Expression Levels Of Immune Genes Research Articles

A naturaly attenuated largemouth bass ranavirus strain provided protection for Micropterus salmoides by immersion immunization.

Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) causes disease outbreaks and high mortality at all stages of largemouth bass farming. Therefore, live vaccine development is critical for largemouth bass prevention against LMBV by immersion immunization. Herein, an attenuated LMBV strain with good immunogenicity, designated as LMBV-2007136, was screened from the natural LMBV strains bank through challenge assay and immersion immunization experiment. After determing the safe concentration range of LMBV-2007136, the minimum immunizing dose of immersion immunization was verified. When largemouth bass were vaccinated by immersion at the lowest concentration of 102.0 TCID50/mL, all of fish were survival post virulent LMBV challenge, and the relative percent survival (RPS) was 100%. And the immune gene expression levels of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IgM in the spleen and kidney post-vaccination were significantly up-regulated compared to the control group, but TNF-α expression showed no significant changes. The safety and efficacy of LMBV-2007136 at passages P8, P13, and P18 were futher assessed, and no death of largemouth bass was observed within 21 days post-immunization and RPS of three vaccination groups was 100%, suggesting that the safety and efficacy of the attenuated strain at different passages was stable. Furthermore, in the virulence reversion test, the attenuated strain was propagated through 5 times in largemouth bass by intraperitoneal injection and no abnormality and mortality were observed, further proving the attenuated vaccine candidate LMBV-2007136 was safe. These results proved that LMBV-2007136 could be a promising candidate for a live vaccine to protect largemouth bass from LMBV disease.

A single-cell atlas of the Culex tarsalis midgut during West Nile virus infection.

The mosquito midgut functions as a key interface between pathogen and vector. However, studies of midgut physiology and associated virus infection dynamics are scarce, and in Culex tarsalis - an extremely efficient vector of West Nile virus (WNV) - nonexistent. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on Cx. tarsalis midguts, defined multiple cell types, and determined whether specific cell types are more permissive to WNV infection. We identified 20 cell states comprised of 8 distinct cell types, consistent with existing descriptions of Drosophila and Aedes aegypti midgut physiology. Most midgut cell populations were permissive to WNV infection. However, there were higher levels of WNV RNA (vRNA) in enteroendocrine cells and cells enriched for mitochondrial genes, suggesting enhanced replication in these populations. In contrast, proliferating intestinal stem cell (ISC) populations had the lowest levels of vRNA, a finding consistent with studies suggesting ISC proliferation in the midgut is involved in viral control. Notably, we did not detect significant WNV-infection induced upregulation of canonical mosquito antiviral immune genes (e.g., AGO2, R2D2, etc.) at the whole-midgut level. Rather, we observed a significant positive correlation between immune gene expression levels and vRNA in individual cells, suggesting that within midgut cells, high levels of vRNA may trigger antiviral responses. Our findings establish a Cx. tarsalis midgut cell atlas, and provide insight into midgut infection dynamics of WNV by characterizing cell-type specific enhancement/restriction of, and immune response to, infection at the single-cell level.

Chronic liver fibrosis induction in aging causes significant ultra-structural deterioration in liver and alteration on immune response gene expressions in liver-spleen axis

ABSTRACT The relationship between damage to the liver and spleen by aging and the immune response status in these two organs, which are anatomically and immunologically interconnected, is unknown. The authors investigated the histopathological, ultrastructural, and immunological effects of aging in young and aged fibrotic mice by using an experimental model. Four groups were planned, with 10 mice in each experimental group. The levels of fibrosis and ultrastructural destruction in the liver were determined by α-SMA staining and TEM analysis. Expression levels of immunity genes (Il2, Il4, Il6, Il10, Il12, Il17, Tnf, Ifng, Tgfb1, Gata3, Rorc, Tbx21, Foxp3, Ccl2, Ccr2, Cxcr3, Pf4, Cxcl10) were carried out by qRT-PCR. While structural disorders were detected in the mitochondria of aged healthy group, cellular destruction in the fibrosis-induced elderly group was at a dramatic level. Fibrosis induction in aged mice caused an elevation in the expression of chemokines (CCl2, CXCL10, CCR2) and cytokine (IL-17a) genes that induce autoinflammatory response in the liver. Unlike the cellular pathology and genes activated in fibrosis in youth and the natural occurrence of fibrosis with aging, induction of fibrosis during aging causes deterioration in the liver and expression of genes responsible for autoimmunity in both the liver and spleen.

