Carbohydrate Expression Research Articles

The carbohydrate metabolism and expression of carbohydrate-active enzyme genes in Aspergillus luchuensis fermentation of tea leaves.

Carbohydrates, which make up 20 to 25% of tea beverages, are responsible for their flavor and bioactivity. Carbohydrates of pu-erh tea change during microbial fermentation and require further research. In this study, we examined the carbohydrate metabolism and expression of carbohydrate-active enzyme genes during the fermentation of tea leaves with Aspergillus luchuensis. Widely targeted metabolomics analysis, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography measurements, and transcriptomics were used in this study. After fermentation, the levels of soluble sugar, hemicellulose, lignin, eight monosaccharides, and seven sugar alcohols increased. Meanwhile, the relative contents of polysaccharides, D-sorbitol, D-glucose, and cellulose decreased. High expression of 40 genes encoding 16 carbohydrate enzymes was observed during fermentation (FPKM>10). These genes encode L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase, pectinesterase, polygalacturonase, α-amylase, glucoamylase, endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, α-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, among others. These enzymes are known to break down polysaccharides and cell wall cellulose, increasing the content of monosaccharides and soluble sugars.

Characterization of Changes in Active Ingredients and Mining of Key Metabolites in Bletilla striata under Shading and Drought Stresses

Shading and drought are considered crucial abiotic stress factors that limit the normal growth of plants. Under natural conditions, the quality of Bletilla striata pseudobulbs (BP), a Chinese traditional medicinal crop, is often affected by the dual stresses of shading and drought. However, the relationship and mechanism of the interaction between the two stress factors in B. striata remain unclear. In this study, we examined the changes in photosynthetic properties and active ingredients of B. striata under shading (L), drought (W), and shading-drought dual stresses (LW). We aimed to explore the metabolite mechanism that led to these changes using GC-MS-based non-targeted metabolomics techniques. The results indicated a significant reduction in the polysaccharide content of BP under W and LW treatments compared to the control (CK). The total phenol content was significantly reduced under L treatment, while the total flavonoid content did not change significantly under the three stresses. The significant increase in militarine content under all three stresses implies that B. striata may modulate its biosynthesis in response to different environmental stresses. Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were reduced, amino acid expression was up-regulated, and carbohydrate expression was down-regulated in B. striata under L treatment. The net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate exhibited significant reductions, and the tuber metabolic disorder marker Homocysteine increased and organic acid content as well under W treatment. The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency of B. striata were further reduced under LW compared with single stress, which is in agreement with the “trade-off theory”. Pseudobulb metabolite changes, in combination with the results of the two single stresses, showed an up-regulation of amino acids and disaccharide compounds and a down-regulation of monosaccharide compounds. A support vector machine model (SVM) was used to screen 10 marker metabolites and accurately predict the changes in active ingredient content through an artificial neural network model (ANN). The results suggest that an appropriate stress environment can enhance the content of the target active ingredients based on cultivation goals.

Effects of long-term herbaceous plant restoration on microbial communities and metabolic profiles in coal gangue-contaminated soil

The soil microbial diversity in the gangue accumulation area is severely stressed by a variety of heavy metals, while the influence of long-term recovery of herbaceous plants on the ecological structure of gangue-contaminated soil is to be explored. Therefore, we analysed the differences in physicochemical properties, elemental changes, microbial community structure, metabolites and expression of related pathways in soils in the 10- and 20-year herbaceous remediation areas of coal gangue. Our results showed that phosphatase, soil urease, and sucrase activities of gangue soils significantly increased in the shallow layer after herbaceous remediation. However, in zone T1 (10-year remediation zone), the contents of harmful elements, such as Thorium (Th; 1.08-fold), Arsenic (As; 0.78-fold), lead (Pb; 0.99-fold), and uranium (U; 0.77-fold), increased significantly, whereas the soil microbial abundance and diversity also showed a significant decreasing trend. Conversely, in zone T2 (20-year restoration zone), the soil pH significantly increased by 1.03- to 1.06-fold and soil acidity significantly improved. Moreover, the abundance and diversity of soil microorganisms increased significantly, the expression of carbohydrates in soil was significantly downregulated, and sucrose content was significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of microorganisms, such as Streptomyces. A significant decrease in heavy metals was observed in the soil, such as U (1.01- to 1.09-fold) and Pb (1.13- to 1.25-fold). Additionally, the thiamin synthesis pathway was inhibited in the soil of the T1 zone; the expression level of sulfur (S)-containing histidine derivatives (Ergothioneine) was significantly up-regulated by 0.56-fold in the shallow soil of the T2 zone; and the S content in the soil significantly reduced. Aromatic compounds were significantly up-regulated in the soil after 20 years of herbaceous plant remediation in coal gangue soil, and microorganisms (Sphingomonas) with significant positive correlations with benzene ring-containing metabolites, such as Sulfaphenazole, were identified.

