Exports Of Dairy Products Research Articles

РОЗВИТОК МОЛОЧНОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ УКРАЇНИ: РЕАЛІЇ, ВИКЛИКИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The current state, realities and development trends of the dairy industry of Ukraine are revealed. The main losses of the dairy industry during the war are identified. They are: 39 enterprises are located in the occupied territories, a decrease in livestock in the population sector, an increase in falsification, the growth of the shadow market (more than 20%), the complication and increase in the cost of export logistics, EU fears about threats from exports from of Ukraine. The analysis of the main indicators of the development of the dairy industry in Ukraine was carried out and a decrease in the number of milk processing enterprises, the volume of milk production and the volume of milk processing was revealed. A decrease in the share of milk production by households was established, which is caused by a decrease in the number of cattle in the households due to insufficient support for dairy farming from the state (as a result, a shortage of dairy raw materials restrains the development of the dairy industry). The export-import activity of the dairy industry was analyzed and a decrease in imports due to the outflow of immigrants abroad and changes in the exchange rate and growth in the volume of exports of dairy raw materials was revealed. The situation is especially threatening for those producers who produce cheese, because the specific weight of cheese in imports is 70%. It was revealed that increasing of export of dairy products without Ukrainian ports had become a difficult test for the dairy industry. Thanks to the strong cooperation of state authorities with European partners, Ukrainian companies found new sales markets and were able to increase the volume of goods on the EU market significantly. Prospects for the development of the dairy industry have been identified, effective measures at the legislative, macro- and micro levels regarding the revival of the Ukrainian dairy industry have been suggested and substantiated. It is founded that in order to rebuild and ensure the effective development of the dairy industry, it is first of all necessary to make changes at the legislative level, in particular to the Tax Code, to reduce the VAT for all dairy products, to cancel the VAT for imported innovative equipment, to promote the support of the industry at the state level, namely to focus on construction and reconstruction of livestock and processing complexes; to create opportunities under which enterprises will be able to produce milk in accordance with European sanitary standards.

GROWTH AND PROSPECTS OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Milk provides good nutrition and helps the income of people in rural areas of the country. This study examines the growth and development of the Indian dairy industry. This study examine about milk production and consumption in the country. This study tries to estimate the milk production in the country given the current production model. It explores the relationship between the countrys milk production and its international exports and imports. These findings will assist policy makers and the agricultural industry in making production decisions. Statistical data, estimation and correlation analysis were used during the research process to show the relationship between the production, consumption and distribution of dairy products. The study found that under the current production pattern in the country, India could produce around 217 million tons of milk by 2025. In 2016-17, the countrys milk consumption was 351 grams, 229 grams more than international milk. per person per day. Correlation analysis is used to determine whether there is a relationship between imports and exports of dairy products and milk. The findings show that milk has a positive (r = 0.220, p = 0.601) effect on exports of dairy products and a negative (r = 0.228, p = 0.588) effect on exports. The study found that there are many ways to promote, produce and distribute milk and its products that policymakers and the dairy industry can use to their advantage. KEYWORDS: Dairy Industry, Production, Consumption, Development, per capita milk availability and correlation analysis

The Convergence of Factors That Affect the Dairy Product Market: A Comparative Analysis of European Union Countries

The European Union is a large producer of milk and dairy products. It is also a significant market for the consumption of dairy products, which is characterised by effective demand, and it significantly influences the markets of other food products. The main milk producers in the EU are Germany, France, Poland, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain. Intensive migration has contributed to additional demand for food products, in particular, dairy products. This provided the basis for the construction and calculation of a dynamic model of dairy production, the export of dairy products, and the coexistence with the existing population as the main consumers in the EU–27 countries and Great Britain between 2004 and 2020.
 An additional research value is that based on the presentation of the analysis and modeling, the relationship between the growth in the demand for dairy products and the growth in the population is established. The reason for the large population in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is intensive migration flows, which increase the demand for dairy products. The increase in volumes reduces the cost price, which contributes to the export of dairy products, and also contributes to the increase in the volume of production of dairy products. The resulting models made it possible to analyse the influence of population growth on the increase in production volume. At the same time, the dependence and influence of the export of dairy products on the increase in the volume of production of dairy products in the EU–27 and Great Britain countries is investigated.
 The results of the mathematical modelling indicate unique opportunities to develop the dairy sector of individual EU–27 countries, i.e., the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, and Poland. These countries have a rational ratio of the influence of the population growth factor on the increase in the volume of dairy production and the optimal influence of the export of dairy products on the increase in the volume of dairy production.