SfREPAT38, a pathogen response gene (REPAT), is involved in immune response of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae through mediating Toll signalling pathway.

REPAT (response to pathogen) is an immune-associated gene family that plays important roles in insect immune response to pathogens. Although nine REPAT genes have been identified in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) currently, their functions and mechanisms in the immune response to pathogens still remain unclear. Therefore, SfREPAT38, a pathogen response gene (REPAT) of S. frugiperda, was characterised and its function was analysed. The results showed that SfREPAT38 contains a signal peptide and a transcription activator MBF2 (multi-protein bridging factor 2) domain. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that SfREPAT38 was highly expressed in the sixth-instar larvae (L6) and was the highest in expression in the midgut of L6. We found that the expression of SfREPAT38 could be activated by challenge with four microbial pathogens (Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae, Spodoptera exigua nuclearpolyhedrosis and Escherichia coli), except 12 h after E. coli infection. Furthermore, the SfREPAT38 expression levels significantly decreased at 24, 48 and 72 h after SfREPAT38 dsRNA injection or feeding. Feeding with SfREPAT38 dsRNA significantly decreased the weight gain of S. frugiperda, and continuous feeding led to the death of S. frugiperda larvae from the fourth day. Moreover, SfREPAT38 dsRNA injection resulted in a significant decrease of weight gain on the fifth day. Silencing SfREPAT38 gene down-regulated the expression levels of immune genes belonging to the Toll pathway, including SPZ, Myd88, DIF, Cactus, Pell and Toll18W. After treatment with SfREPAT38 dsRNA, S. frugiperda became extremely sensitive to the B. thuringiensis infection, and the survival rate dramatically increased, with 100% mortality by the eighth day. The weight of S. frugiperda larvae was also significantly lower than that of the control groups from the second day onwards. In addition, the genes involved in the Toll signalling pathway and a few antibacterial peptide related genes were down-regulated after treatment. These results showed that SfREPAT38 is involved in the immune response of S. frugiperda larvae through mediating Toll signalling pathway.

Expression Dynamics Of Cytokine Genes Is Related To The Apremilast Treatment Effectiveness In Patients With Severe Psoriasis

Background — Psoriasis is an immune-mediated genetic skin disease with a deregulated immune response governed by a proinflammatory cytokine network. Apremilast has demonstrated high safety and tolerability both in clinical trials and in clinical practice. The effectiveness of the apremilast use in clinical practice may differ from major clinical trials. Our study assessed changes in the levels of immune gene expression in patients suffering from severe psoriasis in the course of apremilast treatment in order to investigate the predictors of its effectiveness. Methods — We assessed the expression levels of IFNγ, IRF3, GLIS1, HR, STAT1, STAT3, VEGFA, ICAM1, TNF, IL1α, IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL11, IL12B, IL17A, IL17F, IL18, IL20, IL21, IL22, IL23A, IL25, IL31, IL33 genes in both lesional and nonlesional skin before the treatment, as well the expression at lesional skin after the treatment. RNA expression was assessed in skin biopsy samples by RT-PCR using TaqMan probes with StepOne5 equipment and normalized with endogenous control. The study included 16 patients diagnosed with a moderate-to-severe or severe psoriasis using clinical examination by a dermatologist. The clinical outcome after 26 weeks of apremilast treatment was assessed with delta PASI, resulting in a patient group with high effectiveness of treatment (delta PASI>75%) and a group including all other patients. Results — We confirmed elevated levels of expression in STAT1, IFNγ, IL1β, IL12B, IL17A, IL17F, IL20, IL21, IL22, and IL23A genes in lesional vs. nonlesional psoriatic skin samples, while GLIS1 gene expression was reduced. The expression levels of cytokine genes after apremilast treatment decreased considerably in cytokines IFNγ, IL1β, IL20, IL21, and IL22; and to a lesser extent in STAT1, IL6, IL17F, IL22 and IL31. In the group of those who effectively responded to treatment with apremilast, a five-to-eleven-fold reduction in the expression level of the IL1B, IL6, and IL17F genes was observed, as compared with other patients. Conclusion — The increased expression of cytokine genes in lesional vs. nonlesional skin was reduced after apremilast treatment of psoriasis. We established that fold changes in the expression of the IL1β, IL6 and IL17F genes during treatment with apremilast were different in groups of patients with different therapy outcomes. Hence, we propose that they are the predictors of the effectiveness of apremilast treatment for severe psoriasis.

