-/PAX8+ and SATB2+/PAX8- can be used to differentiate POMNCs from secondary ovarian mucinous tumors of GI origin, respectively, with 100% specificity. PAX8 expression is associated with some clinicopathologic parameters providing the basis for the possible usage of PAX8 as prognostic marker.

Schizophrenia-Like Deficits and Impaired Glutamate/Gamma-aminobutyric acid Homeostasis in Zfp804a Conditional Knockout Mice.

Zinc finger protein 804A (ZNF804A) was the first genome-wide associated susceptibility gene for schizophrenia (SCZ) and played an essential role in the pathophysiology of SCZ by influencing neurodevelopment regulation, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and RNA translational control; however, the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. A nervous-system-specific Zfp804a (ZNF804A murine gene) conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model was generated using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 technology and the Cre/loxP method. Multiple and complex SCZ-like behaviors, such as anxiety, depression, and impaired cognition, were observed in Zfp804a cKO mice. Molecular biological methods and targeted metabolomics assay validated that Zfp804a cKO mice displayed altered SATB2 (a cortical superficial neuron marker) expression in the cortex; aberrant NeuN, cleaved caspase 3, and DLG4 (markers of mature neurons, apoptosis, and postsynapse, respectively) expressions in the hippocampus and a loss of glutamate (Glu)/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) homeostasis with abnormal GAD67 (Gad1) expression in the hippocampus. Clozapine partly ameliorated some SCZ-like behaviors, reversed the disequilibrium of the Glu/GABA ratio, and recovered the expression of GAD67 in cKO mice. Zfp804a cKO mice reproducing SCZ-like pathological and behavioral phenotypes were successfully developed. A novel mechanism was determined in which Zfp804a caused Glu/GABA imbalance and reduced GAD67 expression, which was partly recovered by clozapine treatment. These findings underscore the role of altered gene expression in understanding the pathogenesis of SCZ and provide a reliable SCZ model for future therapeutic interventions and biomarker discovery.

Primary mucinous gland lesions of fallopian tube: a clinicopathological analysis of fourteen cases

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of primary mucinous gland lesions of the fallopian tubes. Methods: The clinical data, pathomorphological characteristics and immunophenotype of 14 cases of primary mucinous gland lesions of the fallopian tube diagnosed at Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from 2015 to 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. In addition, a comprehensive review of relevant literature was conducted. Results: The age of 14 patients ranged from 53 to 83 years, with an average of 65 years. Among them, 13 cases exhibited unilateral involvement while one case showed bilateral presentation. Nine cases were mucinous metaplasia of the fallopian tube, four cases were invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma and one case was mucinous carcinoma in situ. Morphologically, mucinous metaplasia of the fallopian tube was focal, with or without inflammation. The cells of mucinous adenocarcinoma or mucinous carcinoma in situ exhibited characteristics indicative of gastrointestinal differentiation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed diffuse positive expression of CK7, and negative expression of SATB2. CDX2 demonstrated positive staining in two cases. One case exhibited diffuse and strongly positive mutant expression of p53, whereas the remaining cases displayed wild-type expression. MUC6 showed diffuse or focally positive staining in mucinous gland lesions characterized by gastric differentiation. Some cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma of fallopian tube were subject to AB-PAS staining, resulting in red to purple cytoplasmic staining. Conclusions: Primary mucinous lesions of the fallopian tube are exceedingly uncommon. All cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma of fallopian tubes in this study exhibit the morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics of gastrointestinal differentiation. Mucinous metaplasia of the fallopian tube is a benign lesion of incidental finding, which is closely related to inflammation or gastric differentiation. Mucinous lesions of cervix, ovary and digestive tract are excluded in all patients, confirming the independent existence of mucinous lesions within fallopian tubes.

Protein translation rate determines neocortical neuron fate

The mammalian neocortex comprises an enormous diversity regarding cell types, morphology, and connectivity. In this work, we discover a post-transcriptional mechanism of gene expression regulation, protein translation, as a determinant of cortical neuron identity. We find specific upregulation of protein synthesis in the progenitors of later-born neurons and show that translation rates and concomitantly protein half-lives are inherent features of cortical neuron subtypes. In a small molecule screening, we identify Ire1α as a regulator of Satb2 expression and neuronal polarity. In the developing brain, Ire1α regulates global translation rates, coordinates ribosome traffic, and the expression of eIF4A1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Satb2 mRNA translation requires eIF4A1 helicase activity towards its 5’-untranslated region. Altogether, we show that cortical neuron diversity is generated by mechanisms operating beyond gene transcription, with Ire1α-safeguarded proteostasis serving as an essential regulator of brain development.

Stromal p16 and SATB2 Expression Does Not Distinguish Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma (APA) From its Benign Mimics.

