Expression Levels Of Galectin-3 Research Articles

Omics analysis reveals galectin-3 to be a potential key regulator of allergic inflammation in hereditary angioedema

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare inherited disorder that predisposes an individual to develop vasogenic edema. Bradykinin release, which increases vascular permeability, results in angioedema. C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) is a major regulator of critical enzymes involved in bradykinin generation and mutations in genes that encode the C1 inhibitor of complement factor 1, which prevent its synthesis (type I HAE), form a dysfunctional protein (type II HAE), or have normal functioning C1-INH (type III HAE, aka HAE-III). The goals of this study were to use a systems biology analysis to identify novel biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of HAE-III and to elucidate its underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Blood samples were obtained from HAE-III subjects and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. DNA, RNA, and protein purified from the samples were subjected to multiomics analysis using a 1-shot liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based multiomics platform (Omni-MS, Dalton Bioanalytics) to profile proteins, lipids, electrolytes, and metabolites enabling concurrent analysis of diverse analyte classes. A total of 1647 novel identifications that included genes, proteins, and metabolites were made when comparing HAE-III samples to control samples. Our identification library included MSFragger for protein identification, LipiDex for lipid identification, and Compound Discoverer for metabolite identification, enabling differential expression analysis. Key findings included a significant increase in the expression levels of galectin-3, lysosomal α-glucosidase, platelet factor 4, and platelet-derived growth factor subunit Ain HAE-III subjects compared to controls, all of which generate an immunomodulatory response. Galectin-3 plays a critical role in eosinophil recruitment and airway allergic inflammation. It may contribute to chronic inflammation and fibrosis resulting in leaky vasculature, and it could be a potential therapeutic target in HAE-III.

Comparison of PD-L1, VISTA, LAG-3, and GAL-3 Expressions and Their Relationships to Mismatch Repair Protein and p53 Expression in 529 Cases of Endometrial Carcinoma.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the expressions of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), and galectin-3 (GAL-3), in mismatch repair-deficient (MMRd)/MMR-proficient and abnormal p53 expressing endometrial carcinomas and their relationship with clinical-histopathological features. Patients who underwent surgery for endometrial carcinoma between January 2008 and December 2018 were included in the study. Immunohistochemical analysis of MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6, p53, PD-L1, VISTA, LAG-3, and GAL-3 was performed on the tissue samples of microarray. A total of 529 patients were included. MMRd and p53-mutant tumors accounted for 31.5% and 11.5% of cases, respectively. PD-L1 and LAG-3 expressions in the MMRd and p53-mutant groups were higher than in the MMR-proficient group (P < 0.001). GAL-3 expression in the MMR-proficient group was statistically higher than in the MMRd and p53-mutant groups (P < 0.001). Mean age, grade, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, lymphovascular invasion, and lymph node metastasis were significantly higher in the p53-mutant group (P < 0.001). In the group with PD-L1 expression, nonendometrioid histologic type, tumor grade, and lymphovascular invasion were significantly higher (P < 0.001). Tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and microcystic, elongated and fragmented pattern of invasion were significantly higher in the group with high VISTA expression (P < 0.05). Tumor grade was significantly higher in the group with LAG-3 expression (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemically determined subgroups and PD-L1, VISTA, LAG-3, and GAL-3 expression levels may be useful indicators of molecular features, and clinical outcomes also may have important implications for the development of targeted therapies in endometrial carcinoma.

Pectin: Health-promoting properties as a natural galectin-3 inhibitor.

Galectin-3 has a variety of important pathophysiological significance in the human body. Much evidence shows that the abnormal expression of galectin-3 is related to the formation and development of many diseases. Pectin is mostly obtained from processed citrus fruits and apples and is a known natural inhibitor of galactin-3. A large number of peels produced each year are discarded, and it is necessary to recycle some of the economically valuable active compounds in these by-products to reduce resource waste and environmental pollution. By binding with galectin-3, pectin can directly reduce the expression level of galectin-3 on the one hand, and regulate the expression level of cytokines by regulating certain signaling pathways on the other hand, to achieve the effect of treating diseases. This paper begins by presenting an overview of the basic structure of pectin, subsequently followed by a description of the structure of galectin-3 and its detrimental impact on human health when expressed abnormally. The health effects of pectin as a galectin-3 inhibitor were then summarized from the perspectives of anticancer, anti-inflammatory, ameliorating fibrotic diseases, and anti-diabetes. Finally, the challenges and prospects of future research on pectin are presented, which provide important references for expanding the application of pectin in the pharmaceutical industry or developing functional dietary supplements.