Molecular characterization, antibacterial and immunoregulatory activities of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 in black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii

LEAP2 (liver expression antimicrobial peptide 2), is an antimicrobial peptide widely found in vertebrates and mainly expressed in liver. LEAP2 plays a vital role in host innate immunity. In teleosts, a number of LEAP2 homologs have been reported, but their in vivo effects on host defense are still limited. In this study, a LEAP2 homolog (SsLEAP2) was identified from black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, and its structure, expression as well as biological functions were analyzed. The results showed that the open reading frame of SsLEAP2 is 300 bp, with a 5′- untranslated region (UTR) of 375 bp and a 3’ - UTR of 238 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of SsLEAP2 shares the highest overall identity (96.97%) with LEAP2 of Sebastes umbrosus. SsLEAP2 possesses conserved LEAP2 features, including a signal peptide sequence, a prodomain and a mature peptide, in which four well-conserved cysteines formed two intrachain disulphide domain. The expression of SsLEAP2 was highest in liver and could be induced by experimental infection with Listonella anguillarum, Edwardsiealla piscicida and Rock bream iridovirus C1 (RBIV-C1). Recombinant SsLEAP2 (rSsLEAP2) purified from Escherichia coli was able to bind with various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Further analysis showed that rSsLEAP2 could enhance the respiratory burst activity, and induce the expression of immune genes including interleukin 1-β (IL-1β) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in macrophages; additionally, rSsLEAP2 could also promote the proliferation and chemotactic of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). In vivo experiments indicated that overexpression of SsLEAP2 could inhibit bacterial infection, and increase the expression level of immune genes including IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B (TNF13B) and haptoglobin (HP); conversely, knock down of SsLEAP2 promoted bacterial infection and decreased the expression level of above genes. Taken together, these results suggest that SsLEAP2 is a novel LEAP2 homolog that possesses apparent antibacterial activity and immunoregulatory property, thus plays a critical role in host defense against pathogens invasion.

The pathway of Edwardsiella piscicida infecting Lateolabrax maculatus via the immersion bath.

Edwardsiella piscicida, an infectious bacterium, causes great economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Immersion bath which is the closest way to how the fish infect bacterial pathogens in the natural environment is an effective route of artificial infection. In this study, the dynamic process of E. piscicida infection, in the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) was evaluated via the immersion bath. The results showed that soaking the spotted sea bass with 3 × 106 CFU mL-1 E. piscicida for 30 min could artificially induce edwardsiellosis. The higher culture temperature (28.5 ± 0.5°C) or the longer bath time (30 min) would lead to higher mortality of fish. E.piscicida first invaded the gill, then entered the blood circulation to infect the spleen and kidney, where it is colonized, and gradually multiplied in the liver and brain. Meanwhile, the fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the localization of E. piscicida in the gill and foregut after the immersion challenge proceeded from the exterior to the interior. The invasion of pathogens triggers the immune response of fish and causes tissue damage to the host. The quantitative real-time PCR results displayed an increase in the relative expression level of immune genes (NK-lysin, LZM, IgM and IgD). Otherwise, the most notable histopathological changes of the infected spotted sea bass were multifocal necrosis. Findings in this study broaden our understanding of the infection conditions of E. piscicida and its pathogenicity to the spotted sea bass.

Machine learning-based integration develops a neutrophil-derived signature for improving outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma.

The heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironments is a major factor in poor prognosis among hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Neutrophils have been identified as playing a critical role in the immune microenvironment of HCC based on recent single-cell studies. However, there is still a need to stratify HCC patients based on neutrophil heterogeneity. Therefore, developing an approach that efficiently describes "neutrophil characteristics" in HCC patients is crucial to guide clinical decision-making. We stratified two cohorts of HCC patients into molecular subtypes associated with neutrophils using bulk-sequencing and single-cell sequencing data. Additionally, we constructed a new risk model by integrating machine learning analysis from 101 prediction models. We compared the biological and molecular features among patient subgroups to assess the model's effectiveness. Furthermore, an essential gene identified in this study was validated through molecular biology experiments. We stratified patients with HCC into subtypes that exhibited significant differences in prognosis, clinical pathological characteristics, inflammation-related pathways, levels of immune infiltration, and expression levels of immune genes. Furthermore, A risk model called the "neutrophil-derived signature" (NDS) was constructed using machine learning, consisting of 10 essential genes. The NDS's RiskScore demonstrated superior accuracy to clinical variables and correlated with higher malignancy degrees. RiskScore was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and showed predictive value for HCC patient prognosis. Additionally, we observed associations between RiskScore and the efficacy of immune therapy and chemotherapy drugs. Our study highlights the critical role of neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment of HCC. The developed NDS is a powerful tool for assessing the risk and clinical treatment of HCC. Furthermore, we identified and analyzed the feasibility of the critical gene RTN3 in NDS as a molecular marker for HCC.

Immune responses of different COVID-19 vaccination strategies by analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing data from multiple tissues using machine learning methods.

Multiple types of COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and in reducing post-infection symptoms. Almost all of these vaccines induce systemic immune responses, but differences in immune responses induced by different vaccination regimens are evident. This study aimed to reveal the differences in immune gene expression levels of different target cells under different vaccine strategies after SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. A machine learning based process was designed to analyze single-cell transcriptomic data of different cell types from the blood, lung, and nasal mucosa of hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2, including B and T cells from the blood and nasal cavity, macrophages from the lung and nasal cavity, alveolar epithelial and lung endothelial cells. The cohort was divided into five groups: non-vaccinated (control), 2*adenovirus (two doses of adenovirus vaccine), 2*attenuated (two doses of attenuated virus vaccine), 2*mRNA (two doses of mRNA vaccine), and mRNA/attenuated (primed by mRNA vaccine, boosted by attenuated vaccine). All genes were ranked using five signature ranking methods (LASSO, LightGBM, Monte Carlo feature selection, mRMR, and permutation feature importance). Some key genes that contributed to the analysis of immune changes, such as RPS23, DDX5, PFN1 in immune cells, and IRF9 and MX1 in tissue cells, were screened. Afterward, the five feature sorting lists were fed into the feature incremental selection framework, which contained two classification algorithms (decision tree [DT] and random forest [RF]), to construct optimal classifiers and generate quantitative rules. Results showed that random forest classifiers could provide relative higher performance than decision tree classifiers, whereas the DT classifiers provided quantitative rules that indicated special gene expression levels under different vaccine strategies. These findings may help us to develop better protective vaccination programs and new vaccines.

Study on immunogenicity of Lrp subunit vaccine against Vibrio alginolyticus in pearl gentian grouper(♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂Epinephelus lanceolatus)

Vibrio alginolyticus is the main pathogen causing vibriosis in pearl gentian grouper, which has caused significant financial losses to farmers. To develop a sustainable and effective subunit vaccine for the prevention and control of vibriosis, Lrp recombinant protein from V. alginolyticus was expressed and purified in this study. Western Blotting and ELISA demonstrated that Lrp recombinant protein with relatively higher antigenicity in V. alginolyticus can be used as an antigen for the subunit vaccine. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is a very potential aquatic vaccine adjuvant to boost the immunological protection of the vaccine. Therefore, to evaluate the immune response and protection of the subunit vaccine against V. alginolyticus in pearl gentian grouper, we designed the Lrp group and Lrp+COS group as experimental groups with PBS as the control group. Immunological testing revealed that grouper serum from the experimental group had significantly higher levels of the particular antibody IgM, lysozyme (LZM), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) than serum from the control group. Additionally, groupers from the experimental group showed higher immune gene expression levels, namely IgM, CD8α, MHC-Iα, IL-1β, IL-16, and TNF-α. After the challenge experiment, the immune protection rates of the Lrp group and Lrp+COS group were respectively enhanced to 60% and 72%. The aforementioned findings demonstrated that the Lrp+COS group’s immunological impact was superior to that of the Lrp group. Therefore, the Lrp+COS subunit vaccine is a promising candidate for the prevention and management of vibrio infection in pearl grouper.

