Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor Expression Research Articles

PEDF upregulated in Ngfr-positive cells suppresses proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells

Abstract Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease with poor prognosis that causes right heart failure due to progressive pulmonary artery remodeling. Although existing pulmonary vasodilators contribute to pulmonary artery reverse remodeling by reducing share stress, the development of therapeutic agents that directly target pulmonary vascular remodeling is desired. Nerve growth factor receptor (Ngfr) is involved in the inflammatory reaction and repair process of damaged tissues. We have previously reported that Ngfr-positive cells are increased in the peripheral blood (PB) of PAH patients and are associated with disease progression. We also found that Ngfr inhibited the pathogenetic progression of pulmonary hypertension in a model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. However, it remains unclear how Ngfr positive cells are involved in the pathology of PAH. Purpose In this study, we investigate how Ngfr-positive cells affect the pathogenesis of PAH. Methods & Results To evaluate the localization of Ngfr-positive cells in lung tissue, WT mice (C57BL/6) transplanted with bone marrow (BM) of GFP-Tg mice were kept under hypoxia for 3 weeks to create hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) model. Immunostaining of lung tissue sections indicated that double positive cells (Ngfr+GFP+) were present in the interstitial tissue around the small pulmonary artery. To examine the cellular characteristics of Ngfr-positive cells, RNA sequencing of Ngfr-positive and Ngfr-negative cells in PB was performed. Significantly 78 genes were upregulated in Ngfr-positive cells, including 11 secreted proteins. Among these, we focused on pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a secreted protein involved in angiogenesis. PEDF mRNA expression was decreased in the lung of Ngfr-KO mice compared to WT mice. We next examined the effect of PEDF on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced cell proliferation of PASMC was inhibited by PEDF stimulation. Furthermore, PEDF stimulation significantly inhibited PDGF-induced mRNA expressions of TNF and MMP9 in PASMCs. Conclusion In this study, we show that PEDF expression is upregulated in Ngfr-positive cells and that PEDF inhibits PDGF-induced hPASMC proliferation, suggesting that NGFR-positive cells may suppress pulmonary vascular remodeling through PEDF-mediated paracrine effects. PEDF might be a new therapeutic target for PH.

Pigment epithelium derived factor drives melanocyte proliferation and migration in neurofibromatosis café au lait macules.

RASopathies, which include neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), are defined by Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/MAPK) pathway activation. They represent a group of clinically related disorders often characterised by multiple Café au Lait Macules (CALMs). To determine, using in depth transcriptomic analysis of NF1 melanocytes from CALM and unaffected skin, (1) the gene(s) responsible for melanocyte proliferation and migration, and (2) the activated signalling pathway(s) in NF1 melanoma. Classical NF1 (n=2, who develop tumours) and 3bp deletion NF1 (p. Met992del, who do not develop tumours) (n=3) patients underwent skin biopsies from CALM and unaffected skin. Melanocytes were isolated and propagated, with five replicates from each tissue sample. DNA and RNA were extracted for mutational analysis and transcriptomic profiling with six replicates per sample. Mechanistic determination was undertaken using melanocyte and melanoma cell lines. All CALMs in NF1 were associated with biallelic NF1 loss, resulting in amplification of Ras/MAPK and Wnt pathway signalling. CALMs were also associated with reduced SERPINF1 gene expression (and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) levels, the reciprocal protein), a known downstream target of the master regulator of melanocyte differentiation microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), leading to increased melanocyte proliferation, migration and invasion. In classical NF1 and melanoma, but not 3bp deletion NF1, there was also activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Pigment epithelium-derived factor was found to reduce cell proliferation and invasion of NF1 melanoma. Melanocyte proliferation and migration leading to CALMs in NF1 arises from biallelic NF1 loss, resulting in RAS/MAPK pathway activation, and reduced expression of the tumour suppressor PEDF. Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in classical NF1 and NF1 melanoma may facilitate tumour growth.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor expression and role in follicular development