Abstract 1588: Using glyco-engineered cells with flexible expression of tumor-associated carbohydrates for the generation of highly tumor-specific antibodies

Abstract Introduction: Highly potent therapeutic approaches require clean targets. However, the majority of antibodies in clinical development or approved for cancer therapy address protein targets that are only over-expressed in cancer and yet often show significant expression in healthy organs. Besides protein expression, glycosylation is strongly altered in cancer, reflecting changes in tumor metabolism or genetic alterations. Mutated or mislocated glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, substrates and chaperones, give rise to tumor-associated, truncated O-glycans like Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) or Thomsen novelle (Tn) which are expressed on proteins in different carcinomas, leukemias, lymphomas and their metastases. Due to the heterogeneous nature of glycan biosynthesis, variations of glycan-structure occur at a given site of a glycoprotein, making fine-tuning of antibodies against a specific glycoprotein challenging. Therefore, Glycotope developed a cell line based platform, able to express proteins carrying distinct tumor-related glycan-structures in order to generate highly tumor-specific protein/carbohydrate combined epitope binding antibodies, thus increasing tumor selectivity of protein targeting antibodies. Experimental procedures: The presence of tumor-associated carbohydrates in cancer tissues was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry analysis. A platform comprising different glyco-engineered cell lines capable to express proteins with distinct glycoforms was developed and fully characterized. The cells’ ability to express specific protein/carbohydrate combined epitopes (GlycoTargets) with distinct carbohydrates was shown by flow cytometry, ELISA and mass spectrometry experiments. The versatile use of the platform for i) recombinant expression of GlycoTargets for the use as immunogens, ii) screening tool in antibody discovery campaigns, iii) characterization of antibody lead candidates, was shown in ELISA and flow cytometry experiments. Results: Using our glyco-engineered cells, we showcase the potential of the platform as a tool for the generation of proteins with specific glycosylation and for screening of antibodies that bind to their target protein only in combination with a specific tumor-associated glycan structure. Conclusion: Our platform enables tailored immunization and screening approaches in order to generate antibodies against specific protein/carbohydrate combined epitopes. These antibodies bind their protein target only in presence of tumor-associated carbohydrates, thereby showing markedly reduced binding to the protein expressed in healthy tissues. This cell-based platform provides the basis for target validation, antigen production, immunization and screening for highly specific antibodies, opening the field for more effective therapeutic approaches. Citation Format: Patrik Kehler, Naomi Kast, Manon Weiske, Stephanie Gurka, Timo Lischke, Johanna Gellert, Antje Danielczyk. Using glyco-engineered cells with flexible expression of tumor-associated carbohydrates for the generation of highly tumor-specific antibodies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1588.

Effects of blue and red LED lights on rubisco activase gene expression, CO2 fixation efficiency and plant morphology of Gerbera jamesonii

Light quality is known to affects numerous plants’ physiological and metabolic processes during development period, including photosynthesis and morphogenesis. Light properties such as light wavelength has been optimized for several cultivated crops. In this study, the effects of LED light wavelengths blue and red on both photosynthetic performance and morphology of Gerbera jamesonii plantlets was investigated. The results showed the photosynthesis efficiency via the photo-pigment system and mediated regulation of rubisco activase encoding gene (RCA) mechanism was significantly enhanced by blue light. The expression of RCA was approximatly 2.7 times higher than those under red light. In contrast, chlorophyll contents, CO2 assimilation, total carbohydrate and RCA expression was reduced under red wavelength. However, both single-wavelengths caused a dramatically negative impact on G. jamesonii. Total chlorophyll/carotenoid value or higher carotenoid contents was lower under blue light; fragile petioles and drawrfism morphology was occurred under red and blue LED, respectively. The combination of blue and red light in the lighting spectrum significantly improved the limitations of single-wavelength. The supplement of blue light under red light background (at blue LED and red LED ratio = 1:4) improved plant photosynthesis while maintained the normal morphology of plants, although the expression of RCA and net photosynthesis of plants in BR LED was lower than in the control. Our results obviously provide the scientific evidences for requirement of LED light in micropropagation or canopy culture of G. jamesonii.