Role of long non-coding RNA in regulatory network response to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in citrus.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as crucial regulators in plant response to various diseases, while none have been systematically identified and characterized in response to citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) bacteria. Here, we comprehensively investigated the transcriptional and regulatory dynamics of the lncRNAs in response to CLas. Samples were collected from leaf midribs of CLas- and mock-inoculated HLB-tolerant rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) and HLB-sensitive sweet orange (C. sinensis) at week 0, 7, 17, and 34 following inoculation using CLas+ budwood of three biological replicates in the greenhouse. A total of 8,742 lncRNAs, including 2,529 novel lncRNAs, were identified from RNA-seq data with rRNA-removed from strand-specific libraries. Genomic variation analyses of conserved lncRNAs from 38 citrus accessions showed that 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly correlated with HLB. In addition, lncRNA-mRNA weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed a significant module correlated with CLas-inoculation in rough lemon. Notably, the most significant LNC_28805 and multiple co-expressed genes related to plant defense in the module were targeted by miRNA5021, suggesting that LNC28805 might compete with endogenous miR5021 to maintain the homeostasis of immune gene expression levels. Candidate WRKY33 and SYP121 genes targeted by miRNA5021 were identified as two key hub genes interacting with bacteria pathogen response genes based on the prediction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. These two genes were also found within HLB-associated QTL in linkage group 6. Overall, our findings provide a reference for a better understanding of the role of lncRNAs involved in citrus HLB regulation.

Dietary silver nanoparticles as immunostimulant on rohu (Labeo rohita): Effects on the growth, cellular ultrastructure, immune-gene expression, and survival against Aeromonas hydrophila

The current study aimed at assessing the immunostimulatory properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Labeo rohita, and understanding how it affects the growth, cellular ultrastructure, the expression level of immune genes, and infection risk from Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish (avg wt: 30.1±3.26 g) were fed diets with four separate AgNP inclusion levels (0 µgKg−1 [basic diet, T1], 10 µgKg−1 [T2], 15 µgKg−1 [T3], and 20 µgKg−1 [T4]) for 56 days. After the feeding trial, growth, histological, immunological parameters, and protective immune response against A. hydrophila were assessed. The fish in the treatment groups including T1(control), the T3 growth indices, such as specific growth rate (7.56±0.26) and percent weight gain (231.05±3.21), was statistically higher (P < 0.05). In the immunological and oxidative parameters, levels of SOD and catalase decreased in correlation with a rise in the inclusion doses of AgNP in the liver, and a reduction in catalase values was recorded in the gill. With the addition of AgNP, the NBT value was decreased in the gill, and T3 had a considerably larger (P<0.05) value in the liver (0.493±0.02). The kidney of the L. rohita fed AgNP (0 and20 µgKg−1 AgNP) showed expansion through Bowman's gaps, severing of glomeruli with haemorrhage, as well as atrophic spots between its gaps. The liver showed fibrosis, karyolysis, and the removal of the hepatocytes wall. The gill, liver, kidney, and muscle of fish-fed diets supplemented with AgNP, showed that interleukin-8 (IL-8), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were up-regulated. Expression was considerably higher in T3 compared with the control. However, the control group that wasn't given AgNP supplemented diet had increased levels of TGF-beta. Additionally, fish on the T3 diet showed much greater post-challenge survival rates (90%). These findings strongly suggest that dietary inclusion of AgNP (at 10 and 15 µgKg−1 feed) enhances growth, health, and protective immune response against A. hydrophila.