Research QuestionFolliculogenesis is the process of follicles assembly and growth. The process requires a tight dialogue between the oocyte and its supporting granulosa cells (GCs) and is mediated by endocrine and paracrine factors. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), an important player in the female reproductive tract, is highly expressed in the GCs and in various ovarian components. Our aim was to characterize the involvement of PEDF in CGs during folliculogenesis. DesignWe examined mRNA expression of PEDF and other key factors, (Cyp19, anti-Müllerian hormone receptor (AMHR), and VEGF), in mice follicles to typify the expression of PEDF in growing follicles and in human primary GCs (hpGCs); and to follow the interplay between PEDF and other folliculogenesis leading players, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and AMH. ResultsPEDF expression increases through folliculogenesis (≥9 follicles/group), though, different than other examined genes, affecting the follicular angiogenic balance. In hpGCs, FSH stimulates the upregulation of PEDF mRNA. Furthermore, a negative correlation between AMH and PEDF was observed, as AMH stimulation reduced the level of PEDF mRNA and PEDF stimulation reduced AMHR level. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that PEDF participates in folliculogenesis and places it as a pro-folliculogenesis player that interacts with the main participants in the process of follicle growth; however, the mechanism of this process is yet to be determined.

Expression and significance of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in colorectal adenoma and cancer.

The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) are among the highest in the world, and its occurrence and development are closely related to tumor neovascularization. When the balance between pigment epithelium-derived factors (PEDF) that inhibit angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) that stimulate angiogenesis is broken, angiogenesis is out of control, resulting in tumor development. Therefore, it is very necessary to find more therapeutic targets for CRC for early intervention and later treatment. To investigate the expression and significance of PEDF, VEGF, and CD31-stained microvessel density values (CD31-MVD) in normal colorectal mucosa, adenoma, and CRC. In this case-control study, we collected archived wax blocks of specimens from the Digestive Endoscopy Center and the General Surgery Department of Chengdu Second People's Hospital from April 2022 to October 2022. Fifty cases of specimen wax blocks were selected as normal intestinal mucosa confirmed by electronic colonoscopy and concurrent biopsy (normal control group), 50 cases of specimen wax blocks were selected as colorectal adenoma confirmed by electronic colonoscopy and pathological biopsy (adenoma group), and 50 cases of specimen wax blocks were selected as CRC confirmed by postoperative pathological biopsy after inpatient operation of general surgery (CRC group). An immunohistochemical staining experiment was carried out to detect PEDF and VEGF expression in three groups of specimens, analyze their differences, study the relationship between the two and clinicopathological factors in CRC group, record CD31-MVD in the three groups, and analyze the correlation of PEDF, VEGF, and CD31-MVD in the colorectal adenoma group and the CRC group. The F test or adjusted F test is used to analyze measurement data statistically. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was used between groups for ranked data. The chi-square test, adjusted chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test were used to compare the rates between groups. All differences between groups were compared using the Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons. Spearman correlation analysis was used to test the correlation of the data. The test level (α) was 0.05, and a two-sided P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The positive expression rate and expression intensity of PEDF were gradually decreased in the normal control group, adenoma group, and CRC group (100% vs 78% vs 50%, χ2 = 34.430, P < 0.001; ++~++ vs +~++ vs -~+, H = 94.059, P < 0.001), while VEGF increased gradually (0% vs 68% vs 96%, χ2 = 98.35, P < 0.001; - vs -~+ vs ++~+++, H = 107.734, P < 0.001). In the CRC group, the positive expression rate of PEDF decreased with the increase of differentiation degree, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stage (χ2 = 20.513, 4.160, 5.128, 6.349, 5.128, P < 0.05); the high expression rate of VEGF was the opposite (χ2 = 10.317, 13.134, 17.643, 21.844, 17.643, P < 0.05). In the colorectal adenoma group, the expression intensity of PEDF correlated negatively with CD31-MVD (r = -0.601, P < 0.001), whereas VEGF was not significantly different (r = 0.258, P = 0.07). In the CRC group, the expression intensity of PEDF correlated negatively with the expression intensity of CD31-MVD and VEGF (r = -0.297, P < 0.05; r = -0.548, P < 0.05), while VEGF expression intensity was positively related to CD31-MVD (r = 0.421, P = 0.002). It is possible that PEDF can be used as a new treatment and prevention target for CRC by upregulating the expression of PEDF while inhibiting the expression of VEGF.