Особливості експорту сертифікованої молочної продукції в країнах Європейського Союзу в умовах російської агресії в Україні

The article attempts to investigate the peculiarities of exporting domestically produced dairy products to the European Union countries in the conditions of full-scale invasion and aggression of the occupier of russia. It caused colossal moral and material losses and damages for Ukraine, including for all sectors of the economy and infrastructural sectors of the economy. Among other sectors of the economy, the production of dairy products in the structure of food production suffered significant damage. Like many other Ukrainian enterprises, dairy producers have faced many challenges and problems related to exporting their products. The assessment of the state of the study of this problem made it possible to conclude that there is an objectively small number of scientific publications for the year 2022 devoted to this topic. However, for this research, it is necessary to rely on the opinions, recommendations, and visions of experts in the dairy industry and stakeholders, taking into account the daily changes in the situation not only in Ukraine but also on the world stage. The work highlights the main principles and rules to which dairy products exported to the EU must comply. It was indicated in which cases dairy products cannot be legally presented on the market of EU countries or are prohibited at all. Within the framework of this study, to implement the tasks set in the work, the justification of the choice of dairy products under code 0402 “Milk and cream, concentrated or containing added sugar or other sweetening matter,” was carried out. The export structures of Ukrainian producers of certified dairy products are analyzed by geographical and commodity structures according to 2016-2021. In the example of one commodity item 040210 for 2021, the value of the export potential of Ukraine and its producers of dairy products is given. The assessment of the potential makes it possible to state that russia's aggression not only destroys entirely or partly the dairy companies but also its potential, deepening the consequences of the global food crisis. The main problems and current challenges in the export of dairy products are outlined, and the primary vectors for the development of the export of Ukrainian dairy products to the EU countries are proposed.

DAIRY MARKET: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND UKRAINIAN PROSPECTS

The article analyses the main global milk production development trends, including the largest producing countries, among the 20 of which is Ukraine. The main trends and reasons for changes in milk production, cow number and milk yield, as well as the peculiarities of the dairy farm transformation around the globe and in Ukraine, were revealed. The trend of decreasing the number of dairy farms and increasing the average farm size, characteristic of most countries, including Ukraine, has been shown. At the same time, in developed countries, production concentration occurs much faster than in developing countries. The causes of milk price fluctuations on the world market and their reflection on the Ukrainian market have been determined. It was found that the milk price is currently a record and will remain high until the end of the year – at least 50 USD/100 kg. At the same time, most farmers do not cover the costs of milk production, primarily due to the rising prices of resources (feed, fertilizers, wages, etc.). At that time, the global milk demand is consistently growing and will remain so in the future. A justified need to expand the export of dairy products from Ukraine during and after the war, especially in the context of the trade liberalisation with the European Union, began in May 2022. An assessment of the prospects for the development of the world dairy market until 2030, taking into account modern factors, was carried out influence, among which the war in Ukraine takes a special place. It has been proven that the increase in milk production in Ukraine is beneficial both for the domestic and the world dairy market.

Global consumer trends for sustainable milk and dairy production

World production of milk and dairy products is characterized by stable growth dynamics. It has been established that the quality of incoming raw materials, the specialization and organization of the technological process, as well as the peculiarities of the functioning of the food market have a great influence on the creation of sustainable production of milk and dairy products. Herewith, the development of the market for milk and dairy products is influenced by global consumer trends, such as the growing attention to health care, passion for sports, an active lifestyle and healthy eating. This led to the formation of a market demand for new product formats designed to meet the specific needs of individual consumer groups. The article gives an assessment of the dynamics of world milk production by types, regions, exports and imports of milk and dairy products, and provided forecast of world production and exports of dairy products. The results of the performed analysis are necessary to assess the state and development of the dairy industry in the context of global trends, promising areas for sustainable production and its effective functioning, as well as potential opportunities for cooperation between countries. The most important areas of sustainable production should be further expansion of the market capacity of dairy products by increasing its range, expanding economic and physical accessibility, implementing targeted programs to ensure healthy nutrition of the population, as well as increasing export and logistics potential through effective integration into the global market space.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON DAIRY PRODUCTION IN RUSSIA

