Interleukin-2 Receptor Expression Research Articles

Suspension culture promoted the expansion of NK-92 cells ex vivo by enhancing the expression of IL-2 receptor.

Vigorous ex vivo expansion of NK-92 cells is a pivotal step for clinical adoptive immunotherapy. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is identified as a key cytokine for NK-92 cells, and it can stimulate cell proliferation after binding to the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). In this work, the differences in IL-2 consumption and IL-2R expression were investigated between the two culture modes. The results showed that suspension culture favored ex vivo expansion of NK-92 cells compared with static culture. The specific consumption rate of IL-2 in suspension culture was significantly higher than that in static culture. It was further found that the mRNA levels of the two IL-2R subunits remained unchanged in suspension culture, but the proportion of NK-92 cells expressing IL-2Rβ was increased, and the fluorescence intensity of IL-2Rβ was remarkably enhanced. Meanwhile, the proportion of cells expressing IL-2R receptor complex also increased significantly. Correspondingly, the phosphorylation of STAT5, a pivotal protein in the downstream signaling pathway of IL-2, was up-regulated. Notably, the expression level and colocalization coefficient of related endosomes during IL-2/IL-2R complex endocytosis were markedly elevated, suggesting the enhancement of IL-2 endocytosis. Taken together, these results implied that more IL-2 was needed to support cell growth in suspension culture. Therefore, the culture process was optimized from the perspective of cytokine utilization to further improve the NK-92 cell's expansion ability and function. This study provides valuable insight into the efficient ex vivo expansion of NK-92 cells.

Regulatory T cells in skin mediate immune privilege of the hair follicle stem cell niche.

Immune tolerance is maintained in lymphoid organs (LOs). Despite the presence of complex immune cell networks in non-LOs, it is unknown whether self-tolerance is maintained in these tissues. We developed a technique to restrict genetic recombination to regulatory T cells (Tregs) only in skin. Selective depletion of skin Tregs resulted in T cell-mediated inflammation of hair follicles (HFs). Suppression did not rely on CTLA-4, but instead on high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expression by skin Tregs, functioning exclusively in a cell-extrinsic manner. In a novel model of HF stem cell (HFSC)-driven autoimmunity, we reveal that skin Tregs immunologically protect the HFSC niche. Finally, we used spatial transcriptomics to identify aberrant IL-2 signaling at stromal-HF interfaces in a rare form of human alopecia characterized by HFSC destruction and alopecia areata. Collectively, these results reveal the fundamental biology of Tregs in skin uncoupled from the systemic pool and elucidate a mechanism of self-tolerance.

Immunoswitch Nanomodulators Enable Active Targeting and Selective Proliferation of Regulatory T Cells for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) used in multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy modulates the balance between regulatory T (Treg) cells and effector T (Teff) cells. However, the off-target activation of Teff cells by IL-2 limits its clinical application. Therefore, a rapidly prepared immunoswitch nanomodulator termed aT-IL2C NPs was developed, which specifically recognized Treg cells with high TIGIT expression thanks to the presence of an anti-TIGIT and an IL-2/JES6-1 complex (IL2C) being delivered to Treg cells but not to Teff cells with low TIGIT expression. Then, IL2C released IL-2 due to the specific expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor on Treg cells, thus enabling the active targeting and selective proliferation of Treg cells. Moreover, the anti-TIGIT of aT-IL2C NPs selectively inhibited the proliferation of Teff cells while leaving the proliferation of Treg cells unaffected. In addition, since the IL-2 receptor on Teff cells had medium-affinity, the IL2C hardly released IL-2 to Teff cells, thus enabling the inhibition of Teff cell proliferation. The treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice with aT-IL2C NPs ameliorated the severity of the EAE and restored white matter integrity. Collectively, this work described a potential promising agent for effective MS therapy.