Variations in the carbohydrate expression pattern and in lesions of the uterine horns of BALB/c mice infected with different Tritrichomonas foetus isolates

Bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus, is characterized by producing reproductive alterations in cattle. Carbohydrates on the surface of the uterine epithelium are involved in the process of adhesion and colonization of the protozoan. The murine model has proved to be an inexpensive, practical and representative alternative to study the lesions produced in the natural host. For this work, during the first stage, 6–8 week old female BALB/c mice were inoculated with 24 different T. foetus isolates in order to classify them according to their pathogenicity. Then, seven isolates were selected and processed with lectin histochemistry to determine if the differences in pathogenicity corresponded to the changes found in the uterine carbohydrate expression pattern. In this work, we demonstrate the differences in the expression of the carbohydrate pattern between infected and uninfected mice. In addition, within the group of infected mice, differences were found in the degree of pathogenicity of the isolates, thus evidencing their biological variability.

Glycosyltransferases in Cancer: Prognostic Biomarkers of Survival in Patient Cohorts and Impact on Malignancy in Experimental Models.

Simple SummaryCancer-associated glycosylation changes are widely used as biomarkers and strongly impact malignancy. However, the clinical significance of the deranged expression of glycosyltransferases observed in specimens is not always consistent with their role in experimental systems. We analyzed the overall survival curves of patients expressing high or low mRNA levels of 114 glycosyltransferases from the 21 cohorts of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We identified 17 glycosyltransferases associated with poor prognosis and 4 associated with good prognosis in a large number of cohorts. In addition, we identified several glycosyltransferases with a very high prognostic value in only one or a few cohorts. Comparisons with published experimental works reveal partial consistency with TCGA clinical data. These data pave the way for the use of glycosyltransferases as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets and place experimental studies in an appropriate clinical context.Background: Glycosylation changes are a main feature of cancer. Some carbohydrate epitopes and expression levels of glycosyltransferases have been used or proposed as prognostic markers, while many experimental works have investigated the role of glycosyltransferases in malignancy. Using the transcriptomic data of the 21 TCGA cohorts, we correlated the expression level of 114 glycosyltransferases with the overall survival of patients. Methods: Using the Oncolnc website, we determined the Kaplan–Meier survival curves for the patients falling in the 15% upper or lower percentile of mRNA expression of each glycosyltransferase. Results: Seventeen glycosyltransferases involved in initial steps of N- or O-glycosylation and of glycolipid biosynthesis, in chain extension and sialylation were unequivocally associated with bad prognosis in a majority of cohorts. Four glycosyltransferases were associated with good prognosis. Other glycosyltransferases displayed an extremely high predictive value in only one or a few cohorts. The top were GALNT3, ALG6 and B3GNT7, which displayed a p < 1 × 10−9 in the low-grade glioma (LGG) cohort. Comparison with published experimental data points to ALG3, GALNT2, B4GALNT1, POFUT1, B4GALT5, B3GNT5 and ST3GAL2 as the most consistently malignancy-associated enzymes. Conclusions: We identified several cancer-associated glycosyltransferases as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.

Expression of Flowering Repressor Gene CsSVP, Carbohydrates, and Antioxidants Affected by Plant Growth Regulators in Saffron

Expression of Flowering Repressor Gene CsSVP, Carbohydrates, and Antioxidants Affected by Plant Growth Regulators in Saffron

Soluble carbohydrate concentration and expression of expansin and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes in epidermal and parenchyma cells during lily flower opening

To understand the biochemical mechanism underlying flower opening, the manner of cell expansion, soluble carbohydrate concentration, and expression of expansin and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes were investigated in the petals of Oriental lily (Lilium ‘Sorbonne’). Microscopic observation revealed that petal growth during flower opening mainly depended on cell expansion, which was accompanied by increases in glucose and fructose concentrations in the petals. The adaxial and abaxial sides of the petals grew at different rates during flower opening with petal reflection. To determine the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and the expression of expansin and XTH genes in adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells and parenchyma cells, these cells were separated using tweezers. We confirmed that these cells could be sufficiently separated. Glucose and fructose concentrations were higher in adaxial epidermal cells than in abaxial epidermal cells at the stage immediately preceding flower opening, but these differences diminished during flower opening. Three expansin genes, LhEXPA1, LhEXPA2, and LhEXPA3, and two XTH genes, LhXTH1 and LhXTH2 were isolated. LhXTH1 transcript levels in the petals markedly increased during flower opening and were higher in adaxial epidermal cells than in other types of cells. Conversely, the levels of the three EXPA transcripts decreased during flower opening and there were slight differences in their levels among different cell types, with a few exceptions. In conclusion, differences in glucose and fructose concentrations between adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells, together with the expression of LhXTH1, may contribute to cell expansion associated with flower opening.