Serum proteome analysis identifies a potential biomarker for axial psoriatic arthritis

BackgroundTo identify potential serum biomarkers for differentiating between axial psoriatic arthritis (axPsA) and peripheral psoriatic arthritis (pPsA).MethodsSerum samples were collected from patients with PsA to create a biomarker discovery cohort and a verification cohort. Patients with PsA were classified into axial or peripheral subtypes based on imaging criteria. Untargeted proteomics technology was used in the discovery phase to screen for biomarkers, and candidate biomarkers were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the verification phase.ResultsWe identified 45 significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between axPsA (n = 20) and pPsA (n = 20) with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among these DEPs, serum pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was identified as a candidate biomarker using the Boruta algorithm and lasso regression. Results of ELISA further confirmed that the level of serum PEDF expression was significantly higher in axPsA (n = 37) than in pPsA (n = 51) at the verification cohort (37.9 ± 10.1 vs. 30.5 ± 8.9 μg/mL, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristics analysis showed that PEDF had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.72. Serum PEDF was positively correlated with body mass index and C-reactive protein. Additionally, there was a tendency towards a positive correlation between PEDF and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index.ConclusionsThis study provided a comprehensive characterization of the proteome in axPsA and pPsA and identified a candidate biomarker, PEDF, that may contribute to early diagnosis for axPsA.

Platelet Rich Fibrin as a Potential Treatment for Corneal Neovascularization due to Infective Keratitis: An Experimental Study

Abstract&#x0D; Introduction &amp; Objectives : Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as a source of growth factor has been widely used in various therapeutic fields so that it could accelerate the wound healing process. This study investigated the effect of platelet-rich fibrin PRF in inhibiting neovascularization, inhibiting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stimulating pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) in the infective keratitis animal model.&#x0D; Methods : A total of 12 New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctalogus cuniculus) were subjected to keratitis induction by inoculation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rabbits were divided into two groups, the first group as control was treated antibiotic-only, and the second as treatment group was treated with antibiotic and PRF graft. The corneal neovascularization area was clinically measured before and after treatment. Expression of VEGF and PEDF in the corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium were evaluated by immunohistochemical examination on day 10 after keratitis induction.&#x0D; Results : There were significant differences in VEGF expression between groups in the epithelial layer (p=0.008), but no significant difference in the stromal (p=0.934) and endothelial (p=0.935) layers. PEDF expression showed a significant difference between groups in the epithelial (p = 0.004) and stroma layers (p = 0.029) but no significant difference in the endothelial layer (p = 0.157). However, there was no significant difference in clinical neovascularization between the two groups (p=0.526).&#x0D; Conclusion : PRF could inhibit VEGF expression and stimulate PEDF expression in the cornea of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis animal model that potentially reduces the corneal neovascularization in the longer observation.