The dairy industry is one of the most important among the food industries of the national economy. The industry includes enterprises for the production of animal oil, whole milk products, dairy preserves, milk powder, cheese, brynza, ice cream, casein and other dairy products. The article analyses the self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation with milk and dairy products in 2016-2020 and the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of import and export of dairy products based on FCS data is also given.

The India–EU FTA and Its Potential Impact on India’s Dairy Sector: A Quantitative Analysis

The present study attempts to quantify ex-ante the impact on trade flows, revenue and welfare of the India–EU FTA on India’s dairy sector. In light of the fact that the EU is the world’s largest exporter of dairy products and India’s dairy sector is highly protected, it is important to assess the potential impact that an FTA with EU can have on this sector. Using a partial equilibrium set-up, our simulation results reveal that the estimated increase in India’s imports of dairy products is mainly driven by trade creation rather than trade diversion, implying that the FTA does not promote inefficient dairy trade at the cost of other countries outside the trade bloc. We augment our analysis using the gravity model to estimate the potential increase in dairy sector imports due to trade liberalisation. PPML estimates suggest that a 10% decline in tariff rates leads to a 3.4% increase in the value of imports. While the estimated increase in dairy imports is significant, our analysis indicates that the increased value of imports, expressed as a fraction of India’s domestic output of dairy products, would still be less than 1%. JEL Codes: F13, F14, F17

Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dairy sector: A meta-analysis

The novel coronavirus discovered in Wuhan city of China has spread across the world and World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as pandemic. This pandemic has negatively impacted every sector of the economy including dairy sector. In this article, an attempt was made to undertake meta-analysis to assess the economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dairy sector with 71 published articles. About 30% of the authors reported that the limited availability of dairy inputs was the major issue for dairy farmers during pandemic followed by reduction in farm gate prices, unsold milk, increased input prices, reduction in milk production, decreased demand for milk and inferior milk quality. Only 3% of authors found that there was no impact of pandemic on dairy farmers. In case of dairy industries and dairy cooperatives, 40% reported that disruption of demand for dairy products was the major issue followed by difficulty in transportation of dairy products, labour issues, increase in inventory cost and decline in revenue. From consumption point of view, 36% of literature reported that people consumed more dairy products during pandemic followed by changes in consumption preferences, panic buying, increased milk prices and less availability of dairy products. Dairy international trade was also affected severely due to movement restrictions. The recommendations to minimize the financial loss to various stakeholders of dairy sector include availability of dairy inputs at subsidised rates, increasing procurement prices of milk, high-tech backend infrastructure, encourage domestic consumption and export of dairy products.

Control and Eradication Programs for Six Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands.

Within the European Union, infectious cattle diseases are categorized in the Animal Health Law. No strict EU regulations exist for control, evidence of disease freedom, and surveillance of diseases listed other than categories A and B. Consequently, EU member states follow their own varying strategies for disease control. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the control and eradication programs (CPs) for six cattle diseases in the Netherlands between 2009 and 2019 and to highlight characteristics specific to the Dutch situation. All of these diseases were listed as C,D or E in the New Animal Health Law. In the Netherlands, CPs are in place for six endemic cattle diseases: bovine viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, salmonellosis, paratuberculosis, leptospirosis, and neosporosis. These CPs have been tailored to the specific situation in the Netherlands: a country with a high cattle density, a high rate of animal movements, a strong dependence on export of dairy products, and a high-quality data-infrastructure. The latter specifically applies to the dairy sector, which is the leading cattle sector in the Netherlands. When a herd enters a CP, generally the within-herd prevalence of infection is estimated in an initial assessment. The outcome creates awareness of the infection status of a herd and also provides an indication of the costs and time to achieve the preferred herd status. Subsequently, the herd enrolls in the control phase of the CP to, if present, eliminate the infection from a herd and a surveillance phase to substantiate the free or low prevalence status over time. The high-quality data infrastructure that results in complete and centrally registered census data on cattle movements provides the opportunity to design CPs while minimizing administrative efforts for the farmer. In the CPs, mostly routinely collected samples are used for surveillance. Where possible, requests for proof of the herd status are sent automatically. Automated detection of risk factors for introduction of new animals originating from a herd without the preferred herd status i.e., free or unsuspected, is in place using centrally registered data. The presented overview may inspire countries that want to develop cost-effective CPs for endemic diseases that are not (yet) regulated at EU level.