Atypical polypoid adenomyoma (APA) is a polypoid biphasic lesion of low malignant potential that arises in the lower uterine segment and uterine corpus. The diagnosis of APA is often challenging on biopsy and curettage specimens, and both benign and malignant processes need to be considered in the differential. Stromal expression of p16 and SATB2 have recently been shown to distinguish APA from myoinvasive endometrioid carcinoma. The authors hypothesized that p16 and SATB2 immunohistochemistry could also aid in the distinction of APA from benign adenomyomatous polyp and endometrioid adenomyoma. The study comprised 10 APAs, 7 adenomyomatous polyps, 11 endometrioid adenomyomas, and 10 myoinvasive endometrioid carcinomas. The majority of APAs showed moderate to strong, diffuse p16 and stromal expression. However, most adenomyomatous polyps and endometrioid adenomyomas also exhibited moderate to strong, focal to diffuse p16 stromal expression. SATB2 showed weak to moderate, focal to diffuse expression in the majority of APAs, adenomyomatous polyps and endometrioid adenomyomas. In contrast, p16 and SATB2 were negative to weak and focal in 90% of myoinvasive endometrioid carcinomas. Our findings demonstrate that p16 and SATB2 may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of myoinvasive endometrioid carcinoma and APA while not useful in separating APA from adenomyomatous polyp and endometrioid adenomyoma.

The frequency of SATB2 and CDX2 expression in metastatic mucinous tumors of ovarian and colonic origin

The frequency of SATB2 and CDX2 expression in metastatic mucinous tumors of ovarian and colonic origin

Srcap haploinsufficiency induced autistic-like behaviors in mice through disruption of Satb2 expression

Mutations in the SRCAP gene are among the genetic alterations identified in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Srcap+/- mice manifest deficits in social novelty response, as well as increased repetitive behaviors, anxiety, and impairments in learning and memory. Notably, a reduction in parvalbumin-positive neurons is observed in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and dentate gyrus (DG) of these mice. Through RNA sequencing, we identify dysregulation in 27 ASD-related genes in Srcap+/- mice. Specifically, we find that Srcap regulates expression of Satb2 via H2A.z in the promoter. Therapeutic intervention via retro-orbital injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-Satb2 in neonatal Srcap+/- mice leads to amelioration of the neurodevelopmental and ASD-like abnormalities. Furthermore, the expression of Satb2 only in the RSC of adolescent mice rectifies social novelty impairments. These results underscore the pivotal role of Srcap in neurodevelopment, by regulating Satb2, providing valuable insights for the pathophysiology of ASD.

CRIF1 deficiency induces FOXP3LOW inflammatory non-suppressive regulatory T cells, thereby promoting antitumor immunity.

Recently identified human FOXP3lowCD45RA- inflammatory non-suppressive (INS) cells produce proinflammatory cytokines, exhibit reduced suppressiveness, and promote antitumor immunity unlike conventional regulatory T cells (Tregs). In spite of their implication in tumors, the mechanism for generation of FOXP3lowCD45RA- INS cells in vivo is unclear. We showed that the FOXP3lowCD45RA- cells in human tumors demonstrate attenuated expression of CRIF1, a vital mitochondrial regulator. Mice with CRIF1 deficiency in Tregs bore Foxp3lowINS-Tregs with mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprograming. The enhanced glutaminolysis activated α-ketoglutarate-mTORC1 axis, which promoted proinflammatory cytokine expression by inducing EOMES and SATB1 expression. Moreover, chromatin openness of the regulatory regions of the Ifng and Il4 genes was increased, which facilitated EOMES/SATB1 binding. The increased α-ketoglutarate-derived 2-hydroxyglutarate down-regulated Foxp3 expression by methylating the Foxp3 gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, CRIF1 deficiency-induced Foxp3lowINS-Tregs suppressed tumor growth in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Thus, CRIF1 deficiency-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction results in the induction of Foxp3lowINS-Tregs including FOXP3lowCD45RA- cells that promote antitumor immunity.

Concomitant expression patterns of CDX2 and SATB2 as prognostic factors in stage III colorectal cancers

CDX2 and SATB2 are often used as biomarkers for identification of colorectal origin in primary or metastatic adenocarcinomas. Loss of CDX2 or SATB2 expression has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, little is known regarding clinicopathological features, including prognosis, of CRCs with concomitant loss of CDX2 and SATB2.A total of 431 stage III CRCs were analyzed for their expression status in CDX2 and SATB2 using tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry and expression status was correlated with clinicopathological variables, molecular alterations, and survival.CDX2-negative (CDX2–) CRCs and SATB2-negative (SATB2–) CRCs were found in 8.1 % and 17.2 % of CRCs, respectively, whereas both CDX2-negative and SATB2-negative (CDX2–/SATB2–) CRCs comprised 3.2 % of the CRCs. On survival analysis, neither CDX2–/SATB2+ nor CDX2+/SABT2– CRCs but CDX2–/SATB2– CRCs were associated with poor prognosis. CDX2–/SATB2– CRCs showed significant associations with tumor subsite of right colon, poor differentiation, decreased expression of CK20, aberrant expression of CK7, CIMP-high, MSI-high, and BRAF mutation.In summary, our results suggest that concomitant loss of CDX2 and SATB2 is a prognostic biomarker but isolated loss of CDX2 or SATB2 is not a prognostic biomarker for stage III CRCs.