PEDF protects retinal pigment epithelium from ferroptosis and ameliorates dry AMD-like pathology in a murine model.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision damage among elderly individuals. There is still no efficient treatment for dry AMD. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) degeneration has been confirmed to play an important role in dry AMD. Recent studies have reported that ferroptosis caused by iron overload and lipidperoxidation may be the primary causes of RPE degeneration. However, the upstream regulatory molecules of RPE ferroptosis remain largely unknown. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an important endogenic protective factor for the RPE. Our results showed that in the murine dry AMD model induced by sodium iodate (SI), PEDF expression was downregulated. Moreover, dry AMD-like pathology was observed in PEDF-knockout mice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the effects and mechanism of PEDF on RPE ferroptosis and investigate potential therapeutic targets for dry AMD. The results of lipid peroxidation and transmission electron microscope showed that retinal ferroptosiswas significantly activated in SI-treated mice and PEDF-knockout mice. Restoration of PEDF expression ameliorated SI-induced retinal dysfunction in mice, as assessed by electroretinography and optical coherence tomography. Mechanistically, western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the overexpression of PEDF could upregulate the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferritin heavy chain-1 (FTH1), which proved to inhibit lipidperoxidation and RPE ferroptosis induced by SI. This study revealed the novel role of PEDF in ferroptosis inhibition and indicated that PEDF might be a potential therapeutic target for dry AMD.

The role of PEDF, VEGF, and Ki-67 in tissue invasion and tumor angiogenesis of medullary thyroid carcinoma

Objective: This study investigated the role of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), and Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) factors in Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) tissue progression and their relationship with tumor angiogenesis. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of PEDF expression in various human tumor samples and healthy tissues have shown that high levels of PEDF expression are associated with a positive prognosis, and low levels of PEDF suggest a poorer prognosis. With the completion of further studies showing the antitumor effects of PEDF on different types of cancer, PEDF’s potential as a therapeutic agent has become increasingly promising. To the best of our knowledge, the role of PEDF in tumor angiogenesis in MTC has not been previously investigated. Material and Methods: Thirty-seven tissue samples were retrospectively analyzed and sent/removed for pathology after total or subtotal thyroidectomy and archived between 01.01.2000 and 31.12.2015 in the Pathology Department of Hacettepe University. Relationships between categorical variables are analyzed using Pearson Chi-squared or Fisher’s Exact tests.The correlation between two numerical variables is analyzed using Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient, and a comparison of numerical variables between two groups is made using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The clinicopathological features of the patients were evaluated as sporadic or hereditary, tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, single or multifocal focus, recurrence or regional or distant metastasis, progression-free survival time (PFS), and appropriate pathology tissue samples were determined as PEDF, VEGF, NF-kB, Ki-67 staining was compared. As a result of this comparison, a moderate negative correlation was found between VEGF expression level and PFS (rho = - 0,407, p = 0,019). No statistically significant correlation was found between single or multifocal groups and Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) expression levels (p = 0.070), but this is a small p value, a variable that is likely to find significant differences in studies with larger sample groups.The relationship between PEDF, VEGF, NF- kB, Ki-67 PI factors and tumor angiogenesis as reflected by microvessel density (MVD) was also investigated. To this end, we correlated the expression levels of PEDF, VEGF, NF-kB, and Ki-67 staining of suitable pathology tissue samples of the patients with the results obtained from the staining with CD 31. As a result of this comparison, no statistically significant relationship was found. Conclusions: We demonstrated and described for the first time PEDF expression patterns in MTC tumor tissues. A direct relationship between PEDF expression level and angiogenesis, angiogenetic and clinicopathological factors does not seem to exist, at least as it pertains to the group studied. Further studies are required to fully elucidate mechanisms for tumor angiogenesis and invasion in MTC.

12-HETE activates Müller glial cells: The potential role of GPR31 and miR-29

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes, driven by an intricate network of cellular and molecular mechanisms. This study sought to explore the mechanisms by investigating the role of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), its receptor GPR31, and microRNA (miR-29) in the context of DR, specifically focusing on their impact on Müller glial cells. We found that 12-HETE activates Müller cells (MCs), elevates glutamate production, and induces inflammatory and oxidative responses, all of which are instrumental in DR progression. The expression of GPR31, the receptor for 12-HETE, was prominently found in the retina, especially in MCs and retinal ganglion cells, and was upregulated in diabetes. Interestingly, miR29 showed potential as a protective agent, mitigating the harmful effects of 12-HETE by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress, and restoring the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Our results underline the central role of 12-HETE in DR progression through activation of a neurovascular toxic pathway in MCs and illuminate the protective capabilities of miR-29, highlighting both as promising therapeutic targets for the management of DR.