Dietary supplementation of synbiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroide B4 and dextran improves immune regulation and disease resistance of Penaeus vannamei against Vibrio parahaemolyticus

White shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is an important culture species in Taiwan but often encounters disease infection by Vibrio parahaemolyticus that cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation of Leuconostoc mesenteroide B4 and its fermentate (dextran) on the immune response, intestinal morphology, disease resistance, and immune-related gene expression in white shrimp. In comparison to the control group, the shrimp fed with a diet containing B4+dextran (107 CFU B4/g feed and 0.05% dextran) for 14, 28, 42 and 56 days had a significantly higher feed efficiency, weight gain and specific growth rate. A significantly higher villus height in the intestine and higher survival rate after challenging with V. parahaemolyticus was recorded for the B4+dextran group. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the group that had ingested B4+dextran had a higher total hemocyte count and a higher proportion of semi-granulocytes, but a lower percentage of granulocytes compared to the control group.The shotgun metagenomic results in the midgut revealed that Leuco. mesenteroides was barely found in the midgut of the shrimp, suggesting that this microbe and its transient presence in the midgut is not the direct mechanism underlying the improved shrimp growth in the treated sample. Instead, dextran, a key ingredient in the B4 fermentate, on the dynamic of the microbial populations in shrimp, possibly promoting the diversity of gut microbes, especially the beneficial microbes, and thereby rendering protection against AHPND.In terms of comparing the gene expression between the control and synbiotic groups, pre- and post-bacterial challenge, a higher expression level of immune genes was mostly found in the B4+dextran group after challenging it with V. parahaemolyticus (group B4+dextran-VP) in the hepatopancreas and hemocyte. In contrast, the transcript level of immune-related genes was found to be higher in the B4+dextran group than other combinations in the midgut.Taken together, this study found that dietary addition of synbiotic Leuco. mesenteroides B4 and dextran can improve the growth performance, intestinal morphology and microbiome, regulation of immune genes and disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus infection in white shrimp.

Effects of Dietary Tannic Acid on Growth, Digestion, Immunity and Resistance to Ammonia Stress, and Intestinal Microbial Community in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Tannic acid (TA) has great potential as a new feed additive. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary TA on growth, digestion, nonspecific immunity, and resistance to ammonia stress and intestinal microbiota in Litopenaeus vannamei. The shrimp were fed diets containing different levels of TA: 0 mg/kg (TA-0), 200 mg/kg (TA-200), 400 mg/kg (TA-400), and 800 mg/kg (TA-800) for 56 days, followed by acute ammonia stress for 48 h. The results showed that dietary TA increased the survival rate of the TA-800 group. Dietary TA could improve the morphology of the hepatopancreas and intestinal tissues. After feeding different levels of TA for 56 days, the activities of amylase (AMS) and trypsin (Tryp) were increased, but the activity of lipase (LPS) was decreased. The activities of T-AOC, SOD, and PPO were higher in the hepatopancreas of the three TA treatment groups (p &lt; 0.05). When shrimp were exposed to ammonia stress for 48 h, the activity of immune enzymes (LZM, T-AOC and SOD) and the expression levels of immune genes (LZM, proPO and Cu/Zn-SOD) were higher in the three TA treatment groups (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, dietary TA also changed the composition of intestinal microflora by increasing the abundance of Planctomycetes, but decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides and Proteobacteria. The abundance of Rhodopirellula, Ruegeria, and Rhodobacter were higher, but that of Paracoccus, Algoriphagus, Cellvibrio, Flavobacteriaceae, and Bacteroides were lower in response to dietary TA. These results revealed that dietary TA had a positive effect on growth and intestinal microbial composition and enhanced the immune response to ammonia stress in shrimp. Therefore, TA can be a potential natural alternative antibiotic substitute for feed additives in shrimp, and the appropriate supplemental dosage is 400–800 mg/kg in the diet.

Loss‐of‐function mutations in melanocortin-1 receptor modulate immune response in teleost fishes

The melanocortin system is an ancient neuroendocrine system conserved from teleosts to mammals. The melanocortin system is a set of complex neuroendocrine signaling pathways involved in numerous physiological processes, and particularly associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis response. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is the central melanocortin receptor involved in pigmentation in vertebrates, including fish. In order to assess the immune role of MC1R, this study used a homozygous Mc1r knockout zebrafish. Hence, skin cortisol levels, variations in the blood leucocyte population, as well as the expression levels of immune genes in various tissues of wild-type TU strain (Tübingen, Nüsslein-Volhard Lab) (WT) and homozygous mc1r knockout zebrafish (mc1rK.O.) stimulated with LPS was carried out. Results show that the mc1rK.O. mutant fish produce lower levels of cortisol in mucus and fewer macrophages in blood after exposure to LPS compared to control fish. Regarding the expression of immune genes, mutant fish show a significant increase in the expression of the anti-inflammatory interleukin il10. These results suggest that the mc1rK.O. mutant fish may follow an alternative mechanism among the immune responses, where macrophages seem to have an anti-inflammatory function, attenuating nitric oxide (NO) production and providing an advantage through the mitigation of excessive or strong inflammatory reactions. Nonetheless, a lower number of this cell type could imply a reduced phagocytic potential in the face of an infection. At the same time, lower cortisol levels in the mc1rK.O. mutant fish could be an advantage as for the lower susceptibility to stress and the physiological and metabolic consequences of high cortisol levels.