SATB1 mediated tumor colonization and β-catenin nuclear localization are associated with colorectal cancer progression

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy with high incidence and poor prognosis. It is urgent to identify valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis and potent therapeutic targets. It has been reported that SATB1 is associated with the malignant progression in CRC. To explore the role of SATB1 in CRC progression and the underlying mechanism, we evaluated the expression of SATB1 in the paired CRC tissues with immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the expression of SATB1 in lymph node metastasis was higher than that in primary lesion, and that in distant organ metastasis was higher than that in primary lesion. The retrospective analysis showed that patients with high expression of SATB1 had a significantly worse prognosis than those with negative and moderate expression. In vitro experiments that employing SATB1 over-expressing and depleted CRC cell lines confirmed that SATB1 contributes to cell proliferation and colonization, while inhibiting cell motility. Furthermore, the tissue immunofluorescence assay, Co-IP and Western blot were conducted to reveal that SATB1 induced translocation of β-catenin and formed a protein complex with it in the nuclei. In conclusion, SATB1 mediated tumor colonization and β-catenin nuclear localization are associated with the malignant progression and poor prognosis of CRC.

Immunohistochemical Expression of SATB2 in Malignant Melanomas.

Accurate diagnosis of cancer of unknown primary (CUP) poses a significant daily challenge for pathologists, necessitating reliable immunohistochemical (IHC) markers. SATB2 is a transcription factor primarily expressed in colorectal neoplasms. This study investigates the IHC expression of SATB2 in malignant melanomas (MM). Using tissue microarrays (TMAs) from Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark, comprising 56 primary and 12 metastatic MMs, we evaluated SATB2 expression through H-scores. We found that 48% of MM cases expressed SATB2, predominantly with weak to moderate staining intensity. Although no significant difference was observed between primary and metastatic MMs, a higher median H-score was noted in metastatic lesions. The results highlight the potential diagnostic pitfall of SATB2 expression in MM and underline the need for careful interpretation.

Special at-rich sequence-binding protein 2 and its role in healing of the experimental mandible bone tissue defect filling with a synthetic bone graft material and electrical stimulation impact.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to identify the role of SATB2 in healing of the experimental mandible bone tissue defect filling with a synthetic bone graft material and electrical stimulation impact. Materials and Methods: An experiment was carried out on 48 mature male rats of the WAG population, which were divided into 4 groups. Each group included 12 experimental animals. Group 1 included rats that were modeled with a perforated defect of the lower jaw body. Group 2 included animals that were modeled with a perforated defect similar to group 1. In animals, a microdevice for electrical action was implanted subcutaneously in the neck area on the side of the simulated bone defect. The negative electrode connected to the negative pole of the battery was in contact with the bone defect. The battery and electrode were insulated with plastic heat shrink material. Group 3 included rats that were modeled with a perforated defect similar to previous groups, the cavity of which was filled with synthetic bone graft "Biomin GT" (RAPID, Ukraine). Group 4 included animals that were modeled with a perforated defect similar to groups 1-3, the cavity of which was filled with synthetic bone graft "Biomin GT" (RAPID, Ukraine). The simulation of electrical stimulation was the same as in group 2. The material for the morphological study was a fragment of the body of the lower jaw from the zone of the perforated defect. Immunohistochemical study was performed using rabbit anti-human SATB2 monoclonal antibody. Results: In the regenerate filling the defect in the bone tissue of the lower jaw of rats, there was an increase in SATB2 expression under conditions of electrical stimulation; filling the defect with a synthetic bone graft material; simultaneous filling the defect with a synthetic bone graft material and electrical stimulation. The most pronounced expression of SATB2 was observed under conditions of simultaneous filling the defect with a synthetic bone graft material and electrical stimulation; minimally expressed - in conditions of filling the defect with a synthetic bone graft material; moderately expressed - under conditions of electrical stimulation. In the regenerate, in cases of all treatment methods, SATB2 was expressed by immune cells, fibroblastic differon cells, osteoblasts, and in case of electrical stimulation, also by adipocytes, vascular pericytes and endothelial cells, epidermis. Conclusions: The activation of SATB2 expression identified by the authors is one of the mechanisms for stimulating reparative osteogenesis under the conditions of electrical stimulation; filling the defect with a synthetic bone graft material; simultaneous filling the defect with a synthetic bone graft material and electrical stimulation.