Balance of Gata3 and Ramp2 in hepatocytes regulates hepatic vascular reconstitution in postoperative liver regeneration

Post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) leads to poor prognosis in patients undergoing hepatectomy, with hepatic vascular reconstitution playing a critical role. However, the regulators of hepatic vascular reconstitution remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of hepatic vascular reconstitution and identify biomarkers predicting PHLF in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Candidate genes that were associated with hepatic vascular reconstitution were screened using adeno-associated virus vectors in Alb-Cre-CRISPR/Cas9 mice subjected to partial hepatectomy. The biological activities of candidate genes were estimated using endothelial precursor transfusion and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) models. The level of candidates was detected in biopsies from patients undergoing ALPPS. Risk factors for PHLF were also screened using retrospective data. Downregulation of Gata3 and upregulation of Ramp2 in hepatocytes promoted the proliferation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic revascularization. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) played opposite roles in regulating the migration of endothelial precursors from bone marrow and the formation of new sinusoids after hepatectomy. Gata3 restricted endothelial cell function in patient-derived hepatic organoids, which was abrogated by a Gata3 inhibitor. Moreover, overexpression of Gata3 led to higher mortality in ALPPS mice, which was improved by a PEDF-neutralizing antibody. The expression of Gata3/RAMP and PEDF/VEGFA tended to have a negative correlation in patients undergoing ALPPS. A nomogram incorporating multiple factors, such as serum PEDF/VEGF index, was constructed and could efficiently predict the risk of PHLF. The balance of Gata3 and Ramp2 in hepatocytes regulates the proliferation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic revascularization via changes in the expression of PEDF and VEGFA, revealing potential targets for the prevention and treatment of PHLF. In this study, we show that the balance of Gata3 and Ramp2 in hepatocytes regulates hepatic vascular reconstitution by promoting a shift from pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) to vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression during hepatectomy- or ALLPS (associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy)-induced liver regeneration. We also identified serum PEDF/VEGFA index as a potential predictor of post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients who underwent hepatectomy. This study improves our understanding of how hepatocytes contribute to liver regeneration and provides new targets for the prevention and treatment of post-hepatectomy liver failure.

Transcription Factor EGR1 Facilitates Neovascularization in Mice with Retinopathy of Prematurity by Regulating the miR-182-5p/EFNA5 Axis.

Neovascularization is the hallmark of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Early growth response 1 (EGR1) has been reported as an angiogenic factor. This study was conducted to probe the regulatory mechanism of EGR1 in neovascularization in ROP model mice. The ROP mouse model was established, followed by determination of EGR1 expression and assessment of neovascularization [vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)]. Retinal vascular endothelial cells were cultured and treated with hypoxia, followed by the tube formation assay. The state of oxygen induction was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot assay to determine hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1A). The levels of microRNA (miRNA)-182-5p and ephrin-A5 (EFNA5) in tissues and cells were determined by RT-qPCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase assay were used to validate gene interaction. EGR1 and EFNA5 were upregulated in the retina of ROP mice while miR-182-5p was downregulated. EGR1 knockdown decreased VEGF-A and HIF-1A expression and increased PEDF expression in the retina of ROP mice. In vitro, EGR1 knockdown also reduced neovascularization. EGR1 binding to the miR-182-5p promoter inhibited miR-182-5p transcription and further promoted EFNA5 transcription. miR-182-5p downregulation or EFNA5 overexpression averted the inhibition of neovascularization caused by EGR1 downregulation. Overall, EGR1 bound to the miR-182-5p promoter to inhibit miR-182-5p transcription and further promoted EFNA5 transcription, thus promoting retinal neovascularization in ROP mice.