A Study on Performance of Dairy Sector in India

The present study was undertaken to analyse the performance of the dairy sector in India by using compound growth rate analysis and to determine the trends observed in the parameters. It was observed that the compound growth rate of the livestock population was 0.89 per cent, positive and significant from 1956 to 2019. Buffalo population has shown a positive and significant growth rate of 1.43 per cent and 0.31 per cent for cattle and 1.58 per cent for goats. In comparison to indigenous cows, exotic or crossbred cows showed a greater significant growth rate of 5.14 per cent against 1.71 per cent. There has been observed a positive and significant compound annual growth rate of 4.71 per cent to milk production and 3.26 per cent for per capita availability. Dairy cooperative societies, producer members, milk procurement and liquid milk marketing showed a positive and significant compound annual growth rate of 3.47, 2.31, 7.78 and 6.04 per cent respectively. The compound annual growth rate of exports in quantity showed a positive rate of 14.24 per cent and imports with a negative growth rate of 9.70 over the period which indicates that India is a net exporter of dairy products.

STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN TRADE OF UKRAINE

The directions of statistical analysis of the country’s foreign trade processes are considered in the article. Possibilities of statistical methods for studying the state and the main trends that have developed in this area are highlighted. The conclusions about the intensity of the dynamics of the trade balance indicators are generalized. The processes of the outstripping development of imports over exports are highlighted. The dynamics of the balance of export-import operations is analyzed and trends of its deterioration are demonstrated. The degree of coverage of imports by exports and the processes of formation of the trade balance deficit are investigated in time. The directions of development of characteristics of the balance of foreign trade operations are studied. High levels of export and import dependence of the country have been demonstrated, which leads to vulnerability to external shocks and instability in the world. The results of the analysis of the structure and structural shifts in the trade of Ukraine with the countries of the Visegrad Four are presented. The emphasis is made on the prospects of interrelations with this group of countries from the point of view of using their experience in preparing for accession to the EU. The article demonstrates more intensive changes in the geographical structure of exports than imports and highlights the tendencies towards an increase in the role of Poland and a decrease in Hungary in the export-import operations of the Visegrad Four with Ukraine. The processes of changing the terms of trade have been investigated in terms of changes in export and import prices and in terms of changes in the physical volume of exports and imports on the example of a group of dairy products, which are widely represented among both export and import goods of Ukraine. The index method was used to analyze the absolute and relative impact of changes in prices and the physical volume of exports and imports of a number of dairy products on the value of exports and imports. Changes in the terms of trade are highlighted by constructing quantitative and price indices of the terms of trade. It was clarified that it was the sharp reduction in the physical volume of exports that contributed to the decrease in foreign exchange earnings from the export of dairy products. The necessity of measures to promote domestic goods abroad, primarily to European countries, has been substantiated. The research results can be used in foreign trade policy at the macro level.

Competitiveness of dairy industry products of Ukraine: current state and prospects

The article considers the current state, trends and problems of development of the dairy industry of Ukraine in modern conditions. The subject of the research in the article is the competitiveness of Ukrainian dairy products in global markets. The goal is an identification of comparative advantages of the dairy industry of Ukraine and identified prospects for its further development. The purpose of the article is to find out the current state and dynamics of production, world prices, demand, exports of dairy products in Ukraine and the world, to determine the comparative advantages of Ukraine in the dairy industry based on the calculation of the Balass index, to review the environmental aspect of the industry. General scientific used research methods: system analysis – to determine the competitiveness of the dairy industry of Ukraine; historical method – to track trends in the global and Ukrainian dairy market; correlation analysis – to determine the interaction of price relations in the domestic market, statistical method – to reflect quantitative indicators, etc. The following results were obtained: based on the study revealed trends in reducing production and exports of dairy products, identified comparative advantages of the dairy industry of Ukraine in a larger regional territory of European markets and proposed ways of further development in accordance with current challenges in the world. Conclusions: the Ukrainian dairy industry is able to compete in world commodity markets, promising areas for export expansion may be Kazakhstan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, the Middle East. Given the overall reduction in the capacity of the dairy industry in Ukraine, producers propose to focus on intensifying production and implementing new technologies, taking into account the environmental component.