IL-12 sensing in neurons induces neuroprotective CNS tissue adaptation and attenuates neuroinflammation in mice.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent driver of type 1 immunity. Paradoxically, in autoimmune conditions, including of the CNS, IL-12 reduces inflammation. The underlying mechanism behind these opposing properties and the involved cellular players remain elusive. Here we map IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) expression to NK and T cells as well as neurons and oligodendrocytes. Conditionally ablating the IL-12R across these cell types in adult mice and assessing their susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis revealed that the neuroprotective role of IL-12 is mediated by neuroectoderm-derived cells, specifically neurons, and not immune cells. In human brain tissue from donors with multiple sclerosis, we observe an IL-12R distribution comparable to mice, suggesting similar mechanisms in mice and humans. Combining flow cytometry, bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we reveal an IL-12-induced neuroprotective tissue adaption preventing early neurodegeneration and sustaining trophic factor release during neuroinflammation, thereby maintaining CNS integrity in mice.

Cathepsin W restrains peripheral regulatory T cells for mucosal immune quiescence.

Peripheral regulatory T (pTreg) cells are a key T cell lineage for mucosal immune tolerance and anti-inflammatory responses, and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling is critical for Treg cell generation, expansion, and maintenance. The expression of IL-2R on pTreg cells is tightly regulated to ensure proper induction and function of pTreg cells without a clear molecular mechanism. We here demonstrate that Cathepsin W (CTSW), a cysteine proteinase highly induced in pTreg cells under transforming growth factor-β stimulation is essential for the restraint of pTreg cell differentiation in an intrinsic manner. Loss of CTSW results in elevated pTreg cell generation, protecting the animals from intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, CTSW inhibits IL-2R signaling in pTreg cells by cytosolic interaction with and process of CD25, repressing signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 activation to restrain pTreg cell generation and maintenance. Hence, our data indicate that CTSW acts as a gatekeeper to calibrate pTreg cell differentiation and function for mucosal immune quiescence.

Expression of SIL-2R in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Its Clinical Significance

To investigate the expression and clinical significance of soluble interleukin-2 receptor(sIL-2R) in patients with multiple myeloma(MM). 54 newly diagnosed MM patients in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from February 2020 to December 2021 were selected as the observation group, and 60 healthy people in our hospital in the same period were selected as the control group. The expression levels of sIL-2R in the serum of the two groups were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The differences of sIL-2R expression level among different clinical parameter groups in MM patients were compared. The clinical parameters include:gender, age, ISS stage, hemoglobin, albumin, serum creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase and β2-microglobulin, blood calcium, bone marrow plasma cell ratio and treatment response. The relationship between sIL-2R expression level and progression-free survival(PFS) and overall survival(OS) in MM patients were analyzed. The expression of serum SIL-2R in MM patients was significantly higher than that in healthy control group (P<0.05). The expression of sIL-2R in MM patients who did not achieve complete remission(CR) was significantly higher than those of CR patients (P=0.037). There was no significant difference in the expression of serum sIL-2R between the groups of different sex, age, ISS stage, hemoglobin concentration, albumin content, serum creatinine level, lactate dehydrogenase level, the content of β2-microglobulin, the concentration of blood calcium, and the proportion of bone marrow plasma cells(P>0.05). The PFS of sIL-2R high expression group(15 months) was shorter than that of sIL-2R low expression group (22 months), which was significant difference (P=0.041). But there was no significant difference in OS between sIL-2R high expression group and sIL-2R low expression group (P=0.124). Univariate analysis results showed that the high expression of serum sIL-2R was associated with poor PFS in MM patients. Multivariate analysis results showed that the high expression of serum sIL-2R was still an independent adverse prognostic factor for PFS in MM patients, However, the expression of serum sIL-2R was not statistically significant in evaluating OS in MM patients by univariate and multivariate analysis. The expression of serum sIL-2R in MM patients was significantly higher than that in healthy people. Serum sIL-2R is an independent prognostic factor of PFS in MM patients.

Cm28, a scorpion toxin having a unique primary structure, inhibits KV1.2 and KV1.3 with high affinity.