Lycopene inhibits endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of choroidal vascular endothelial cells in laser-induced mouse choroidal neovascularization.

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), is a major cause of irreversible blindness among the elderly population in developed countries, which is resulted from subretinal fibrosis without effective therapeutic strategies. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of choroidal vascular endothelial cells (CVECs) contributes to subretinal fibrosis. Lycopene (LYC), a non-pro-vitamin A carotenoid, plays an anti-fibrotic role. Herein, we explored the effect and mechanism of LYC on the EndMT of CVECs during CNV. Firstly, LYC inhibited EndMT in hypoxic human choroidal endothelial cells (HCVECs). Meanwhile, LYC inhibited proliferation, androgen receptor (AR) expression and nuclear localization in hypoxic HCVECs. Then LYC-inhibited AR promotes the activation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in hypoxic HCVECs. In addition, LYC down-regulated AR and induced MITF up-regulated pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) transcription and expression in hypoxic HCVECs. Moreover, LYC-induced PEDF bound to laminin receptor (LR), inhibiting EndMT of hypoxic HCVECs via down-regulating protein kinase B (AKT)/β-catenin pathway. In vivo, LYC alleviated mouse laser-induced subretinal fibrosis secondary to CNV via up-regulating PEDF without any ocular or systemic toxicity. These results indicate that LYC inhibits EndMT of CVECs via modulating AR/MITF/PEDF/LR/AKT/β-catenin pathway, showing LYC is a promising therapeutic agent for CNV.

NANO-SBT-PEDF delivery system: A promising approach against ovarian cancer?

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in various biological processes. Its expression declines during ovarian carcinogenesis where it could decrease macrophages polarization, inhibit angiogenesis and induce apoptosis. Altogether, PEDF represents an ideal anti-cancer agent against ovarian cancer. We previously proposed the non-viral Sleeping Beauty transposon (SBT) system to stably integrate the PEDF transgene into ovarian cancer cells. Here, we report the development of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles for SBT-PEDF gene therapy. We determined that the SBT-PEDF nanolipid delivery system was the best system to increase the expression of PEDF in ovarian cancer spheroids. We also developed an ex vivo model of ovarian tumors which allowed us to show that nanolipoplexe in combination to paclitaxel exhibits synergistic and effective anti-tumor efficacy on ovarian tumors. These findings demonstrate that lipid nanoparticle for SBT-PEDF gene therapy may be a promising therapeutic approach for ovarian cancer.

Expression Patterns and Functions of Cardiac Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor During Cardiac Development

Objective: This study describes the expression profiles and roles of cardiac pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) during cardiac development. Methods: Gene datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to analyze the correlation between cardiac PEDF expression and heart disease. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, histological staining and echocardiography were used to assess the expression patterns and functions of PEDF during cardiac development. Results: Analysis of GEO data sets indicated that the expression of cardiac PEDF correlated with the occurrence and development of various heart diseases. Western blotting of various tissues in mice at 30 postnatal days of age indicated higher PEDF expression in the heart and aorta than the liver. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated that the expression of cardiac PEDF significantly decreased after birth, mainly because of a significant decrease in PEDF expression in the cytoplasm. Histological staining and echocardiography indicated that PEDF deficiency had no significant effects on cardiac structure, cardiac function and vascular hemodynamics in 8-week-old mice. Conclusion: Cardiac PEDF shows high expression and dynamic changes during cardiac development, but has no effects on cardiac structure, function and vascular hemodynamics.