Inhibitory effect of modified atmosphere packaging on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh-cut cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) and effectively maintain quality during storage

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) can inhibit microbial growth and prolong shelf life of fresh-cut cucumbers. This study compared the effects of different packaging gases on the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and sensory characteristics of fresh-cut cucumbers. Changes in key movement, adhesion, and oxidative stress genes expression of strain under optimal MAP and air were determined. Cell population density, the extracellular carbohydrate complex content and expression of curli fimbriae were evaluated. Results revealed that the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in fresh-cut cucumbers could be effectively inhibited under MAP (atmosphere = 2% O2, 7% CO2, 91% N2), and better maintained the sensory characteristics. Furthermore, the inhibition mechanism was revealed by inhibiting the expression of movement (fliC), adhesion (eaeA) and oxidative stress (rpoS and sodB) genes in E. coli O157:H7, reducing biofilm formation, extracellular carbohydrate production and curli fimbriae expression. Proper MAP can maintain the quality and safety of fresh-cut cucumbers.

Human intelectin-1 (ITLN1) genetic variation and intestinal expression

Intelectins are ancient carbohydrate binding proteins, spanning chordate evolution and implicated in multiple human diseases. Previous GWAS have linked SNPs in ITLN1 (also known as omentin) with susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD); however, analysis of possible functional significance of SNPs at this locus is lacking. Using the Ensembl database, pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses indicated that several disease-associated SNPs at the ITLN1 locus, including SNPs in CD244 and Ly9, were in LD. The alleles comprising the risk haplotype are the major alleles in European (67%), but minor alleles in African superpopulations. Neither ITLN1 mRNA nor protein abundance in intestinal tissue, which we confirm as goblet-cell derived, was altered in the CD samples overall nor when samples were analyzed according to genotype. Moreover, the missense variant V109D does not influence ITLN1 glycan binding to the glycan β-D-galactofuranose or protein–protein oligomerization. Taken together, our data are an important step in defining the role(s) of the CD-risk haplotype by determining that risk is unlikely to be due to changes in ITLN1 carbohydrate recognition, protein oligomerization, or expression levels in intestinal mucosa. Our findings suggest that the relationship between the genomic data and disease arises from changes in CD244 or Ly9 biology, differences in ITLN1 expression in other tissues, or an alteration in ITLN1 interaction with other proteins.

Primary and Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Lodgepole Pine Trees Change with Elevation, but Not with Latitude.

Climate change has a large influence on plant functional and phenotypic traits including plant primary and secondary metabolites. One well-established approach to investigating the variation in plant metabolites involves studying plant populations along elevation and latitude gradients. We considered how two space-for-time climate change gradients (elevation and latitude) influence carbohydrate reserves (soluble sugars, starches) and secondary metabolites (monoterpenes, diterpene resin acids) of lodgepole pine trees in western Canada. We were particularly interested in the relationship of terpenes and carbohydrates with a wide range of tree, site, and climatic factors. We found that only elevation had a strong influence on the expression of both terpenes and carbohydrates of trees. Specifically, as elevation increased, concentrations of monoterpenes and diterpenes generally increased and soluble sugars (glucose, sucrose, total sugars) decreased. In contrast, latitude had no impact on either of terpenes or carbohydrates. Furthermore, we found a positive relationship between concentrations of starch and total terpenes and diterpenes in the elevation study; whereas neither starches nor sugars were correlated to terpenes in the latitude study. Similarly, both terpenes and carbohydrates had a much greater number of significant correlations to site characteristics such as slope, basal area index, and sand basal area, in the elevational than in the latitude study. Overall, these results support the conclusion that both biotic and abiotic factors likely drive the patterns of primary and secondary metabolite profiles of lodgepole pine along geographical gradients. Also, presence of a positive relationship between terpenes and starches suggests an interaction between primary ad secondary metabolites of lodgepole pine trees.

Comparison of carbohydrate partitioning and expression patterns of some genes involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis pathways in annual and biennial species of Cichorium spp.