The Cm28 in the venom of Centruroides margaritatus is a short peptide consisting of 27 amino acid residues with a mol wt of 2,820 D. Cm28 has <40% similarity with other known α-KTx from scorpions and lacks the typical functional dyad (lysine-tyrosine) required to block KV channels. However, its unique sequence contains the three disulfide-bond traits of the α-KTx scorpion toxin family. We propose that Cm28 is the first example of a new subfamily of α-KTxs, registered with the systematic number α-KTx32.1. Cm28 inhibited voltage-gated K+ channels KV1.2 and KV1.3 with Kd values of 0.96 and 1.3 nM, respectively. There was no significant shift in the conductance-voltage (G-V) relationship for any of the channels in the presence of toxin. Toxin binding kinetics showed that the association and dissociation rates are consistent with a bimolecular interaction between the peptide and the channel. Based on these, we conclude that Cm28 is not a gating modifier but rather a pore blocker. In a selectivity assay, Cm28 at 150 nM concentration (>100× Kd value for KV1.3) did not inhibit KV1.5, KV11.1, KCa1.1, and KCa3.1 K+ channels; NaV1.5 and NaV1.4 Na+ channels; or the hHV1 H+ channel but blocked ∼27% of the KV1.1 current. In a biological functional assay, Cm28 strongly inhibited the expression of the activation markers interleukin-2 receptor and CD40 ligand in anti-CD3-activated human CD4+ effector memory T lymphocytes. Cm28, due to its unique structure, may serve as a template for the generation of novel peptides targeting KV1.3 in autoimmune diseases.

Findings and Graduation of Sarcoidosis-Related Uveitis: A Single-Center Study.

Ocular involvement is present in up to 79% of sarcoid patients. Uveitis is the main ocular manifestation and presents as a chronic intraocular inflammatory condition with potentially detrimental effects on visual acuity and quality of life. This retrospective study was conducted to explore the incidence and characteristics of ocular sarcoidosis in a single tertiary ophthalmology center. Medical records of 84 patients presenting between June 2007 and March 2021 were analyzed. Based on the “International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis” (IWOS) criteria, ocular sarcoidosis was determined as: definite (n = 24; 28.6%), presumed (n = 33; 39.3%), probable (n = 10; 11.9%), and indefinite (n = 17; 20.2%) in our study population. In 43.9% of the definite and presumed cases, the eye was primarily affected. In addition to specific ocular findings, the diagnosis was supported by biopsy (28.6%) and chest x-ray or computer tomography (66.7%). Moreover, an increased soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) expression (76.2%), elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels (34.8%), and lymphocytopenia (35.1%) were valuable laboratory findings. Co-affected organs were lungs (60.7%), skin (15.5%), and central nervous system (8.3%). Our findings support the prominent role of the eye in the early detection of sarcoidosis. In addition to the IWOS criteria, sIL-2R, in particular, was shown to be relevant in establishing the diagnosis.

Restoration of HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses by sequential low-dose IL-2 treatment in non-responder patients after IFN-\u03b1 therapy

Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) undergoing interferon (IFN)-α-based therapies often exhibit a poor HBeAg serological response. Thus, there is an unmet need for new therapies aimed at CHB. This study comprised two clinical trials, including 130 CHB patients, who were treatment-naïve; in the first, 92 patients were systematically analyzed ex vivo for interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression and inhibitory molecules expression after receiving Peg-IFN-α-2b therapy. In our second clinical trial, 38 non-responder patients, in whom IFN-α therapy had failed, were treated with or without low-dose IL-2 for 24 weeks. We then examined the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8+ T-cell response and the clinical outcome, in these patients. Although the majority of the participants undergoing Peg-IFN-α-2b therapy were non-responders, we observed a decrease in CD25 expression on their CD4+ T cells, suggesting that IFN-α therapy may provide a rationale for sequential IL-2 treatment without increasing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Following sequential therapy with IL-2, we demonstrated that the non-responders experienced a decrease in the numbers of Tregs and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression. In addition, sequential IL-2 administration rescued effective immune function, involving signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation. Importantly, IL-2 therapy significantly increased the frequency and function of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, which translated into improved clinical outcomes, including HBeAg seroconversion, among the non-responder CHB patients. Our findings suggest that sequential IL-2 therapy shows efficacy in rescuing immune function in non-responder patients with refractory CHB.