Increased CD16a (FcγRIIIA) Expression in The Tumor Microenvironment of Atypical Neurofibromatous Neoplasms of Uncertain Biologic Potential May Be Associated with Progression from Neurofibromas to Atypical Neurofibromas.

Neurofibroma (NF) is a benign tumor in the peripheral nervous system, but it can infiltrate around structures and cause functional impairment and disfigurement. We incidentally found that the expression of CD16a (Fc gamma receptor IIIA) was increased in NFs compared to in non-neoplastic nerves and hypothesized that CD16 could be relevant to NF progression. We evaluated the expressions of CD16a, CD16b, CD68, TREM2, Galectin-3, S-100, and SOX10 in 38 cases of neurogenic tumors (NF, n = 18; atypical neurofibromatous neoplasm of uncertain biologic potential (ANNUBP), n = 14; and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), n = 6) by immunohistochemical staining. In the tumor microenvironment (TME) of the ANNUBPs, CD16a and CD16b expression levels had increased more than in the NFs or MPNSTs. CD68 and Galectin-3 expression levels in the ANNUBPs were higher than in the MPNSTs. Dual immunohistochemical staining showed an overlapping pattern for CD16a and CD68 in TME immune cells. Increased CD16a expression was detected in the ANNUBPs compared to the NFs but decreased with malignant progression. The CD16a overexpression with CD68 positivity in the ANNUBPs potentially reflects that the TME immune modulation could be associated with NF progression to an ANNUBP. Further studies should explore the role of CD16a in immunomodulation for accelerating NF growth.

EXTH-79. A NOVEL ANTI-GALECTIN-3 ANTIBODY THERAPEUTIC SYNERGIZES WITH TEMOZOLOMIDE IN PRECLINICAL MODELS TO DIMINISH TUMOR GROWTH, DECREASE MIGRATION, AND PROLONG SURVIVAL

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive, invasive, and malignant primary brain cancer whose standard of care for nearly 20 years has been surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) treatment, resulting in a median survival of 15 months following diagnosis. Heterogenous tumor cell populations that evade resection and develop chemoradiation resistance highlight the need for novel therapies that can target both the migratory and proliferative nature of GBM cells. Galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein overexpressed in the GBM parenchyma and stromal astrocytes, is a potent modulator of cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, T-cell inhibition, and M2 macrophage polarization, and is seen to increase following TMZ and radiation treatment. Heightened Galectin-3 expression levels correlate to lower survival in glioma patients, thus greatly underscoring the need for targeting Galectin-3 in conjunction with initial standard-of-care treatment. Here, we characterize the therapeutic effects of a brain-penetrant monoclonal anti-Galectin-3 antibody (Gal3 Ab) we have developed for its ability to inhibit GBM growth and migration in several in vitro assays and in vivo heterotopic and orthotopic mouse models. Our Gal3 Ab significantly decreases cell viability, neurosphere migration, and cell invasion in vitro in the presence of full length or truncated Gal3, whose expression and secretion in GBM cells is enhanced following short and long-term TMZ stimulation. We find that Galectin-3 directly binds to EGFR, amplified in ~40% of GBM patients, as well as its most commonly mutated form, EGFRvIII, and our Gal3 Ab can block these bindings, decrease EGFR activation, and alter EGFR localization. In vivo, our Gal3 Ab decreases tumor burden and improves survival in combination with temozolomide, compared to standard-of-care treatment alone in multiple cell-line models. Our pre-clinical studies highlight the potential for our novel Gal3 antibody to further improve TMZ efficacy and benefit GBM patients by diminishing tumor cell migration and slowing tumor growth.