Variation in metabolism and partitioning of carbohydrates, particularly fructans, between annual and perennial Cichorium species remains a challenging topic. To address this problem, an annual (endive, Cichorium endive L. var. Crispum; Asteraceae) and a biennial species (chicory, Cichorium intybus L. var. Witloof; Asteraceae) were compared with in terms of variability in carbohydrate accumulation and expression patterns of fructan-active enzyme genes, as well as sucrose metabolism at various growth and developmental stages. In general, constituents such as 1-kestose, nystose, and inulin were detected only in the root of chicory and were not present in any of the endive tissues. For both species, flower tissue contained maximum levels of both fructose and glucose, while for sucrose, more fluctuations were observed. On the other hand, all the genes under study exhibited variation, not only between the two species but also among different tissues at different sampling times. In endive root compared to endive leaf, the expression of cell wall invertase genes and sucrose accumulation decreased simultaneously, indicating the limited capacity of its roots to absorb sucrose, a precursor to inulin production. In addition, low expression of fructan: fructan fructosyltransferase in endive root compared to chicory root confirmed the inability of endive to inulin synthesis. Overall, annual and biennial species were different in the production of inulin, transport, remobilization, and unloading of sucrose.

Aiming for the Sweet Spot: Glyco-Immune Checkpoints and γδ T Cells in Targeted Immunotherapy.

Though a healthy immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating emergent cancerous cells, an established tumor is adept at escaping immune surveillance. Altered and tumor-specific expression of immunosuppressive cell surface carbohydrates, also termed the “tumor glycocode,” is a prominent mechanism by which tumors can escape anti-tumor immunity. Given their persistent and homogeneous expression, tumor-associated glycans are promising targets to be exploited as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, the exploitation of these glycans has been a challenge due to their low immunogenicity, immunosuppressive properties, and the inefficient presentation of glycolipids in a conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner. Despite this, a subset of T-cells expressing the gamma and delta chains of the T-cell receptor (γδ T cells) exist with a capacity for MHC-unrestricted antigen recognition and potent inherent anti-tumor properties. In this review, we discuss the role of tumor-associated glycans in anti-tumor immunity, with an emphasis on the potential of γδ T cells to target the tumor glycocode. Understanding the many facets of this interaction holds the potential to unlock new ways to use both tumor-associated glycans and γδ T cells in novel therapeutic interventions.

The Use of Quantitative Digital Pathology to Measure Proteoglycan and Glycosaminoglycan Expression and Accumulation in Healthy and Diseased Tissues.

Advances in reagents, methodologies, analytic platforms, and tools have resulted in a dramatic transformation of the research pathology laboratory. These advances have increased our ability to efficiently generate substantial volumes of data on the expression and accumulation of mRNA, proteins, carbohydrates, signaling pathways, cells, and structures in healthy and diseased tissues that are objective, quantitative, reproducible, and suitable for statistical analysis. The goal of this review is to identify and present how to acquire the critical information required to measure changes in tissues. Included is a brief overview of two morphometric techniques, image analysis and stereology, and the use of artificial intelligence to classify cells and identify hidden patterns and relationships in digital images. In addition, we explore the importance of preanalytical factors in generating high-quality data. This review focuses on techniques we have used to measure proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and immune cells in tissues using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to demonstrate the various morphometric techniques. When performed correctly, quantitative digital pathology is a powerful tool that provides unbiased quantitative data that are difficult to obtain with other methods.

ITRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of peach fruit (Prunus persica L.) at different ripening and postharvest storage stages

Abstract To better understand the global and dynamic changes in peach (Prunus persica L. cv. Xiahui 8) fruit protein expression, an efficient and reliable proteomic technique, iTRAQ, was used to investigate peach fruit proteome from day -7 to day 8 during storage period at 25 ± 1 °C. A total of 387 proteins with more than 1.2-fold abundance changes were observed. These differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) are mainly related to 17 functional categories. DEPs in day -7 were mainly responsible for sugar and carbohydrate syntheses, protein translation, expression and modification, and maintenance of osmotic balance in high ion and material transport capacities and strong redox reaction environment. Harvesting induced the increase of (small) heat shock protein. Upon harvest, the increased level of respiration rates on day 4 reached the highest level. polygalacturonase (PG), pectase lyase (PL), pectinesterase (PE), chorismate mutase (CM), peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) and phytoene synthase (PSY) showed increased abundances and reached a peak at day 6, which significantly positive correlation with 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) protein, accelerated fruit softening and metabolism of protein, amino acid and lipid. The emergence of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (EIF5A) on day 8 signified the intensification of apoptosis. Our study facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the complex proteomic reprograming and ripening-associated mechanisms that could be used for endeavors of breeding and postharvest processing to improve peach fruit quality.