Effects of dietary Clostridium autoethanogenum protein on the growth, disease resistance, intestinal digestion, immunity and microbiota structure of Litopenaeus vannamei reared at different water salinities.

The shortage of fishmeal (FM) resources limits the healthy development of aquaculture. Developing new protein sources to replace FM in aquatic feeds is an effective measure to alleviate this situation. However, the application effect of new protein sources is greatly affected by water salinity, which is an important parameter of aquaculture. In this study, the growth, disease resistance, and intestinal digestion, immunity, and microbiota structure of Litopenaeus vannamei (initial weight: 0.38 ± 0.01 g) fed on Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) or not at three different water salinities (15 ‰, 30 ‰, and 45 ‰) were compared, aiming to explore the effects of dietary CAP on shrimp when suffering different salinity stresses. The results showed that the growth performance, feed utilization, and survival rate (SR) after pathogen challenge of L. vannamei could be significantly improved by dietary CAP when compared with the control at the same salinity and they were also significantly affected by salinity changes when L. vannamei was fed on the same protein source. With the increase in salinity, obvious upregulation was observed in the activities and gene expression of digestive enzymes both in L. vannamei fed on FM and CAP, with significantly higher levels in L. vannamei fed on CAP than in those fed on FM at the same salinity. Meanwhile, the expression levels of immune genes in the CAP group were significantly higher than those in the FM group at different salinities. The intestinal microbiota analysis showed that CAP could increase the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and decrease the relative abundance of harmful bacteria in the intestine of L. vannamei at the phylum, family, and genus levels, and it was more affected by salinity changes when compared with FM. Besides, the changes in salinity and protein sources led to different changes in the intestinal microflora function of L. vannamei. In sum, this study indicated that CAP could improve the growth, disease resistance, digestive capacity, and intestinal microflora of L. vannamei with a much more intense immune response and enhance its ability to cope with salinity stress.

Development of a Novel Prognostic Model of Glioblastoma Based on m6A-Associated Immune Genes and Identification of a New Biomarker.

BackgroundAccumulating evidence shows that m6A regulates oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression, thus playing a dual role in cancer. Likewise, there is a close relationship between the immune system and tumor development and progression. However, for glioblastoma, m6A-associated immunological markers remain to be identified.MethodsWe obtained gene expression, mutation, and clinical data on glioblastoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases. Next, we performed univariate COX–least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)–multivariate COX regression analyses to establish a prognostic gene signature and develop a corresponding dynamic nomogram application. We then carried out a clustering analysis twice to categorize all samples according to their m6A-regulating and m6A-associated immune gene expression levels (high, medium, and low) and calculated their m6A score. Finally, we performed quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, cell counting kit-8, cell stemness detection, cell migration, and apoptosis detection in vitro assays to determine the biological role of CD81 in glioblastoma cells.ResultsOur glioblastoma risk score model had extremely high prediction efficacy, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reaching 0.9. The web version of the dynamic nomogram application allows rapid and accurate calculation of patients’ survival odds. Survival curves and Sankey diagrams indicated that the high-m6A score group corresponded to the groups expressing medium and low m6A-regulating gene levels and high m6A-associated prognostic immune gene levels. Moreover, these groups displayed lower survival rates and higher immune infiltration. Based on the gene set enrichment analysis, the pathophysiological mechanism may be related to the activation of the immunosuppressive function and related signaling pathways. Moreover, the risk score model allowed us to perform immunotherapy benefit assessment. Finally, silencing CD81 in vitro significantly suppressed proliferation, stemness, and migration and facilitated apoptosis in glioblastoma cells.ConclusionWe developed an accurate and efficient prognostic model. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of different stratification methods with tumor microenvironment provided a basis for further pathophysiological mechanism exploration. Finally, CD81 may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma.