Soluble galectin-3 as a microenvironment-relevant immunoregulator with prognostic and predictive value in lung adenocarcinoma.

Despite the success of therapies in lung cancer, more studies of new biomarkers for patient selection are urgently needed. The present study aims to analyze the role of galectin-3 (GAL-3) in the lung tumor microenvironment (TME) using tumorspheres as a model and explore its potential role as a predictive and prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer patients. For in vitro studies, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) primary cultures from early-stage patients and commercial cell lines were cultured, using tumorsphere-forming assays and adherent conditions for the control counterparts. We analyzed the pattern of secretion and expression of GAL-3 using reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (RTqPCR), immunoblot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and immunoassay analysis. Our results using three-dimensional (3D) models of lung tumor cells revealed that soluble GAL-3 (sGAL-3) is highly expressed and secreted. To more accurately mimic the TME, a co-culture of tumorspheres and fibroblasts was used, revealing that GAL-3 could be important as an immunomodulatory molecule expressed and secreted in the TME, modulating immunosuppression through regulatory T cells (TREGS ). In the translational phase, we confirmed that patients with high expression levels of GAL-3 had more TREGS , which suggests that tumors may be recruiting this population through GAL-3. Next, we evaluated levels of sGAL-3 before surgery in LUAD and LUSC patients, hypothesizing that sGAL-3 could be used as an independent prognostic biomarker for overall survival and relapse-free survival in early-stage LUAD patients. Additionally, levels of sGAL-3 at pretreatment and first response assessment from plasma to predict clinical outcomes in advanced LUAD and LUSC patients treated with first-line pembrolizumab were evaluated, further supporting that sGAL-3 has a high efficiency in predicting durable clinical response to pembrolizumab with an area under curve of 0.801 (P = 0.011). Moreover, high levels might predict decreased progression-free survival and OS to anti-PD-1 therapy, with sGAL-3 being a prognosis-independent biomarker for advanced LUAD.

Elevated galectin-3 levels detected in women with hyperglycemia during early and mid-pregnancy antagonizes high glucose − induced trophoblast cells apoptosis via galectin-3/foxc1 pathway

ObjectiveThis study was to evaluate plasma galectin-3 levels from early pregnancy to delivery and explore the effects of galectin-3 on the function of trophoblast cells under high glucose exposure.MethodsThe plasma galectin-3 levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the China National Birth Cohort (CNBC) at Peking University First Hospital, and the underlying signaling pathway was identified by protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting, small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfections, and flow cytometry.ResultsSignificantly higher galectin-3 levels were found in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM group; n = 77) during the first and second trimesters than that in healthy pregnant women (HP group; n = 113) (P < 0.05). No significant differences in plasma galectin-3 levels were detected between GDM and HP groups in maternal third-trimester blood and cord blood. PPI analysis suggested potential interactions between galectin-3 and foxc1. The findings of GSEA showed that galectin-3 was involved in the cytochrome P450-related and complement-related pathways, and foxc1 was associated with type I diabetes mellitus. Additionally, high glucose (25 mM) significantly increased the expression levels of galectin-3 and foxc1 and induced apoptosis in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Further in vitro experiments showed that galectin-3/foxc1 pathway could protect HTR-8/SVneo cells against high glucose − induced apoptosis.ConclusionFuture studies were required to validate whether plasma galectin-3 might become a potential biomarker for hyperglycemia during pregnancy. Elevated galectin-3 levels might be a vital protective mechanism among those exposed to hyperglycemia during pregnancy.Graphical

Transcriptional upregulation of galectin-3 in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of MS are still only partially elucidated. Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding lectins that are involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses and have been shown to exert a role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. There has been an increasing interest in the role of galectin-3 in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In the current study, we have evaluated the expression levels of galectin-3 in different cellular populations involved in the etiopathogenesis of MS. We have observed dramatically higher transcriptomic levels of galectin-3 in encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells in a preclinical model of MS, the MOG-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Also, significantly higher levels of galectin-3 were found in microglial cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes isolated from the spinal cord of EAE mice, as well as in human MS-related white matter lesions. Modular co-expression analysis revealed that galectin-3 is co-expressed with genes involved in the regulation of microglia, cytokine production, and chemotaxis. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the expression of galectin-3 in MS, further strengthening its potential pathogenetic role in the etiopathogenesis of this CNS autoimmune disorder.