Interleukin-2 PET imaging in patients with metastatic melanoma before and during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy

PurposeImmune checkpoint inhibitors can induce a T cell–mediated anti-tumor immune response in patients with melanoma. Visualizing T cell activity using positron emission tomography (PET) might allow early insight into treatment efficacy. Activated tumor–infiltrating T cells express the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). Therefore, we performed a pilot study, using fluorine-18-labeled IL-2 ([18F]FB-IL2 PET), to evaluate whether a treatment-induced immune response can be detected.MethodsPatients with metastatic melanoma received ~ 200 MBq [18F]FB-IL2 intravenously, followed by a PET/CT scan before and during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. [18F]FB-IL2 uptake was measured as standardized uptake value in healthy tissues (SUVmean) and tumor lesions (SUVmax). Response to therapy was assessed using RECIST v1.1. Archival tumor tissues were used for immunohistochemical analyses of T cell infiltration.ResultsBaseline [18F]FB-IL2 PET scans were performed in 13 patients. SUVmean at baseline was highest in the kidneys (14.2, IQR: 11.6–18.0) and liver (10.6, IQR: 8.6–13.4). In lymphoid tissues, uptake was highest in spleen (10.9, IQR: 8.8–12.4) and bone marrow (2.5, IQR: 2.1–3.0). SUVmax in tumor lesions (n = 41) at baseline was 1.9 (IQR: 1.7–2.3). In 11 patients, serial imaging was performed, three at week 6, seven at week 2, and one at week 4. Median [18F]FB-IL2 tumor uptake decreased from 1.8 (IQR: 1.7–2.1) at baseline to 1.7 (IQR: 1.4–2.1) during treatment (p = 0.043). Changes in [18F]FB-IL2 tumor uptake did not correlate with response. IL-2R expression in four archival tumor tissues was low and did not correlate with baseline [18F]FB-IL2 uptake. No [18F]FB-IL2-related side effects occurred.ConclusionPET imaging of the IL-2R, using [18F]FB-IL2, is safe and feasible. In this small patient group, serial [18F]FB-IL2-PET imaging did not detect a treatment-related immune response.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov: NCT02922283; EudraCT: 2014-003387.20

Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) Regulates the Survival of CD8+ T Cells.

Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) is an enzyme present on the surface of tumor cells whose primary described function is the production of extracellular adenosine. Due to the immunosuppressive properties of adenosine, CD73 is being investigated as a target for new antitumor therapies. We and others have described that CD73 is present at the surface of different CD8+ T cell subsets. Nonetheless, there is limited information as to whether CD73 affects CD8+ T cell proliferation and survival. In this study, we assessed the impact of CD73 deficiency on CD8+ T cells by analyzing their proliferation and survival in antigenic and homeostatic conditions. Results obtained from adoptive transfer experiments demonstrate a paradoxical role of CD73. On one side, it favors the expression of interleukin-7 receptor α chain on CD8+ T cells and their homeostatic survival; on the other side, it reduces the survival of activated CD8+ T cells under antigenic stimulation. Also, upon in vitro antigenic stimulation, CD73 decreases the expression of interleukin-2 receptor α chain and the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2, findings that may explain the reduced CD8+ T cell survival observed in this condition. These results indicate that CD73 has a dual effect on CD8+ T cells depending on whether they are subject to an antigenic or homeostatic stimulus, and thus, special attention should be given to these aspects when considering CD73 blockade in the design of novel antitumor therapies.

Clinical value of CD25/CD123 co-expression in acute myeloid leukemia patients.