Identification of Immune-Related Gene Signature in Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection.

Background: Stanford type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is a common life-threatening event in the aorta. Recently, immune disorder has been linked to the risk factors that cause ATAAD at the molecular level. However, the specific immune-related gene signature during the progression is unclear. Methods: The GSE52093 and GSE98770 datasets related to ATAAD from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were acquired. The immune gene expression levels were analyzed by single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The correlations between gene networks and immune scores were determined by weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). The different immune subgroups were finally divided by consensus clustering. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and subsequent functional enrichment analyses were conducted. The hub genes were identified by protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and functional similarities analyses. The immune cell infiltration proportion was determined by the CIBERSORT algorithm. Results: According to the ssGSEA results, the 13 ATAAD samples from the GEO database were divided into high- and low-immune subgroups according to the ssGSEA, WGCNA, and consensus clustering analysis results. Sixty-eight immune-related DEGs (IRDEGs) between the two subgroups were enriched in inflammatory-immune response biological processes, including leukocyte cell–cell adhesion, mononuclear cell migration, and myeloid leukocyte migration. Among these IRDEGs, 8 genes (CXCR4, LYN, CCL19, CCL3L3, SELL, F11R, DPP4, and VAV3) were identified as hub genes that represented immune-related signatures in ATAAD after the PPI and functional similarities analyses. The proportions of infiltrating CD8 T cells and M1 macrophages were significantly higher in ATAAD patients in the immune-high group than the immune-low group. Conclusion: Eight immune-related genes were identified as hub genes representing potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets linked to the immune response in ATAAD patients.

Identification of immune-related biomarkers for predicting neoadjuvant chemotherapy sensitivity in HER2 negative breast cancer via bioinformatics analysis.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is an important treatment for breast cancer (BC) patients. However, due to the lack of specific therapeutic targets, only 1/3 of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative patients reach pathological complete response (pCR). Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers to distinguish and predict NAC sensitive in BC patients. The GSE163882 dataset, containing 159 BC patients treated with NAC, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Patients with pathological complete response (pCR) and those with residual disease (RD) were compared to obtain the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analyses were conducted on these DEGs. Then, we intersect the DEGs and immune-related genes to obtain the hub immune biomarkers, and then use the linear fitting model ("glm" package) to construct a prediction model composed of 9 immune biomarkers. Finally, the single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm was used to analyze immune cell invasion in BC patients, and the correlation between immune cell content and immune gene expression levels was analyzed. Nine immune-related biomarkers were obtained in the intersection of DEGs and immune-related genes. Compared with RD patients, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, GZMB, IDO1, and LYZ were highly expressed in pCR patients, while CXCL14 and ESR1 were lowly expressed in pCR patients. After linear fitting of the multi-gene expression model, the area under the curve (AUC) value of the ROC curve diagnosis of pCR patients was 0.844. Immunoinfiltration analysis showed that compared with RD patients, 15 of the 28 immune cell types examined showed high-infiltration in pCR patients, including activated CD8 T cells, effector memory CD8 T cells, and activated CD4 T cells. This investigation ultimately identified 9 immune-related biomarkers as potential tools for assessing the sensitivity of NAC in HER2-negative BC patients. These biomarkers have great potential for predicting pCR BC patients.

Impacts of Apis cerana gut microbes on Nosema ceranae proliferation in Apis mellifera

The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem including both beneficial and harmful microbes, which is essential for the metabolism, health and immunity of the host. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for diseases of altered intestinal microbiota. Nosema ceranae, a parasitic fungus in intestinal epithelial cells, destroys the honey bee's gut integrity. This study provided the first report that the number of spores was significantly lower in the native host (Asian honey bee) compared with the novel host (European honey bee). The treatment effect of FMT was denoted by feeding the gut tissue solution from the original host to the new host. The results showed that FMT did not significantly decrease the spore load but enhanced the expression levels of immune genes in the Toll pathway. Our data confirmed that the native host inhibits N. ceranae proliferation. Our data suggest microbes of the native host could be an alternative approach to treat the parasite in the novel host.