Catalpol Prevents Glomerular Angiogenesis Induced by Advanced Glycation End Products via Inhibiting Galectin-3.

The main characteristics of diabetic nephropathy (DN) at the early stage are abnormal angiogenesis of glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) and macrophage infiltration. Galectin-3 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of DN via binding with its ligand, advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Catalpol, an iridoid glucoside extracted from Rehmannia glutinosa, has been found to ameliorate vascular inflammation, reduce endothelial permeability, and protect against endothelial damage in diabetic milieu. However, little is known about whether catalpol could exert an anti-angiogenesis and anti-inflammation effect induced by AGEs. Mouse GECs (mGECs) and RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with different concentrations of AGEs (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/mL) for different time (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h) to determine the optimal concentration of AGEs and treatment time. Cells were treated with catalpol (10 µmol/L), GB1107 (1 µmol/L, galectin-3 inhibitor), PX-478 (50 µmol/L, HIF-1α inhibitor), adenovirus-green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP) [3×107 plaque-forming unit (PFU)/mL] or Ad-galectin-3-GFP (2×108 PFU/mL), which was followed by incubation with 50 µg/mL AGEs. The levels of galectin-3, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and pro-angiogenic factors angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), tunica interna endothelial cell kinase-2 (Tie-2) were detected by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to evaluate the proliferation of these cells. The expression levels of galectin-3, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), VEGFR2, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in mGECs and those of galectin-3 and HIF-1α in RAW 264.7 macrophages were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. The rat DN model was established. Catalpol (100 mg/kg) or GB1107 (10 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically once a day for 12 weeks. Ad-galectin-3-GFP (6×107 PFU/mL, 0.5 mL) or Ad-GFP (6×106 PFU/mL, 0.5 mL) was injected into the tail vein of rats 48 h before the sacrifice of the animals. The expression of galectin-3, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and HIF-1α in renal cortices was analyzed by Western blotting. The expression of galectin-3, F4/80 (a macrophage biomarker), and CD34 (an endothelium biomarker) in renal cortices was detected by IF staining, and collagen accumulation by Masson staining. The expression levels of galectin-3 and VEGFA were significantly higher in mGECs and RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with 50 µg/mL AGEs for 48 h than those in untreated cells. Catalpol and GB1107 could block the AGEs-induced proliferation of mGECs and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Over-expression of galectin-3 was found to reduce the inhibitory effect of catalpol on the proliferation of cells. Catalpol could significantly decrease the levels of Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 released by AGEs-treated mGECs, which could be reversed by over-expression of galectin-3. Catalpol could significantly inhibit AGEs-induced expression of galectin-3, HIF-1α, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 in mGECs. The inhibitory effect of catalpol on galectin-3 in AGEs-treated mGECs was impaired by PX-478. Moreover, catalpol attenuated the AGEs-activated HIF-1α/galectin-3 pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages, which was weakened by PX-478. Additionally, catalpol significantly inhibited the expression of galectin-3, macrophage infiltration, collagen accumulation, and angiogenesis in the kidney of diabetic rats. Over-expression of galectin-3 could antagonize these inhibitory effects of catalpol. Catalpol prevented the angiogenesis of mGECs and macrophage proliferation via inhibiting galectin-3. It could prevent the progression of diabetes-induced renal damage.