This study aimed to assess the significance of combined expression of interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) and the interleukin-3 receptor (CD123) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The expression of CD25 and CD123 on blast cells in bone marrow samples were identified by flowcytometry in 94 patients (⩽ 60 years old) with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated at the Mansoura University Oncology Center (MUOC). Of the 94 samples at diagnosis there were 17 (18.1%) CD25+/CD123+ (double positive) cases; 25 (26.6%) CD25+/CD123- (single positive); 32 (34.0%) CD25-/CD123+ (single positive) cases; 20 (21.3%). CD25-/CD123- (double negative). Most of the AML patients have double CD25+/CD123+ were significantly associated with poor and intermediate risk as compared to those associated with those in the good risk group (P= 0.005). The lowest induction of remission was recorded in AML patients have double CD25+/CD123+ expression as compared to the remaining AML patient group. Study the effect of these biomarkers on the overall survival reveal that AML patients exhibited double CD25+/CD123+ expression had significantly shorter overall survival as compared to negative ones. Double CD25+/CD123+ co-expression in AML patients is a dismal prognostic marker and could be used as novel biomarker for risk stratification for AML patients.

Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia and to investigate the correlation between serum inflammatory cytokines and severity of the disease. Methods: 29 patients with 2019-ncov admitted to the isolation ward of Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji medical college of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in January 2020 were selected as the study subjects. Clinical data were collected and the general information, clinical symptoms, blood test and CT imaging characteristics were analyzed. According to the relevant diagnostic criteria, the patients were divided into three groups: mild (15 cases), severe (9 cases) and critical (5 cases). The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and other markers in the serum of each group were detected, and the changes of these indicators of the three groups were compared and analyzed, as well as their relationship with the clinical classification of the disease. Results: (1) The main symptoms of 2019-nCoV pneumonia was fever (28/29) with or without respiratory and other systemic symptoms. Two patients died with underlying disease and co-bacterial infection, respectively. (2) The blood test of the patients showed normal or decreased white blood cell count (23/29), decreased lymphocyte count (20/29), increased hypersensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) (27/29), and normal procalcitonin. In most patients,serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased (20/29), while albumin was decreased(15/29). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (Tbil), serum creatinine (Scr) and other items showed no significant changes. (3) CT findings of typical cases were single or multiple patchy ground glass shadows accompanied by septal thickening. When the disease progresses, the lesion increases and the scope expands, and the ground glass shadow coexists with the solid shadow or the stripe shadow. (4) There were statistically significant differences in the expression levels of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) and IL-6 in the serum of the three groups (P<0.05), among which the critical group was higher than the severe group and the severe group was higher than the mildgroup. However, there were no statistically significant differences in serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1, IL-8, IL-10, hs-CRP, lymphocyte count and LDH among the three groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia are similar to those of common viral pneumonia. High resolution CT is of great value in the differential diagnosis of this disease. The increased expression of IL-2R and IL-6 in serum is expected to predict the severity of the 2019-nCoV pneumonia and the prognosis of patients.

Prognostic value of CD25/CD123 pattern of expression in acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal cytogenetic

This study was designed to assess the significance of interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) and inteleukin-3 receptor (CD123) expression in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) patients. The current study includes 80 CN-AML (≤ 60 years) before the start of therapy. Blast cells expression for CD25 and CD123 were identified by flowcytometry in fresh bone marrow samples. CD25+/CD123-; CD25-/CD123+. CD25+/CD123+, CD25-/CD123- expression were as follow: 10/80 (12.5%); 18/80 (22.5%); 17/80; (21.25%), 35/80 (43.5%) respectively. The total CD25 expression was detected in 27/80 (33.75%), and CD123 expression was detected in 35/80 (43.75%%). CN-AML patients showed CD25+/CD123+ co-expression had the lowest induction remission rate and the shortest overall survival as compared to those lack co-expressions (P <0.01; P = 0.023 respectively). Also, there is strong positive association between CD25+/CD123+ co-expression and FLT3 mutations (P<0.001) and negative one with NPM1 mutation (P<0.001). In conclusion: CD25+/CD123+ co-expression in CN-AML patients define a subgroup of patients with adverse outcome. Identification of CD25/CD123 expression in CN-AML patents at diagnosis could be included in risk stratification. There is strong association between CD25+/CD123+ positive expression and FLT3 mutations.