NFκB-Mediated Mechanisms Drive PEDF Expression and Function in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Oestrogen Levels in Breast Cancer

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) protein regulates normal bone, with anti-tumour roles in bone and breast cancer (BC). Pre- and post-menopausal oestrogen levels may regulate PEDF expression and function in BC, though the mechanisms behind this remain unknown. In this study, in vitro models simulating pre- and post-menopausal bone microenvironments were used to evaluate if PEDF regulates pro-metastatic biomarker expression and downstream functional effects on BC cells. PEDF treatment reduced phosphorylated-nuclear factor-κB p65 subunit (p-NFκB-p65), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), C-X-C chemokine receptor type-4 (CXCR4), and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in oestrogen receptor (ER)+/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)- BC cells under post-menopausal oestrogen conditions. In triple negative BC (TNBC) cells, PEDF treatment reduced pNFκB-p65 and uPAR expression under pre-menopausal oestrogen conditions. A potential reciprocal regulatory axis between p-NFκB-65 and PEDF in BC was identified, which was BC subtype-specific and differentially regulated by menopausal oestrogen conditions. The effects of PEDF treatment and NFκB inhibition on BC cell function under menopausal conditions were also compared. PEDF treatment exhibited superior anti-viability effects, while combined PEDF and NFκB-p65 inhibitor treatment was superior in reducing BC cell colony formation in a subtype-specific manner. Lastly, immunohistochemical evaluation of p-NFκB-p65 and PEDF expression in human BC and bone metastases specimens revealed an inverse correlation between nuclear PEDF and NFκB expression in bone metastases. We propose that menopausal status is associated with a PEDF/NFκB reciprocal regulatory axis, which drives PEDF expression and anti-metastatic function in a subtype-specific manner. Altogether, our findings identify pre-menopausal TNBC and post-menopausal ER+/HER2- BC patients as target populations for future PEDF research.

Biochemical and molecular study on pigment epithelium derived factor and aquaporin channel protein 7 gene expression in obese children

Background and aimGenetic variables have a crucial function in the onset of pediatric obesity. PEDF was implicated in the development of obesity, also the transmembrane channel aquaporin 7 (AQP7), has been demonstrated to be involved in obesity and its complications. We aimed to study the association of the expression level of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and aquaporin channel protein 7 (AQP7) genes with the obesity risk in Egyptian children and to correlate it with clinicopathological features in patients. Subjects and methodsThis study was conducted in the period between December 2020 to June 2021. A total of 150 individuals were divided into two groups: Group 1 enrolled 75 children with obesity and 75 healthy controls were involved in this study. PEDF (SERPINF1) and AQP7 gens mRNA expressions were analyzed by the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. ResultsThe expression level of PEDF was increased while that for AQP7 was decreased in obese group when compared with the control group. Also, there was a positive correlation between PEDF and serum triglyceride level while AQP7 showed a positive correlation with serum HDL (mg/dl) and a negative correlation with age. ConclusionElevated expression of PEDF and reduced expression of AQP7 in obese children have a key role in the progression of obesity and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.

Knockdown of DAPK1 inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation and cartilage degradation in human chondrocytes by modulating the PEDF-mediated NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease that is characterized by inflammation and cartilage degradation. Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a multi-domain serine/threonine kinase and has been reported to be involved in the progression of OA. However, its role and mechanism in OA remain unclear. Here, we found the expression of DAPK1 in OA cartilage tissues was higher than that in normal cartilage tissues. The expression of DAPK1 in chondrocytes was up-regulated by IL-1β. Knockdown of DAPK1 promoted cell viability and anti-apoptotic protein expression, while it inhibited the apoptosis rate and pro-apoptotic protein expressions in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. In addition, DAPK1 inhibition reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and increased the expressions of collagen II and aggrecan. The data of mechanistic investigation indicated that the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was positively regulated by DAPK1. Overexpression of PEDF attenuated the effects of DAPK1 knockdown on IL-1β-induced cell viability, apoptosis, inflammation, and cartilage degradation. Furthermore, PEDF overexpression restored the activity of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome after DAPK1 knockdown. Collectively, down-regulation of DAPK1 inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation and cartilage degradation via the PEDF-mediated NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor downregulation in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer bone metastases is associated with menopause