Galectin-3 Mediates NETosis and Acts as an Autoantigen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Diffuse Alveolar Haemorrhage.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with enhanced NETosis and impaired degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside binding protein and is associated with neutrophil functions as well as involved in mediating autoimmune disorders. In this study, we plan to examine the associations of galectin-3 with the pathogenesis of SLE and NETosis. Galectin-3 expression levels were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of SLE patients for the association with lupus nephritis (LN) or correlation of SLE disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K). NETosis was observed in human normal and SLE and murine galectin-3 knockout (Gal-3 KO) neutrophils. Gal-3 KO and wild-type (WT) mice induced by pristane were used to evaluate disease signs, including diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH), LN, proteinuria, anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibody, citrullinated histone 3 (CitH3) levels, and NETosis. Galectin-3 levels are higher in PBMCs of SLE patients compared with normal donors and positively correlated with LN or SLEDAI-2K. Gal-3 KO mice have higher percent survival and lower DAH, LN proteinuria, and anti-RNP antibody levels than WT mice induced by pristane. NETosis and citH3 levels are reduced in Gal-3 KO neutrophils. Furthermore, galectin-3 resides in NETs while human neutrophils undergo NETosis. Galectin-3-associated immune complex deposition can be observed in NETs from spontaneously NETotic cells of SLE patients. In this study, we provide clinical relevance of galectin-3 to the lupus phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms of galectin-3-mediated NETosis for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting galectin-3 for SLE.

The immunohistochemical Galectin-3 expression in tumor and cancer-associated fibroblasts in invasive ductal carcinomas of breast and their relationship with clinicopathological parameters.

Galectin-3 has an important role in metastasis, therefore, Galectin-3-focused therapies have attracted attention for various cancers. We aimed to reveal the relationship between the expression of Galectin-3 within the tumor/cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and clinicopathological parameters in patients with invasive ductal carcinomas. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of breast excision materials diagnosed between 2010 and 2016 were re-examined retrospectively. Accordingly, 118 cases (luminal group = 58, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) group = 27, and triple-negative breast carcinoma group [TNBC] =33 cases) were included. Galectin-3 levels were evaluated with a calculated H-score in tumor and semiquantitatively in CAFs. Data was analyzed with t-tests and Chi-square tests. Kaplan-Meier and Log-rank tests were used for survival analysis. The presence of Galectin-3 expression in CAFs but not in the tumor was associated with the greater number of axillary metastatic nodes and advanced pN stage. The loss of Galectin-3 expression in CAFs was more frequent in TNBC. There was no significant relationship between the expression level of Galectin-3 and survival status. However, in most of the cases with distant metastasis or patients who died, Galectin-3 was negative in the tumor, whereas it was positive in CAFs. The expression of Galectin-3 in tumors and CAFs may have a role in metastasis to axillary lymph nodes and distant sites. In terms of molecular subtype, TNBCs show a relationship with Galectin-3 negativity in CAFs.

EXTH-73. A NOVEL ANTI-GALECTIN-3 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPEUTIC DIMINISHES MIGRATION AND SLOWS TUMOR GROWTH TO PROLONG SURVIVAL IN GLIOBLASTOMA

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive, invasive, and malignant primary brain cancer with a standard of care that hasn’t been improved in over 15 years. Heterogenous tumor cell populations that evade resection and develop resistance to chemoradiation highlight the need for novel therapies that can target both the migratory and proliferative nature of GBM cells. Galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein overexpressed in the GBM parenchyma and stromal astrocytes and microglia/macrophages, is a potent modulator of cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, T-cell inhibition, and M2 macrophage polarization. Increased Galectin-3 expression levels correlate to lower survival in glioma patients, and these levels further increase following exposure to temozolomide or radiation alone or in combination, thus more greatly emphasizing the need to target Galectin-3 in GBM patients following initial standard-of-care treatment. Here, we characterize the therapeutic effects of a monoclonal anti-Galectin-3 antibody (Gal3 Ab) we have developed for its ability to inhibit GBM tumorigenic and metastatic potential in several in vitro assays and in vivo heterotopic and orthotopic mouse models. We find that Galectin-3 directly binds to EGFR, the most commonly amplified gene locus in GBM affecting roughly 40% of patients, and our Gal3 Ab can block this binding. Human GBM cells treated with Gal3 Ab show a significant decrease in migration and invasion and reduction in EGFR activation in vitro. In vivo, the Gal3 Ab additionally decreases tumor burden and provides a survival benefit in combination with temozolomide compared to the current standard-of-care treatment alone. Our studies indicate the potential for our novel anti-Galectin-3 antibody to further benefit GBM patients receiving chemoradiation treatment by diminishing tumor cell migration and slowing tumor growth.