Inhibition of IL-2 responsiveness by IL-6 is required for the generation of GC-TFH cells.

Sustained T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation is required for maintaining germinal center T follicular helper (GC-TFH) cells. Paradoxically, TCR activation induces interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression and IL-2 production, thereby initiating a feedback loop of IL-2 signaling that normally inhibits TFH cells. It is unclear how GC-TFH cells can receive prolonged TCR signaling without succumbing to the detrimental effects of IL-2. Using an influenza infection model, we show here that GC-TFH cells secreted large amounts of IL-2 but responded poorly to it. To maintain their IL-2 hyporesponsiveness, GC-TFH cells required intrinsic IL-6 signaling. Mechanistically, we found that IL-6 inhibited up-regulation of IL-2Rβ (CD122) by preventing association of STAT5 with the Il2rb locus, thus allowing GC-TFH cells to receive sustained TCR signaling and produce IL-2 without initiating a TCR/IL-2 inhibitory feedback loop. Collectively, our results identify a regulatory mechanism that controls the generation of GC-TFH cells.

Diagnostic Biomarkers to Diagnose Acute Allograft Rejection After Liver Transplantation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.

Objective: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis of acute allograft rejection following liver transplantation.Background: Noninvasive blood and urine markers have been widely explored in recent decades for diagnosing acute rejection after liver transplantation. However, none have been translated into routine clinical use so far due to uncertain diagnostic accuracy, and liver biopsy remains the gold standard.Methods: Systematic literature searches of Medline, Cochrane and Embase were conducted up to February 2019 to identify studies evaluating the use of noninvasive markers in diagnosing allograft rejection following liver transplantation. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model with DerSimonian–Laird weighting and the hierarchical summary receiver operating curve.Results: Of 560 identified studies, 15 studies (1,445 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The following markers were tested: acid labile nitroso-compounds (NOx), serum amyloid A protein, procalcitonin, peripheral blood eosinophil count, peripheral blood T-cell activation and interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor, guanylate-binding protein-2 mRNA, graft-derived cell-free DNA, pi-glutathione S-transferase, alpha-glutathione S-transferase and serum HLA class I soluble antigens. Only eosinophil count was tested in multiple studies, and they demonstrated high heterogeneity (I2 = 72% [95% CI: 0.5–0.99]). IL-2 receptor demonstrated the highest sensitivity (89% [95% CI: 0.78–0.96]) and specificity (81% [95% CI: 0.69–0.89]).Conclusion: IL-2 receptor expression demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy, while the peripheral eosinophil count was the only marker tested in more than one study. Presently, liver biopsy remains superior to noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers as most studies exhibited inferior designs, hindering possible translation into clinical application.

Novel colchicine derivatives enhance graft survival after transplantation via suppression of T-cell differentiation and activity.

Immunosuppressants are crucial in organ transplantation but their side effects are a trade-off for long-term use. Colchicine has been shown to be effective in various diseases, albeit with many side effects. To enhance the immunosuppressive effects of colchicine, in addition to minimizing its side effects, we attempted to synthesize new colchicine derivatives (KR compounds). In rat cardiac and pancreatic islet allograft, long-term graft survival was identified in KR compound-treated groups. The use of cyclosporine A (CsA) or colchicine inhibited the CD3+ and CD4+ T-cell proliferation, whereas KR compounds inhibited the CD8+ T cells as well as CD4+ T cells. KR compounds reduced the apoptosis, interleukin-2 receptor expression, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation more than CsA. These results indicate that KR compounds have a potential therapeutic value as novel agents for prevention of graft deterioration by allograft of rejection.