ANTAGONISTIC POTENTIAL OF RHIZOSPHERIC BIOCONTROL AGENTS AGAINST SOYBEAN ROOT ROT- WILT DISEASE COMPLEX SYNDROME

Biological control is an environmentally safe alternative technique for management of plant pathogenic fungi. This work aims to identify and characterize potential bioagents prevalent in soybean soil. A total of 27 fungal isolates were recovered from soybean plants exhibiting typical wilt and root rot symptoms. Pathogenicity of each isolate was examined on soybean seedlings, and the most pathogenic isolates, were selected. Those isolates were identified based on their microscopic features as Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, F. solani Mart and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. The identity of each isolate was confirmed by molecular phylogeny based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. Additional 31 microorganisms of the population within soybean rhizosphere were isolated and their potential antagonistic ability was characterized in vitro and in vivo. A collection of three fungi, four bacteria, one actinomycete and one yeast isolate showed significant reduction of mycelial growth of the tested fungal pathogens. The same potential bioagents allocate significant decrease in disease severity percentage of wilt-root rot complex disease under greenhouse and open field conditions compared with mycorrhizae and Rhizolex-T. Potential mechanisms by which the bioagents suppressed soybean wilt-root rot complex disease, were addressed. Application with bioagents induced expression of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, chitinase, β-1,3-gluctronase, total carbohydrates and total phenols in treated soybeans, which significantly contribute to plant disease resistance. Quality parameters of soybean seeds from bioagent-treated plants showed favorable elevation in total proteins and oils within the seeds.

Параметры углеводного метаболизма и выраженность стеатоза печени у пациентов с неалкогольной жировой болезнью печени на фоне гипертонической болезни в зависимости от показателей липидного профиля

Параметры углеводного метаболизма и выраженность стеатоза печени у пациентов с неалкогольной жировой болезнью печени на фоне гипертонической болезни в зависимости от показателей липидного профиля

Increased galactose expression and enhanced clearance in patients with low von Willebrand factor

AbstractGlycan determinants on von Willebrand factor (VWF) play critical roles in regulating its susceptibility to proteolysis and clearance. Abnormal glycosylation has been shown to cause von Willebrand disease (VWD) in a number of different mouse models. However, because of the significant technical challenges associated with accurate assessment of VWF glycan composition, the importance of carbohydrates in human VWD pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. To address this, we developed a novel lectin-binding panel to enable human VWF glycan characterization. This methodology was then used to study glycan expression in a cohort of 110 patients with low VWF compared with O blood group-matched healthy controls. Interestingly, significant interindividual heterogeneity in VWF glycan expression was seen in the healthy control population. This variation included terminal sialylation and ABO(H) blood group expression on VWF. Importantly, we also observed evidence of aberrant glycosylation in a subgroup of patients with low VWF. In particular, terminal α(2-6)-linked sialylation was reduced in patients with low VWF, with a secondary increase in galactose (Gal) exposure. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between Gal exposure and estimated VWF half-life was observed in those patients with enhanced VWF clearance. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that loss of terminal sialylation contributes to the pathophysiology underpinning low VWF in at least a subgroup of patients by promoting enhanced clearance. In addition, alterations in VWF carbohydrate expression are likely to contribute to quantitative and qualitative variations in VWF levels in the normal population. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03167320.

Priming xylem for stress recovery depends on coordinated activity of sugar metabolic pathways and changes in xylem sap pH.

Some plant species are capable of significant reduction of xylem embolism during recovery from drought despite stem water potential remains negative. However, the functional biology underlying this process is elusive. We subjected poplar trees to drought stress followed by a period of recovery. Water potential, hydraulic conductivity, gas exchange, xylem sap pH, and carbohydrate content in sap and woody stems were monitored in combination with an analysis of carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity, and expression of genes involved in sugar metabolic and transport pathways. Drought resulted in an alteration of differential partitioning between starch and soluble sugars. Upon stress, an increase in the starch degradation rate and the overexpression of sugar symporter genes promoted the efflux of disaccharides (mostly maltose and sucrose) to the apoplast. In turn, the efflux activity of the sugar-proton cotransporters caused a drop in xylem pH. The newly acidic environment induced the activity of apoplastic invertases leading to the accumulation of monosaccharides in the apoplast, thus providing the main osmoticum necessary for recovery. During drought and recovery, a complex network of coordinated molecular and biochemical signals was activated at the interface between xylem and parenchyma cells that appeared to prime the xylem for hydraulic recovery.