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has a critical role in bone development and anti-tumour function in breast cancer (BC). As the expression and role of PEDF in BC bone metastases is unknown, we aimed to characterise PEDF in primary and metastatic BC. Subcellular PEDF localisation was semi-quantitatively analysed via immunohistochemistry in patient-matched, archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary BC and liver, lung, and decalcified bone metastases specimens. PEDF localisation was evaluated in 23 metastatic BC patients diagnosed with ER+, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) negative BC or TNBC. Cytoplasmic (p = 0.019) and membrane (p = 0.048) PEDF was lower in bone metastases compared to primary ER+/HER2- BC. In contrast, nuclear PEDF scores were higher in metastases compared to primary TNBC (p = 0.027), and increased membrane PEDF in metastatic tissue had improved disease-free interval (p = 0.016). Nuclear PEDF was decreased in bone metastases compared to primary ER+//HER2- BC in post-menopausal patients (p = 0.029). These novel findings indicate PEDF plays a role in clinical BC metastasis. Significantly lower PEDF levels in the post-menopausal compared to pre-menopausal setting suggests future PEDF research may have greater clinical importance in the post-menopausal ER+/HER2- BC population.

Sevoflurane but not propofol enhances ovarian cancer cell biology through regulating cellular metabolic and signaling mechanisms.

Perioperative risk factors, including the choice of anesthetics, may influence ovarian cancer recurrence after surgery. Inhalational anesthetic sevoflurane and intravenous agent propofol might affect cancer cell metabolism and signaling, which, in turn, may influence the malignancy of ovarian cancer cells. The different effects between sevoflurane and propofol on ovarian cancer cell biology and underlying mechanisms were studied. Cultured ovarian cancer cells were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane, 4μg/mL propofol, or sham condition as the control for 2h followed by 24-h recovery. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1), glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), p-Erk1/2, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) expressions were determined with immunostaining and/or Western blot. Cultured media were collected for 1H-NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze metabolomics data. Sevoflurane increased the GLUT1, MPC1, GLUD1, p-Erk1/2, and HIF-1α expressions but decreased the PEDF expression relative to the controls. In contrast to sevoflurane, propofol decreased GLUT1, MPC1, GLUD1, p-Erk1/2, and HIF-1α but increased PEDF expression. Sevoflurane increased metabolite isopropanol and decreased glucose and glutamine energy substrates in the media, but the opposite changes were found after propofol treatment. Our data indicated that, unlike the pro-tumor property of sevoflurane, propofol negatively modulated PEDF/Erk/HIF-1α cellular signaling pathway and inhibited ovarian cancer metabolic efficiency and survival, and hence decreased malignancy. The translational value of this work warrants further study. • Sevoflurane promoted but propofol inhibited ovarian cancer cell biology. • Sevoflurane upregulated but propofol downregulated the GLUT1, MPC1, and GLUD1 expressions of ovarian cancer cells. • Sevoflurane enhanced but propofol inhibited ovarian cancer cellular glucose. metabolism and glutaminolysis. • Sevoflurane downregulated PEDF but upregulated the Erk pathway and HIF-1α, while propofol had the adverse effects on ovarian cancer cells.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor promotes peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer through induction of immunosuppressive macrophages

Peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer (OC) correlates with poor prognosis, but the mechanisms underlying the escape of OC cells from the intraperitoneal immune system have remained unknown. We here identify pigment epithelium–derived factor (PEDF) as a promoting factor of OC dissemination, which functions through induction of CD206+ Interleukin-10 (IL-10)–producing macrophages. High PEDF gene expression in tumors is associated with poor prognosis in OC patients. Concentrations of PEDF in ascites and serum are significantly higher in OC patients than those with more benign tumors and correlated with early recurrence of OC patients, suggesting that PEDF might serve as a prognostic biomarker. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) inhibitors reduce PEDF expression and limit both OC cell survival and CD206+ macrophage induction in the peritoneal cavity. Our results thus implicate PEDF as a driver of OC dissemination and identify a BET protein–PEDF–IL-10 axis as a promising therapeutic target for OC.