Condition of milk and dairy products market in Ukraine

The purpose of the article is an analytical investigation of the current condition of milk and dairy products market in Ukraine and the study of trends of its development. Methodology of the study The authors of the article analyzed the work of scientists on the market of milk and dairy products. The statistical, analytical and expert assessment of specialists in the dairy industry, which is represented in the works of scientists in the Internet sources, is considered. Processing of analytical information involved the use of a system of both general and special research methods. Method of analysis, synthesis, theoretical knowledge, conclusions and generalizations are among them. The article deals with the analysis of the state of milk and dairy products market in Ukraine. Trends in dairy consumption are considered. The research identified and analyzed a number of negative factors in the dairy industry that affected the domestic and foreign markets of Ukraine: a decrease in the number of cows, a decrease in the number of processing enterprises, high cost of raw materials, purchasing power of the population, increases in imports. The impact of negative factors contributed to the immediate intervention of the state in order to stop the decline of the dairy industry by means of a number of measures which include: increasing the number of cows, investing in the dairy industry and state support, increasing milk production per year and increasing milk processing, ensuring competitiveness of domestic products on domestic and foreign markets, increasing the consumption of dairy products as well as increasing exports of dairy products. The market of milk and dairy products of Ukraine is characterized by a negative development tendency, which is determined by the low level of consumption of these products, reduced production and processing of milk, increases in imports. The negative dynamics of the development of milk and dairy products market has influenced the development of a number of measures to stop the decline of the dairy industry, which is represented in the National Program for the Development of the Dairy Industry until 2030.

АНАЛІЗ СТАНУ ВНУТРІШНЬОГО РИНКУ ТА ЕКСПОРТУ ПРОДУКЦІЇ МОЛОЧНОЇ ТА МЯСНОЇ ГАЛУЗЕЙ УКРАЇНИ

The article analyzes the dairy and meat industries of Ukraine, their condition and potential vectors of development. The place of the meat and dairy industry in the country’s economy and its influence on the general development of the economy were determined. General trends in dairy and meat production, their development and prospects. The current state of the dairy industry, the level of dairy production by type, sees of the sales and sales in retail and wholesale trade. The change in production in combination with the last years, the level of sales for the last three years in percentage terms and export of dairy products to other countries are analyzed. The meat industry of Ukraine, its current state and prospects of development were also studied. The production of products for years and types, the size of wholesale sales of such products on the Ukrainian market are highlighted. The indicators of retail trade in food and mixed products in the context of recent years have been studied, as well as trends in increasing and decreasing production, sales on the domestic market and exports of meat and dairy products have been identified. The countries to which Ukraine exports the most meat, meat products, sausages and dairy products, including condensed and powdered milk, cheese and whey, have been identified. For comparison, the indicators of meat and dairy exports to Ukraine, Ireland, New Zealand and Poland were taken. These countries were selected in connection with similar conditions of development of the meat and dairy market. In terms of exports and production of the meat and dairy industry, the above countries are not leaders in the world market, but are certainly role models. Recommendations for further actions for meat and dairy producers for successful entry into foreign markets are provided.