Inhibition of Src improves cardiac fibrosis in AngII-induced hypertrophy by regulating the expression of galectin-3.

The expression of Src is upregulated in the vasculature associated with cardiac hypertrophy events. Here, we aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of Src in angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. The heart conditional Src knockout mouse model was established and administrated with AngII. The effects of Src on the AngII-mediated cardiac hypertrophy were assessed by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Masson's trichrome, immunohistochemical staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection assay and Western blot analysis. The expression levels of galectin-3, Src and the hypertrophy marker brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), as well as the phosphorylation of Src were all elevated in heart tissues of mice with AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Heart conditional Src knockout attenuated AngII-activated cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in mice. Consistently, AngII could promote the expression of Src in a dose-dependent manner and the knockout of Src impaired Ang II-mediated apoptosis and fibrosis in the cardiomyocytes. In addition, Src inhibition suppressed the expression of galectin-3 in vivo and in vitro. Specifically, AngII could upregulate the expression of galectin-3, and knockdown of galectin-3 (Gal-3) remarkably inhibited AngII-enhanced apoptosis and fibrosis in the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, overexpression of galectin-3 reinforced Ang II-induced cell apoptosis and fibrosis that was attenuated by knockout of Src. Our findings indicate that Src and Gal-3 play an important role in AngII-mediated cardiac structural remodeling. Src and galectin-3 might serve as potential targets for the treatment of AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy.

The Expression of Galectin-3 in Tumor and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Invasive Micropapillary Breast Carcinomas: Relationship with Clinicopathologic Parameters.

Galectin-3 affects tumor progression and cell surface polarization by expressing from the tumor and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Therefore, it may have a role on micropapillary carcinomas (IMPC), which have characteristic morphological features. The aim was to investigate the expression levels of Galectin-3 within tumor and peritumoral CAFs in IMPC, and to compare with expression in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained preparations of resection materials examined between 2010-2016 were re-evaluated. Thirty-four IMPC cases and 34 IDC cases with similar molecular subtype distribution to IMPC were compared. Galectin-3 levels were evaluated with a calculated H-score in tumor and semi-quantitatively in CAFs. While tumoral Galectin-3 expression levels were higher in IMPCs compared to IDCs, there was no difference for Galectin-3 expression in CAFs between the two histologic types. However, there was no significant relationship between tumoral Galectin-3 expression and clinicopathological parameters in IMPCs. When the subjects were divided into two groups, depending on their Galectin-3 status regardless of histological types, the loss of Galectin-3 expression in tumor was found to be related to larger tumor size/advanced pT stage and a greater number of metastatic nodes. Additionally, expression of Galectin-3 in CAFs was found to be associated with distant metastasis. IMPC showed prominent Galectin-3 expression in tumor compared to IDC. However, independent from the histological type, whereas the loss of Galectin-3 expression in tumor showed an association with larger tumor size and higher number of metastatic axillary lymph nodes, the presence of Galectin-3 expression in CAFs showed an association with distant metastasis.

Inhibition of Long Noncoding RNA SNHG20 Improves Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis and Hypertrophy by Regulating the MicroRNA 335/Galectin-3 Axis.