The immunophenotyping of different stages of BK virus allograft nephropathy

Objectives: To investigate the immunohistochemical features of different stages of BK virus allograft nephropathy (BKVN) and further elucidate the underlying immunological mechanism involved in the evolution of BKVN.Methods: Fifty-two renal transplant recipients with biopsy proven BKVN were retrospectively selected. According to the third edition of the American Society of Transplantation Infection guidelines, 10 patients were categorized as having mild BKVN (stage A), 25 were moderate (stage B) and 17 were severe (stage C). The differential infiltrations of CD3+ (T lymphocytes), CD4+ (helper T lymphocytes), CD8+ (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), CD20+ (B lymphocytes), CD68+ (macrophages) and CD138+ (plasma cells) cells and the expression of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) and human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) were compared among the three groups.Results: CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD138+ and CD68+ cells infiltrations, IL-2R and HLA-DR expression were positive in the BKVN patients. Moreover, with increasing stages of BKVN, the numbers of positively stained inflammatory cells and the expression of IL-2R were significantly increased in the severe group compared to the mild group, whereas no statistically significant differences were observed with regard to HLA-DR expression. Eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration could also be observed in moderate to advanced BKVN.Conclusion: Renal allograft damage caused by BKVN involved T lymphocyte-, B lymphocyte- and mononuclear macrophage-mediated immune responses. Inflammatory cell infiltrations in the renal allograft were probably the driving force for BKVN progression. Additionally, eosinophils and neutrophils may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of BKVN.

Effect of allogeneic blood transfusion on levels of IL-6 and sIL-R2 in peripheral blood of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Effect of allogeneic blood transfusion on the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in peripheral blood of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was investigated. A total of 91 ALL children admitted to Nanfang Hospital from June 2014 to January 2017 were selected as the study group. Patients were randomly divided into allogeneic blood transfusion group (n=38) and non-transfusion group (n=53). In addition, a total of 64 healthy children were also selected from June 2014 to January 2017 as the control group. Patients in allogeneic blood transfusion group were transfused with red blood cell suspension and machine-collected platelets, while patients in non-transfusion group were not treated with blood transfusion. Peripheral venous blood was collected before and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after blood transfusion to prepare serum. Serum IL-6 and sIL-2R levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Before transfusion, serum levels of IL-6 and sIL-2R were significantly lower in the study group than those in control group (p<0.05), and no significant differences in serum levels of IL-6 and sIL-2R were found between the allogeneic blood transfusion and non-transfusion group. After transfusion, serum levels of IL-6 and sIL-2R were stable for 12 weeks in the non-transfusion group, while IL-6 and sIL-2R levels were significantly increased in the allogeneic blood transfusion group. The results showed that serum level of IL-6 and sIL-2R was increased in ALL patients with allogeneic blood transfusion, which resulted in reduced antibody production and decreased cellular immunity. The patients had low immunity, and attention should be paid on the pathogen infection prevention.

Herbal Compound "Jiedu Huayu" Reduces Liver Injury in Rats via Regulation of IL-2, TLR4, and PCNA Expression Levels.

Aim of the Study. To investigate the preventative effects of Jiedu Huayu (JDHY) on D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure (ALF) and to evaluate the possible mechanisms of action. Materials and Methods. ALF was induced in Wistar rats by administrating D-GalN (900 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/kg). After treatment with JDHY granules, the levels of blood alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and prothrombin time were determined. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry staining. The expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was examined by fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Results. JDHY treatment dramatically improved liver function and increased survival rates in an ALF model in rats. We observed a decrease in IL-2 and TLR4 expression following treatment with JDHY in liver cells from ALF rats using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Conclusion. We hypothesize that the therapeutic potential of JDHY for treating ALF is due to its modulatory effect on the suppression of inflammation and by promoting hepatocyte regeneration. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of JDHY in the treatment of liver disease.