МІСЦЕ УКРАЇНИ НА СВІТОВОМУ РИНКУ МОЛОЧНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

Restoration of livestock industries is important both for the functioning of the national food market and for improving Ukraine’s position in the global agri-food market. Because products of animal origin, in contrast to products of plant origin, can be sold on the foreign market only in processed form. That is, it by definition has a relatively higher share of value added, and therefore it is more profitable to trade. First of all, this applies to dairy products. After all, if for export of meat products primary processing for its sale in the form of carcasses for half-carcasses is enough, then for sale for export of dairy products there should be a full technological cycle – from production of agricultural raw materials to production of industrial semi-finished products (milk powder, whey, casein). etc.) and ready-to-eat products (pasteurized milk, fermented milk products, whole milk products, etc.). Thus, such products have a relatively high share of value added, and therefore provides the best price. Therefore, stopping the decline in the domestic dairy subcomplex, increasing production that meets international safety and quality standards, and expanding the presence of Ukrainian dairy products on the world market is an important management task, the solution of which, among other things, requires in-depth scientific study. The purpose of this article is research of the state of dairy production in Ukraine and determination of its place on the world market in the conditions of openness of the national economy. The article examines the state of domestic milk production and processing, and the dynamics of dairy exports. The ongoing decline in dairy production is indicated, which is accompanied by a deterioration in the quality of livestock raw materials. There is a reasonable assumption that the main reasons for the decline in industrial dairy production and the reduction of Ukraine’s share in the relevant world market are: reduction of raw milk production, loss of markets of the Customs Union, problems with entering the EU market due to predominant non-compliance with domestic safety standards and quality. Ukraine reduced its share in the world dairy market: in the butter segment from 7.32% (1992) to 2.08% (2019), in the cheese segment from 5.73% (2005) to 0.23% (2019), in the segment of skimmed milk powder from 1.03% (2005) to 0.17% (2019), in the segment of skimmed milk powder from 5.23% (1995) to 0.84%), in the segment of dry whey from 1.72% (2011) to 1.62% (2019). According to the OECD-FAO forecast, the negative trend will continue at least until 2029. The main reasons for the reduction of the share of Ukrainian dairy producers in the world market were the reduction of milk production, loss of markets in the Customs Union and problems with entering the EU market due to the predominant non-compliance of domestic livestock products with international safety and quality standards.

Оцінювання потенціалу країн MENA для експорту молочних продуктів

The purpose of the article is to conduct a thorough analysis of the regions of the Middle East and North Africa that are potentially attractive for the export of dairy products, to highlight promising markets for the export of Ukrainian dairy products. Research methods. The study is based on a systematic approach to assessing the situation that has arisen in the global dairy market. Historical and analytical methods are used in the formation and analysis of analytical materials, as well as a comparative method for evaluating its results. The method of analysis highlighted the types of products imported to certain countries and the level of consumption of the products. Due to this, a general picture of the import and consumption of dairy products in certain countries was formulated. Research results. In the course of the research, potential countries for export of dairy products from the regions of the Middle East and North Africa were selected. The most promising product items for export and strategies for working with two types of buyers have been identified. Scientific novelty. A mechanism for selecting the export market among different countries has been developed. Recommendations for negotiations and business with representatives of the Middle East and North Africa region are developed. Practical significance. The recommendations published in this article are aimed to help to get acquainted with the markets selected for export, and consumers and their product selection criteria. The selection of countries can make it easier for dairy producers to choose an export market and a strategy to enter it. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 20.

Animal Welfare Assessment: Can We Develop a Practical, Time-Limited Assessment Protocol for Pasture-Based Dairy Cows in New Zealand?

Simple SummarySystematic welfare assessment protocols are increasingly being used as a tool to demonstrate animal welfare and to drive improvements within the industry. Despite dairy products from New Zealand trading on the ‘green’ image of extensive pasture-based farms, dairy cattle welfare is not routinely assessed on most New Zealand farms, and there is no industry-recognised protocol for such assessment. Drawing on protocols and studies from across the world, this project aimed to create a science-based but practical assessment of dairy cow welfare that could be undertaken as a single one-day visit with a focus on assessment around milking time. After in-farm testing, this project identified 32 assessments which could form a part of such a protocol. Although further testing is required, this protocol could form the basis of a standardised assessment of dairy cow welfare on New Zealand dairy farms.Despite being a leading producer and exporter of dairy products, New Zealand has no industry-recognised welfare assessment protocol. A New Zealand-specific protocol is essential, as almost all dairy farms in New Zealand are pasture-based and housing is rarely used. Therefore, protocols developed for intensive cows are not suitable. The aim of this study was to develop a simple yet practical welfare assessment protocol that could be used to assess the welfare of a dairy herd during one visit timed to occur around milking. Six welfare assessment protocols and four studies of dairy cattle welfare assessments that had some focus on dairy cattle welfare at pasture were used, along with the New Zealand Dairy Cattle Code of Welfare, to identify potential assessments for inclusion in the protocol. Eighty-four potential assessments (20 record-based and 64 that needed assessing on-farm) were identified by this process of welfare assessments. After screening to exclude on-farm assessments that were not relevant, that had only limited practical application in pasture-based dairy cows or that required more time than available, 28 on-farm assessments remained, which were put together with the 20 record-based assessments and were tested for feasibility, practicality and time on two pasture-based dairy farms. Assessments were then identified as suitable, suitable after modification or not feasible. Suitable and modified assessments were then included in the final protocol alongside additional measures specific to New Zealand dairy farms. The final protocol included 24 on-farm assessments and eight record-based assessments. Further testing of these 32 assessments is needed on more dairy farms across New Zealand before the protocol can be used to routinely assess the welfare of dairy cows in New Zealand.