Cardiac fibrosis is a hallmark of various heart diseases and ultimately leads to heart failure. Although long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG20 has been reported to play important roles in various cancers, its function in cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. The expression of SNHG20 and microRNA 335 (miR-335) in heart tissues of angiotensin II-induced mice and angiotensin II-stimulated mouse cardiomyocyte cell line HL-1 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Cell viability was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay. The expression of galectin-3, fibrosis-related proteins (fibronectin, collagen IaI, and α-SMA), and apoptosis-related proteins [cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)] was detected by Western blotting. Bioinformatics prediction, luciferase reporter assay, and RNA pulldown assay were performed to determine the relationship between SNHG20 and miR-335 as well as miR-335 and Galectin-3. Gain- and loss-function assays were performed to determine the role of SNHG20/miR-335/Galectin-3 in cardiac fibrosis. SNHG20 was significantly upregulated and miR-335 was downregulated in heart tissues of angiotensin II-treated mice and angiotensin II-stimulated HL-1 cells. Downregulation of SNHG20 effectively enhanced cell viability and decreased cell size of HL-1 cells and the expression levels of fibrosis-related proteins (fibronectin, collagen IaI, and α-SMA) and apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP), which were induced by angiotensin II treatment. Furthermore, SNHG20 elevated the expression levels of Galectin-3 by directly regulating miR-335. Our study revealed that downregulation of SNHG20 improved angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by targeting the miR-335/Galectin-3 axis, suggesting that SNHG20 is a therapeutic target for cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy.

The expression of Galectin-3 in endometrial cancer: a systematic review of the literature.

Galectin-3 is part of a protein group called lectins and acts as a multifunctional glycoprotein due to its expression location. Galectin-3 is expressed by different human tissues. It plays a significant role in carcinogenesis and the selection of tumor-related physiological and pathological activities. Galectin-3 has been utilized through the years as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for various types of cancers. This review describes the outcomes of some studies on the matter that were selected appropriately through a review of the existing literature. These studies examined the levels of Galectin-3 expression in endometrial carcinomas, the outcomes, and the prognosis of these carcinomas. Two of the studies concluded that high expression of Galectin-3 is associated with a tumor's histological grade, type and depth. This enhanced nuclear Galectin-3 expression might assist in progression to atypia and neoplasia. The other three on the contrary concluded that malignant tumors had a decreased expression of Galectin-3 and that Galectin-3 played a suppressive role in tumor growth. The part Galectin-3 might potentially have in metastasis of cancers and the offering of a better prognosis for patients is of high importance. To date, there is minimal literature regarding the effects of Galectin-3 and more research is required.

Galectin-3 Mediated Inflammatory Response Contributes to Neurological Recovery by QiShenYiQi in Subacute Stroke Model.

Effective therapies for stroke are still limited due to its complex pathological manifestations. QiShenYiQi (QSYQ), a component-based Chinese medicine capable of reducing organ injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, may offer an alternative option for stroke treatment and post-stroke recovery. Recently, we reported a beneficial effect of QSYQ for acute stroke via modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. However, if QSYQ plays a role in subacute stroke remains unknown. The pharmacological action of QSYQ was investigated in experimental stroke rats which underwent 90 min ischemia and 8 days reperfusion in this study. Neurological and locomotive deficits, cerebral infarction, brain edema, and BBB integrity were assessed. TMT-based quantitative proteomics were performed to identify differentially expressed proteins following QSYQ treatment. Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, RT-qPCR, and ELISA were used to validate the proteomics data and to reveal the action mechanisms. Therapeutically, treatment with QSYQ (600 mg/kg) for 7 days significantly improved neurological recovery, attenuated infarct volume and brain edema, and alleviated BBB breakdown in the stroke rats. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that protein galectin-3 and its mediated inflammatory response was closely related to the beneficial effect of QSYQ. Specially, QSYQ (600 mg/kg) markedly downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of galectin-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 in CI/RI brain as well as serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Overall, our findings showed that the effective action of QSYQ against the subacute phase of CI/RI occurs partly via regulating galectin-3 mediated inflammatory reaction.

Effect of galectin-3 in the pathogenesis of arteriovenous fistula stenosis formation

Objective This study sought to investigate the effect of local expression of galectin-3 in the development of stenotic arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Methods We collected stenotic venous tissues, adjacent nonstenotic venous tissues, and blood samples from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with AVF stenosis, while normal venous tissues and blood samples were collected from ESRD patients before AVF creation as controls. Also blood samples were collected from ESRD patients with nonstenosis functional AVF. Galectin-3, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and α-SMA expression in the venous tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry, and the ERK1/2 pathway activity in the intima was accessed by western blot. Serum galectin-3 level was measured by ELISA. Thereafter, human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) were cultured in vitro, and the interaction between Galectin-3 and ERK1/2 pathway in HPASMCs was estimated by western blot. Results ESRD patients with stenotic AVF had a significant higher serum galectin-3 level than normal controls, and patients with non-stenotic functional AVF. The expression levels of galectin-3, phosphorylated ERK1/2, PCNA, MMP-9, and α-SMA in the stenotic venous tissues were higher than that in the normal venous tissues or the adjacent nonstenotic AVF venous tissues. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of galectin-3 of the neointima was positively correlated with PCNA and α-SMA in the stenotic AVF venous tissues. In HPASMCs, galectin-3 can increase the activity of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and promote the expression of α-SMA. Conclusion In the stenotic AVF of ESRD patients, expression of the galectin-3 was significantly increased, showing a positive relation with neointima development.

Associations of galectin-3 expression and LGALS-3 (rs4652) gene variant with coronary artery disease risk in diabetics.

BackgroundGalectin-3 protein encoded by lectin galactoside-binding soluble-3 (LGALS-3) gene is an important genetic factor in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its cardiovascular obstacles in various populations. We aimed to elicit the pro-inflammatory effect of galectin-3 as determined by interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum levels and to explore the relationship between galectin-3 (LGALS-3 rs4652) gene variant and its expression levels with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk among T2DM Egyptian patients.Methods112 lean subjects were compared to 100 T2DM without CAD and 84 T2DM with CAD. A tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction was used to test LGALS-3 (rs4652), and galectin3 expression was tested with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum IL-6 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsWe found that the prevalence of LGALS-3 (rs4652) AC genotype and galectin-3 gene expression levels in T2DM with CAD were significantly higher than the additional 2 groups and were correlated positively to IL-6 circulating levels. Also, the C allele carriers (AC+CC) had significantly higher relative Galectin-3 expression levels compared to the A allele carriers (AA).ConclusionsWe concluded that galectin-3 expression levels and LGALS-3 (rs4652) AC genotype were coronary artery disease risk factors in people with type two diabetes among an Egyptian sample.

A Study on the Assessment of Galectin-3 Expression in Colorectal Neoplasm and its Relationship with Tumour Stage, in Tertiary Care Hospital, Kolkata, India

Introduction: Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin found in a considerable number of normal tissues and malignant neoplasms. It was found to be expressed in few thyroid tumours particularly follicular and papillary tumours. Lectins were found to be released in circulation and increased concentration was noted in colorectal cancers especially in metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma. Different types of galectins are expressed in normal colonic and rectal epithelium. Some types do increases in inflammation and cancers of these areas. It was seen that galectin-3 increases in colorectal tumourigenesis and it bears an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. Galectin-3 seems to have an important role in colorectal cancer. Some studies proved that galectin inhibitors could reduce tumour progression and metastasis and it may be a therapeutic target in metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. Aim: To evaluate colon cancer specimens received for biopsy, for galectin-3 expression and its relation with tumour stage, lymphovascular space invasion and tumour differentiation. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in the Department of Pathology of RG Kar Medical College and Hospital from November 2018 to November 2019. It was an immunohistochemistry based assay performed to test the expression levels of galectin-3 in cancer tissues of 62 colorectal neoplasms with the help of galectin-3 primary antibody (mouse monoclonal antibody- clone 9C4). Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0. Results: Out of 62 cases, 60 cases were colorectal adenocarcinoma and 2 cases were adenoma with age group between 40-75 years. Total 46 cases had cancer in caecum and ascending colon and rest were in recto-sigmoid colon. A 36/60 cases (60%) of cancer tissues were positive for galectin-3 expression. Strong association of lymphovascular space invasion (p=0.046) and depth of tumour (p=0.0078) with galectin positivity in colon carcinoma was noted. Conclusion: Evaluation of galectin-3 expression is helpful in the assessment of tumour staging and prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. It may have a therapeutic implication in the management of colon cancer in future.