Foreign experience in the development of dairy cattle and directions of its use in domestic practice

The article analyzes the support for the US market, where the government has allocated almost $ 22.2 billion for the development of dairy cattle. direct and indirect subsidies to the country's dairy sector (35.02 c/l), which is equivalent to 73% of farmers' milk sales, showed relatively high domestic support, export subsidies, conservation programs, risk management programs, disaster relief programs, loan programs, crop insurance, livestock support. Surveys to support the Indian market, which ranks second in the world in raw milk production (9.5%), have shown that almost 80% of small-scale farmers are small-scale farmers. Milk collection is carried out by 130 thousand dairy cooperatives. NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) under DEDS, provides for subsidies of up to 25% of costs. China is investing heavily in the construction of large dairy farms and livestock complexes with up to 100,000 cows. The Australian market produces 9.3 million tonnes of milk, of which 36% is exported and is the world's fourth exporter of dairy products (6% of the world market). Australia's dairy cattle are characterized by a small amount of direct government support. During 2015-2016, agriculture received financial and commercial assistance over $ 147 million. US in the form of payments to farms. It has been established that price forecasting plays an important role in regulating the milk market in Australia, on the basis of which the profile Ministry, taking into account world prices, generates milk price indices. Analysis of milk production in Switzerland has shown that it remains highly subsidized. In 2013, state support for milk producers amounted to CHF 1.8 billion, incl. direct subsidies are estimated at 1.5 billion Swiss francs, which is 61 thousand Swiss francs per dairy farm, or 0.41 Swiss francs per 1 liter of milk. The state support system for dairy cattle in Canada has been found to include the following instruments: import tariffs that restrict dairy imports; minimum guaranteed prices for raw milk that are set at the maximum amount of milk sold to the dairies within the quota; a system of direct payments to farmers for milk production within the quota. The amount of direct payments per 1 liter of milk is set annually by the government. In order to support Canadian producers in technological modernization aimed at improving the efficiency of milk production, a dairy farm investment program (DFIP) is implemented with state support of $ 250 million. USA According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Iceland, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, the level of support for dairy producers exceeds on average 70% of the gross income of farmers, in Canada, the EU, Hungary, Korea and the USA the amount of support is 40-55%. An analysis of the support for the development of dairy cattle in the EU countries showed that the following instruments are allocated for these purposes: production restrictions (milk production quotas); government interventions and storage; Establishment of product sales regulations / regulations; the dairy package (including regulating contractual relations in the dairy sector); foreign trade (import regulations, export subsidies); government subsidies. It is found that the main factor that increases the profitability of dairy production in developed countries is the improvement of quality and differentiation of the range. Major factors contributing to the successful development of dairy cattle are increased government support and economical use of resources. Also used are a set of financial incentives, including reducing the tax burden. Key words: Livestock, milk market, domestic support, development programs, cooperation, financial incentives, subsidies, import tariffs, quotas.

The possible solutions of the problems arising in the dairy markets in the course of Russian-Belarusian integration

The article highlights the level of dairy production in Russia and Belarus, the export of dairy products and the level of its competitiveness; the opportuni-ties for collaboration provided by the global market situation; the factors constraining the integration processes, and, above all, the approaches to property management.